Securing the Data in Big Data Security Analytics by Kevin Bowers, Nikos Triandopoulos of RSA Laboratories and catherine Hart and Ari Juels of Bell Canada
The presentation covers an analysis of microservices architecture and design patterns (such as API gateway, Log aggregation and more) in order to analyze how certain aspects of security is achievable at scale through these patterns.
CompTIA Security+ is a worldwide certification that verifies the fundamental skills required to execute basic security activities and build a career in information security. CompTIA Security+ SY0-601 is the latest version of the Security+ certification. The very first security certification that IT professionals can obtain is CompTIA Security+, and it is the best entry-level certification.
https://www.infosectrain.com/blog/comptia-security-sy0-601-domain-1-attacks-threats-and-vulnerabilities/
Securing the Data in Big Data Security Analytics by Kevin Bowers, Nikos Triandopoulos of RSA Laboratories and catherine Hart and Ari Juels of Bell Canada
The presentation covers an analysis of microservices architecture and design patterns (such as API gateway, Log aggregation and more) in order to analyze how certain aspects of security is achievable at scale through these patterns.
CompTIA Security+ is a worldwide certification that verifies the fundamental skills required to execute basic security activities and build a career in information security. CompTIA Security+ SY0-601 is the latest version of the Security+ certification. The very first security certification that IT professionals can obtain is CompTIA Security+, and it is the best entry-level certification.
https://www.infosectrain.com/blog/comptia-security-sy0-601-domain-1-attacks-threats-and-vulnerabilities/
A DEFENSIVE MECHANISM CROSS LAYER ARCHITECTURE FOR MANETS TO IDENTIFY AND COR...IJNSA Journal
The emerging mobile technology has brought revolutionized changes in the computer era. One such technology of networking is Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETS), where the mobility and infrastructure less of the nodes takes predominant roles. These features make MANETS more vulnerable to attacks. As the research continues several aspects can be explored in this area. At the very first it can be the problem of how to make the cross layer detection of attacks more efficient and work well. Since every layer in the network deals with different type of attacks, a possible viewpoint to those attack scenarios can be presented so that it can be extended in the later part. It becomes necessary to figure out the security solution architecture if there are different detection results generated by different layers. Secondly, there
should be a measure of the network metrics to show increased performance. The paper presents such a defensive mechanism cross layered architecture which strives to identify and correct misbehaviour in MANETS especially with respect to routing layer. The evaluation of the proposed solution is also given with results obtained to show the performance of the network.
Building Trust Despite Digital Personal DevicesJavier González
Talk given at OpenIT (Tech talks at IT University of Copenhagen) in 2014. The talk covers different aspects of how to protect our privacy when using personal devices.
Defense-through-Deception Network Security Model: Securing University Campus ...journalBEEI
Denial of Service (DOS) and (DDOS) Distributed Denial of Service attacks have become a major security threat to university campus network security since most of the students and teachers prepare online services such as enrolment, grading system, library etc. Therefore, the issue of network security has become a priority to university campus network management. Using online services in university network can be easily compromised. However, traditional security mechanisms approach such as Defense-In-Depth (DID) Model is outdated in today’s complex network and DID Model has been used as a primary cybersecurity defense model in the university campus network today. However, university administration should realize that Defense-In-Depth (DID) are playing an increasingly limited role in DOS/DDoS protection and this paper brings this fact to light. This paper presents that the Defense-In-Depth (DID) is not capable of defending complex and volatile DOS/DDOS attacks effectively. The test results were presented in this study in order to support our claim. The researchers established a Defense-In-Depth (DID) Network model at the Central Luzon State University and penetrated the Network System using DOS/DDOS attack to simulate the real network scenario. This paper also presents the new approach Defense-through-Deception network security model that improves the traditional passive protection by applying deception techniques to them that give insights into the limitations posed by the Defense-In-Depth (DID) Model. Furthermore, this model is designed to prevent an attacker who has already entered the network from doing damage.
Mca5042 cryptography and network security (1)smumbahelp
Mail & call us at:-
Call us at : 08263069601
Or
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
To get fully solved assignments
Dear students, please send your semester & Specialization name here.
Link to Youtube video: https://youtu.be/OJMqMWnxlT8
You can contact me at abhimanyu.bhogwan@gmail.com
My linkdin id : https://www.linkedin.com/in/abhimanyu-bhogwan-cissp-ctprp-98978437/
Threat Modeling(system+ enterprise)
What is Threat Modeling?
Why do we need Threat Modeling?
