The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
INFECTION, Microbial pathogenicity
Important for MBBS and paramedical students to know about various sources , different types and modes of transmission of infection.
A Very important topic for all healthcare workers.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
INFECTION, Microbial pathogenicity
Important for MBBS and paramedical students to know about various sources , different types and modes of transmission of infection.
A Very important topic for all healthcare workers.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major threat to global health. Infection caused by Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the well-recognized global public health problem globally. In some regions, as many as
90% of S. aureus infections are reported to be MRSA, which cannot be treated with standard antibiotics. WHO reports indicated that
MRSA is circulating in every province worldwide, significantly increasing the risk of death by 64% compared to drug-sensitive forms
of the infection which is attributed to its antibiotic resistance. The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant MRSA strains have
contributed to its increased prevalence in both healthcare and community settings. The resistance of S. aureus to methicillin is due to
expression of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which renders it impervious to the action of β-lactam antibiotics including
methicillin. The other is through the production of beta-lactamases. Although the treatment options for MRSA are limited, there are
promising alternatives to antibiotics to combat the infections. Innovative therapeutic strategies with wide range of activity and modes
of action are yet to be explored. The review highlights the global challenges posed by MRSA, elucidates the mechanisms underlying
its resistance development, and explores mitigation strategies. Furthermore, it focuses on alternative therapies such as bacteriophages,
immunotherapy, nanobiotics, and antimicrobial peptides, emphasizing their synergistic effects and efficacy against MRSA. By
examining these alternative approaches, this review provides insights into the potential strategies for tackling MRSA infections and
combatting the escalating threat of AMR. Ultimately, a multifaceted approach encompassing both conventional and novel interventions
is imperative to mitigate the impact of MRSA and ensure a sustainable future for global healthcare.
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Copper touch surfaces
Germs are a part of nature and we cannot beat
nature. So hospital-acquired infections cannot be
totally eradicated. But we can fight it more effectively
with copper touch surfaces. A new way to contain
hospital-acquired infections lies in copper.
The use of copper alloys for frequently touched
surfaces as a supplement to existing standard
infection prevention measures, such as, hand-
washing and disinfection regimens, has far-reaching
implications. Potential applications, which include
door and furniture hardware, bed rails, intravenous (IV)
stands, dispensers, faucets, sinks and work stations,
can help reduce the presence of disease-causing
bacteria in hospitals.
2. Copper is the Answer • Each year, 300,000
nosocomial infection.
patients contract a
In the 1850s, some 50 years before scientists In Asia
discovered microbes, Florence Nightingale, a
pioneer of modern nursing, discovered that her SARS outbreak: Between November 2002 and
patients fared much better when the hospital July 2003, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
environment was kept clean. She instituted a laundry (SARS), which began in November 2002 in China’s
service, rigorously cleaned all medical and hospital Guangdong Province, caused 8,096 known infected
equipment, and had the floors scrubbed for the cases and 774 deaths worldwide. The SARS epidemic
first time. The results were unbelievable: The death sent shock waves around the world as it quickly
rates of patients suffering from cholera, typhus and spread to Hong Kong, Singapore and Canada.
dysentery came down from 42% to a mere 2%!
World Health Organisation (WHO) warned the outbreak
More than 150 years later, however, despite highlighted how new deadly microbes could spread
enormous advances in the field of microbiology quickly around the world, and it was a wake-up call
and infection control, hospital-acquired infections to the real danger of emerging diseases.
still continue to plague the patients and hospitals at
alarming levels. Antimicrobial Copper
In the United States Scientific research and historic facts confirm that
copper and its alloys, brass and bronze, are naturally
• More than 2 million hospital-acquired infections antimicrobial materials. These materials kill harmful
such as MRSA per year (1) bacteria and that has been recognised by the U.S.
• Nearly 90,000 deaths annually due to hospital- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
acquired infections (1)
• Resistant infections cost health facilities about EPA registration
USD 30 billion per year (1)
275 copper alloys, including brass and bronze, have
In the United Kingdom been registered with the EPA as antimicrobial materials
that kill bacteria. The registration acknowledges
• Each year, hospital-acquired infections cost the claims that copper, brass and bronze are capable
National Health Service in the region of 1 billion of killing harmful, potentially deadly bacteria. Copper
pounds (2) is the first solid surface material to receive this type
• Infections on average extend hospital stay by 11 of EPA registration, which is supported by extensive
days per patient (2) antimicrobial efficacy testing.
• At least 5,000 patients die of complications from
infections they contracted in hospitals (2) The laboratory research performed under EPA-
approved protocols demonstrated that copper alloy
surfaces kill more than 99.9% of several bacteria
(1) A 2000 Centre for Disease Control and Prevention report estimate.
(2) Report by the National Audit Office.
known to be human pathogens within two hours. The
3. Infectious Disease
MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) Society of America,
VRE (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus) as derived from
FQRP (Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa) data collected
by the Centres for
60 Disease Control and
Prevention
50
40
% Incidence
30
20
10
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
organisms tested were: Copper touch surfaces
• Staphylococcus aureus Many of the commonly used materials in healthcare
• Enterobacter aerogenes facilities such as stainless steel have proven to have
• Escherichia coli O157:H7 comparatively little or no adverse effect on harmful
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa and bacteria.
• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) Replacing frequently touched surfaces with copper
or high-copper alloys such as brass and bronze,
MRSA is one of the most virulent strains of antibiotic- which are naturally antimicrobial, can be an effective
resistant bacteria and a common cause of hospital- infection control measure. Such a measure can
acquired infections. complement other infection control practices such
as frequent hand-washing, patient screening and
Historic evidence isolation, and improved cleaning.
Before anyone recognised that microorganisms Frequently touched surfaces in hospitals that can be
existed, the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and Aztecs made from copper or copper alloys include:
used copper compounds for good hygiene and
to treat disease. Egyptians used copper to sterilise • door handles • push plates
drinking water and wounds. Hippocrates treated • light switches • bed rails
open wounds and skin irritations with copper. The • grab rails • intravenous (IV) stands
Romans catalogued numerous medicinal uses of • dressing trolleys • faucets
copper for various diseases. The Aztecs treated sore • sinks • counter and table tops
throats with copper, while people in Persia and India • dispensers (alcohol gel, paper towel, soap)
applied copper to treat boils, eye infections and
venereal ulcers. These touch surfaces are all potential reservoirs of
harmful microbes. Reducing the number of live
Touch surfaces: Source of infections germs on these surfaces can possibly control the
spread of MRSA and other sources of hospital-
In healthcare facilities, surfaces in proximity to patients acquired infections.
are of the most concern. 80% of infectious diseases
are spread by touch. A hand contaminated with The use of a Copper Alloy surface is a supplement
the influenza A virus will contaminate the next seven to and not a substitute for standard infection control
surfaces that are touched. practices; users must continue to follow all current
infection control practices, including those practices
Not all hospital-acquired infections are preventable related to cleaning and disinfection of environmental
but UK infection control teams recognise that surfaces. The Copper Alloy surface material has
a 15% reduction could be achieved through a been shown to reduce microbial contamination, but
series of infection control measures, including it does not necessarily prevent cross contamination.
improved hygiene. This could also lead to savings of
approximately 150 million pounds a year.
