1) Great Britain began transporting convicts to Australia in 1787 due to overcrowding in British jails after the American Revolution.
2) More than 160,000 convicts were transported to Australia from 1788 to 1868, with most sent to New South Wales and Tasmania.
3) Convicts provided cheap labor and helped establish settlements, though conditions aboard ships and early treatment of convicts was often brutal.
This powerpoint presentation was created as an assignment for my graduate teacher training course. It is intended to make students aware of and understand about The Stolen Generation and to encourage them to reflect on this part of Australian history and how Aboriginal people have been affected by it. If there are any errors in style of referencing this is unintentional, and please contact me so I can make any necessary amendments.
This powerpoint presentation was created as an assignment for my graduate teacher training course. It is intended to make students aware of and understand about The Stolen Generation and to encourage them to reflect on this part of Australian history and how Aboriginal people have been affected by it. If there are any errors in style of referencing this is unintentional, and please contact me so I can make any necessary amendments.
Evicted, Convicted, Transported, and Sold: The Ethics of Disposable LaborBenjamin Balak
Evicted, Convicted, Transported, and Sold:
The Ethics of Disposable Labor
Based on: "The Dismal Science of Punishment:
The Legal-Economy of Convict Transportation to the American Colonies," The Journal of Law & Politics, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, Fall 2002, University of Virginia
By Benjamin Balak & Jonathan Lave
A brief overview of Dawood Ibrahim and his criminal syndicate D-Company. This analysis includes a hierarchy of the organization and a map displaying the regional influence of D-Company.
The Growth of Democracy- World History 2Arci Muñoz
The Growth of Democracy
-Reforms in Great Britain
-Moving Away From British Rule
-From Empire to Republic in France
-Expansion of the United States
-Reform in the United States
Chapter 2For thousands of seekers and adventurers, America in EstelaJeffery653
Chapter 2
For thousands of seekers and adventurers, America in the seventeenth century was a vast unknown land of new beginnings and new opportunities. The English settlers who poured into coastal America and the Caribbean islands found not a “virgin land” of uninhabited wilderness but a developed region populated by Native Americans. As was true in New Spain and New France, European diseases such as smallpox overwhelmed the Indians and wiped out whole societies. William Bradford of the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts reported that the Indians “fell sick of the smallpox, and died most miserably... like rotten sheep.”
Native Americans dealt with Europeans in different ways. Many resisted, others retreated, and still others developed thriving trade relationships with the newcomers. In some areas, land-hungry colonists quickly displaced or decimated the Indians. In others, Indians found ways to live in cooperation with English settlers—if they were willing to adopt the English way of life.
After creating the Virginia, Maryland, and New England colonies, the English would go on to conquer Dutch-controlled New Netherland, settle Carolina, and eventually establish the rest of the thirteen original American mainland colonies. The diverse English colonies had one thing in common: To one extent or another, they all took part in the enslavement of other peoples, either Native Americans or Africans or both. Slavery, common throughout the world in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, enriched a few, corrupted many, and compromised the American dream of equal opportunity for all.
The English Background
Over the centuries, the island nation of England had developed political practices and governing principles similar to those on the continent of Europe—but with key differences. European societies were tightly controlled hierarchies. From birth, people learned their place in the social order. Commoners bowed to priests, priests bowed to bishops, peasants pledged their loyalty to landowners, and nobles knelt before the monarchs, who claimed God had given them absolute power to rule over their domain.
Since the thirteenth century, however, English monarchs had shared power with the nobility and with a lesser aristocracy, the gentry. England’s tradition of parliamentary monarchy began with the Magna Carta (Great Charter) of 1215, a statement of fundamental rights and liberties that nobles forced the king to approve. The Magna Carta established that England would be a nation ruled by laws. Everyone was equal before the law, and no one was above it.
The people’s representatives formed the national legislature known as Parliament, which comprised the hereditary and appointed members of the House of Lords and the elected members of the House of Commons. The most important power allocated to Parliament was the authority to impose taxes. By controlling tax revenue, the legislature exercised leverage over the monarchy.
Religious Conflict and War
When ...
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted .docxedgar6wallace88877
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted effort to control the
planning and administration of the criminal justice system. The Lord Chancellor was
concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of the courts, while the home secretary had
increased authority for law enforcement and the prison service. This development was a
direct result of the government having to deal with crises within various components of
criminal justice. This arrangement, however, was becoming increasingly untenable. Critics
raised several concerns, of which some cited constitutional issues. For example, questions
were raised about the independence of the judiciary, while others focused on the
incompatible responsibilities of the home secretary: policing and maintaining public order
with prisons and protecting civil rights and reforming the criminal law. The ongoing
furtherance of constitutional reform has attempted to rectify some of these problems. In
2007, a new Ministry of Justice was created and given responsibility for the courts,
criminal law, prison and probation, and criminal justice reform. The Home Office had its
focus narrowed to crime and policing, counter-terrorism, and immigration.
Over the course of the past three decades, almost every aspect of the criminal justice
system has been the subject of interest to a government commission, an independent inquiry,
or academic research. This has led to the passage of a significant amount of legislation
directly impacting how the justice system is organized and administered. What happened
in England during the 1980s and early 1990s is strikingly similar to what occurred in the
United States during the 1960s and 1970s. The study of criminal justice has become a
significant issue for the government and has emerged as an important field of study within
England’s system of higher education.