6 Most Common Threat Modeling Misconceptions
Threat Modelling Overview
6 important components of a DevSecOps approach
DevSecOps Security Best Practices
Threat Modeling Approaches
Threat Modeling Methodologies for IT Purposes
STRIDE
Threat Modelling Detailed Flow
System Characterization
Create an Architecture Overview
Decomposing your Application
Decomposing DFD’s and Threat-Element Relationship
Identify possible attack scenarios mapped to S.T.R.I.D.E. model
Identifying Security Controls
Identify possible threats
Report to Developers and Security team
DREAD Scoring
My Opinion on implementing Threat Modeling at enterprise level
Security Event Analysis Through CorrelationAnton Chuvakin
This paper covers several of the security event correlation methods, utilized by Security Information Management (SIM) solutions for better attack and misuse detection. We describe these correlation methods, show their corresponding advantages and disadvantages and explain how they work together for maximum security.
Website security is a critical issue that needs to be considered in the web, in order to run your online business healthy and
smoothly. It is very difficult situation when security of website is compromised when a brute force or other kind of attacker attacks on
your web creation. It not only consume all your resources but create heavy log dumps on the server which causes your website stop
working.
Recent studies have suggested some backup and recovery modules that should be installed into your website which can take timely
backups of your website to 3rd party servers which are not under the scope of attacker. The Study also suggested different type of
recovery methods such as incremental backups, decremental backups, differential backups and remote backup.
Moreover these studies also suggested that Rsync is used to reduce the transferred data efficiently. The experimental results show
that the remote backup and recovery system can work fast and it can meet the requirements of website protection. The automatic backup
and recovery system for Web site not only plays an important role in the web defence system but also is the last line for disaster
recovery.
This paper suggests different kind of approaches that can be incorporated in the WordPress CMS to make it healthy, secure and
prepared web attacks. The paper suggests various possibilities of the attacks that can be made on CMS and some of the possible
solutions as well as preventive mechanisms.
Some of the proposed security measures –
1. Secret login screen
2. Blocking bad boats
3. Changing db. prefixes
4. Protecting configuration files
5. 2 factor security
6. Flight mode in Web Servers
7. Protecting htaccess file itself
8. Detecting vulnerabilities
9. Unauthorized access made to the system checker
However, this is to be done by balancing the trade-off between website security and backup recovery modules of a website, as measures
taken to secure web page should not affect the user‟s experience and recovery modules
A DEFENSIVE MECHANISM CROSS LAYER ARCHITECTURE FOR MANETS TO IDENTIFY AND COR...IJNSA Journal
The emerging mobile technology has brought revolutionized changes in the computer era. One such technology of networking is Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETS), where the mobility and infrastructure less of the nodes takes predominant roles. These features make MANETS more vulnerable to attacks. As the research continues several aspects can be explored in this area. At the very first it can be the problem of how to make the cross layer detection of attacks more efficient and work well. Since every layer in the network deals with different type of attacks, a possible viewpoint to those attack scenarios can be presented so that it can be extended in the later part. It becomes necessary to figure out the security solution architecture if there are different detection results generated by different layers. Secondly, there
should be a measure of the network metrics to show increased performance. The paper presents such a defensive mechanism cross layered architecture which strives to identify and correct misbehaviour in MANETS especially with respect to routing layer. The evaluation of the proposed solution is also given with results obtained to show the performance of the network.
Building Trust Despite Digital Personal DevicesJavier González
Talk given at OpenIT (Tech talks at IT University of Copenhagen) in 2014. The talk covers different aspects of how to protect our privacy when using personal devices.
Defense-through-Deception Network Security Model: Securing University Campus ...journalBEEI
Denial of Service (DOS) and (DDOS) Distributed Denial of Service attacks have become a major security threat to university campus network security since most of the students and teachers prepare online services such as enrolment, grading system, library etc. Therefore, the issue of network security has become a priority to university campus network management. Using online services in university network can be easily compromised. However, traditional security mechanisms approach such as Defense-In-Depth (DID) Model is outdated in today’s complex network and DID Model has been used as a primary cybersecurity defense model in the university campus network today. However, university administration should realize that Defense-In-Depth (DID) are playing an increasingly limited role in DOS/DDoS protection and this paper brings this fact to light. This paper presents that the Defense-In-Depth (DID) is not capable of defending complex and volatile DOS/DDOS attacks effectively. The test results were presented in this study in order to support our claim. The researchers established a Defense-In-Depth (DID) Network model at the Central Luzon State University and penetrated the Network System using DOS/DDOS attack to simulate the real network scenario. This paper also presents the new approach Defense-through-Deception network security model that improves the traditional passive protection by applying deception techniques to them that give insights into the limitations posed by the Defense-In-Depth (DID) Model. Furthermore, this model is designed to prevent an attacker who has already entered the network from doing damage.
Mca5042 cryptography and network security (1)smumbahelp
Mail & call us at:-
Call us at : 08263069601
Or
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
To get fully solved assignments
Dear students, please send your semester & Specialization name here.
Link to Youtube video: https://youtu.be/OJMqMWnxlT8
You can contact me at abhimanyu.bhogwan@gmail.com
My linkdin id : https://www.linkedin.com/in/abhimanyu-bhogwan-cissp-ctprp-98978437/
Threat Modeling(system+ enterprise)
What is Threat Modeling?
Why do we need Threat Modeling?
6 Most Common Threat Modeling Misconceptions
Threat Modelling Overview
6 important components of a DevSecOps approach
DevSecOps Security Best Practices
Threat Modeling Approaches
Threat Modeling Methodologies for IT Purposes
STRIDE
Threat Modelling Detailed Flow
System Characterization
Create an Architecture Overview
Decomposing your Application
Decomposing DFD’s and Threat-Element Relationship
Identify possible attack scenarios mapped to S.T.R.I.D.E. model
Identifying Security Controls
Identify possible threats
Report to Developers and Security team
DREAD Scoring
My Opinion on implementing Threat Modeling at enterprise level
Security Event Analysis Through CorrelationAnton Chuvakin
This paper covers several of the security event correlation methods, utilized by Security Information Management (SIM) solutions for better attack and misuse detection. We describe these correlation methods, show their corresponding advantages and disadvantages and explain how they work together for maximum security.
Website security is a critical issue that needs to be considered in the web, in order to run your online business healthy and
smoothly. It is very difficult situation when security of website is compromised when a brute force or other kind of attacker attacks on
your web creation. It not only consume all your resources but create heavy log dumps on the server which causes your website stop
working.
Recent studies have suggested some backup and recovery modules that should be installed into your website which can take timely
backups of your website to 3rd party servers which are not under the scope of attacker. The Study also suggested different type of
recovery methods such as incremental backups, decremental backups, differential backups and remote backup.
Moreover these studies also suggested that Rsync is used to reduce the transferred data efficiently. The experimental results show
that the remote backup and recovery system can work fast and it can meet the requirements of website protection. The automatic backup
and recovery system for Web site not only plays an important role in the web defence system but also is the last line for disaster
recovery.
This paper suggests different kind of approaches that can be incorporated in the WordPress CMS to make it healthy, secure and
prepared web attacks. The paper suggests various possibilities of the attacks that can be made on CMS and some of the possible
solutions as well as preventive mechanisms.
Some of the proposed security measures –
1. Secret login screen
2. Blocking bad boats
3. Changing db. prefixes
4. Protecting configuration files
5. 2 factor security
6. Flight mode in Web Servers
7. Protecting htaccess file itself
8. Detecting vulnerabilities
9. Unauthorized access made to the system checker
However, this is to be done by balancing the trade-off between website security and backup recovery modules of a website, as measures
taken to secure web page should not affect the user‟s experience and recovery modules
Defensive coding practices is one of the most critical proactive sLinaCovington707
Defensive coding practices is one of the most critical proactive security countermeasures in SDLC. If software developers follow certain security best-practices, most of the weaknesses can be eliminated. In this module’s readings, you looked at defensive tactics used in the development of software. You also learned OWASP proactive controls. Question 1
Extract defensive coding practices from Chapter 13 of the Conklin & Shoemaker. Explain each coding practice in one short paragraph. Question 2
For each coding practice, describe a corresponding CWE (https://cwe.mitre.org/) and OWASP proactive control (https://owasp.org/www-project-proactive-controls/)
CHAPTER 13
Defensive Coding Practices
In this chapter you will
• Learn the role of defensive coding in improving secure code
• Explore declarative vs. programmatic security
• Explore the implications of memory management and security
• Examine interfaces and error handling
• Explore the primary mitigations used in defensive coding
Secure code is more than just code that is free of vulnerabilities and defects. Developing code that will withstand attacks requires additional items, such as defensive coding practices. Adding in a series of controls designed to enable the software to operate properly even when conditions change or attacks occur is part of writing secure code. This chapter will examine the principles behind defensive coding practices.