POLICE
The English have prided themselves on initiating a system of policing based at the local
level but also mandated and in some fashion controlled by the central government. This
shared responsibility for policing has existed throughout much of the country’s history.
Prior to the creation of the Metropolitan Police of London in 1829, this tradition of shared
responsibility took four distinct forms.
The tithing was the earliest type of community-organized policing; references are made
to it in Anglo-Saxon dooms. Historians refer to the period before the Norman invasion of
1066 as the Anglo-Saxon era. Dooms were the statutes or ordinances enacted during that
period. The tithing was based on principles of self-help and collective responsibility. Each
tithing consisted of 10 men who were accountable for policing each other. If one of their
number was accused of a crime, they were responsible for producing the defendant before
a local court, and if they failed to surrender the individual, the court could impose a fine
on the other members of the tithing. Supervision of the tithing was a responsibility of th.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
1. After the declaration of Independence of the USA was proclaimed in 1776, Great Britain couldn't continue to transport convicts to the colonies of Virginia and Maryland. During the American war the jails of England became overcrowded with convicted persons awaiting transportation. In May 1787 the First Fleet left for Australia, carrying convicts on board.
2. In the early days of settlement, conditions aboard were horrible, because captains overcrowded the ships , convicts were kept in irons. More than 160 000 convicts were transported to Australia between 1788 and 1868. About 80,000 convicts were sent to New South Wales . Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania ) received 69,000convicts. Western Australia only started receiving convicts in 1850 and continued to 1868 . 9,700 convicts were sent there to help its small population to build public buildings .
3. Nature of offences. From the beginning the most common offence for which convicts were transported was thieving. Many types of larceny were capital offences, depending on the value of the goods stolen. Of 34 sentences to transportation from the county of Bedfordshire in 1833, the crimes were : sheep-stealing, 4, highway robbery, 8, stealing,13, burglary or housebreaking,8, receiving,1.One man was transported for stealing 2 Prayer Books( value 5 shillings).
4. Governor Phillip had received no detailed instructions from the British Government as how the convicts should be employed, but the immediate necessities of the founding the settlement and feeding its inhabitants dictated his policy .
5. Most convicts were employed on public works and buildings and in cultivating the public farms; a smaller number was assigned as domestic servants to the officers .
6. Unpaid convict labour was economical to the Government , however, which had certain control in respect of hours of work, the rations, clothing and shelter. Moreover, no master could punish his servant except bringing him before magistrate.
7. During the term of office of Governer Macquarie ( 1810-21) to encourage good conduct, well-behaved convicts were rewarded, e.g. made police, government clerks. Others were granted "ticket of leave", which permitted them to work for themselves, when their sentence expired, if well behaved they were given grants of 12 hectares of land, to have an opportunity of earning and honest living. And they were called emancipists.
8. In England at this time crime was steadily increasing, and stories were telling about the ease with which convicts and emancipists could make fortunes in New South Wales. After the departure of Macquary the employment of convicts in government service, hospitals and domestic service was reduced. Grants of land should no longer be given automatically to emancipists.
9. The most common punishment was flogging. In 1833 in New South Wales 5,800 out of 23,500 convicts were sentenced to be flogged. About one out of five or six male convicts were flogged each year. Women were not allowed to be flogged.
10. Other more severe punishments were hard labour on the roads with or without irons, and transportation to a penal settlement. Road gangs or parties of convicts did much important work both in NSW and Van Diemen's Land . Clearing the bush and building roads was very hard work with long hours and few tools. The discipline was often brutal.
11. The most severe 'secondary punishment' was transportation to a penal settlement. Port Arthur, south-east Tasmania was the most famous of the settlements built for convicts who committed crimes in Australia. Begun in 1830 by governor Arthur, only the worst type of male convict was sent there and no free settlers allowed .The work was heavy with frequent use of lash and irons.
12. Criticism of the system. By the 1830s the system was being criticised. In August 1837 a select Committee of the House of Commons reported that transportation as a punishment was inefficient and should therefore be abolished. The Government did not accept the recommendations completely. In September 1847, a new Colonial Secretary, Earl Grey, announced that he continued the policy of transportation. In 1851 an Anti-transportation League was formed in Melbourne, members of which promised never to employ convicts and resist their importation by all means.
13. A new ministry in London agreed to stop transportation, and the last transport came in 1 8 52 to Tasmania, in 1850s Western Australia received several transports. The problem of transportation was solved by extraordinary decrease in crime in Great Britain after the middle of 1 8 50s.
14. Summary. For Great Britain transportation was a great improvement on the old jails, it rid the country of the undesirable element. From Australian point of view the great value of the system was in supplying with labour. It was not a good labour, but it was better than none. From many sides transportation was beneficial to the prisoners themselves.
15. In 1834, Jorgen Jorgenson wrote that with transportation" the new scenes and occupations make the convict suffer for a time, until it becomes a habit', then in both body and mind he " becomes a new man" Probably Jorgenson exaggerated. Some men , of course were irreclaimable. Others were broken by brutality of conditions, or of certain officials. In many cases, however, convicts were stimulated by the life and opportunities in a new country and soon became useful settlers.
16. In recent years there were some articles, in which appeared an argument that many of the convicts were not real criminals at all. It was said that they were victims of brutal laws of England which put monstrous sentences for small offences , or that they were political offenders of whom their descendants should be proud of because they have rebelled against tyrannical governments. Of course, many Australians today would like their "founding fathers" to be praiseworthy men, who had been unjustly sent to a bitter exile.