Declarative vs. Programmatic Security
Security can be instantiated in two different ways in code: in the container itself or in the content of the container. Declarative programming is when programming specifies the what, but not the how, with respect to the tasks to be accomplished. An example is SQL, where the “what” is described and the SQL engine manages the “how.” Thus, declarative security refers to defining security relations with respect to the container. Using a container-based approach to instantiating security creates a solution that is more flexible, with security rules that are configured as part of the deployment and not the code itself. Security is managed by the operational personnel, not the development team.
Imperative programming, also called programmatic security, is the opposite case, where the security implementation is embedded into the code itself. This can enable a much greater granularity in the approach to security. This type of fine-grained security, under programmatic control, can be used to enforce complex business rules that would not be possible under an all-or-nothing container-based approach. This is an advantage for specific conditions, but it tends to make code less portable or reusable because of the specific business logic that is built into the program.
The choice of declarative or imperative security functions, or even a mix of both, is a design-level decision. Once the system is designed with a particular methodology, then the secure development lifecycle (SDL) can build suitable protections bas ...
Blueprint for Cyber Security Zone ModelingITIIIndustries
The increasing need to implement on-line services for all industries has placed greater focus upon the security controls deployed to protect the corporate network. The demand for cyber security is further required when IT solutions are built to operate in the cloud. As more business activities are migrated to the on-line channel the security protection systems must cater for a variety of applications. This includes access for enterprise users who are mobile, working from home, or situated at business partner locations. One set of key security measures deployed to protect the enterprise perimeter include firewalls, network routers, and access gateways. In addition, a set of controls are also in place for cloud enabled IT solutions. Collectively these components make up a set of protection systems referred to as the security zones. In this paper, a security zone model that has been deployed in practice for the industry is presented. The zone model serves as a design blueprint to validate existing architectures or to assist in the design of new cyber security zone deployments.
Security and Privacy Enhancing Multicloud Architectureijsrd.com
In recent years use of Cloud computing in different mode like cloud storage, cloud hosting, cloud servers are increased in industries and other organizations as per requirements. The Security challenges are still among the biggest obstacles when considering the adoption of cloud services. For this a lot of research has been done. With these, security issues, the cloud paradigm comes with a new set of unique features, which open the path toward novel security approaches, techniques, and architectures.
SECURE DATA TRANSMISSION OVER CLOUD USING MOBILE TECHNOLOGYijsrd.com
Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) which consists of mobile and cloud computing, is one of the major breakthrough in industry and it has been improving in the IT industries since 2009. The MCC is still at the beginning stage of improvement or development, it is very important to grasp core knowledge of the technology in order to point us to the next-gen research. MCC has been involved to be a succeeding development for mobile technology. To overcome obstacles related to the performance MCC compiles the cloud computing into the mobile environment and security were observed in mobile computing. These outputs a short account on the background of MCC: starting from mobile computing to cloud computing and then followed with a discussion on recent research work. In this paper proposes mobile cloud computing security using one time password and whatsapp mechanism.
High security mechanism: Fragmentation and replication in the cloud with auto...CSITiaesprime
Cloud computing makes immense use of internet to store a huge amount of data. Cloud computing provides high quality service with low cost and scalability with less requirement of hardware and software management. Security plays a vital role in cloud as data is handled by third party hence security is the biggest concern to matter. This proposed mechanism focuses on the security issues on the cloud. As the file is stored at a particular location which might get affected due to attack and will lost the data. So, in this proposed work instead of storing a complete file at a particular location, the file is divided into fragments and each fragment is stored at various locations. Fragments are more secured by providing the hash key to each fragment. This mechanism will not reveal all the information regarding a particular file even after successful attack. Here, the replication of fragments is also generated with strong authentication process using key generation. The auto update of a fragment or any file is also done here. The concept of auto update of files is done where a file or a fragment can be updated online. Instead of downloading the whole file, a fragment can be downloaded to update. More time is saved using this methodology.
CMST&210 Pillow talk Position 1 Why do you think you may.docxmccormicknadine86
CMST&210 Pillow talk
Position 1
Why do you think you may be right?
Why do you think they may be wrong?
I’m right because:
You are wrong because:
Position 2
Why do you think they may be right?
Why do you think you may be wrong?
I’m wrong because:
You are right because:
Position 3
What are you BOTH right about?
What are you BOTH wrong about? Acknowledge
the strengths and weaknesses of EACH
perspective.
I’m right because:
I’m also wrong because:
You are right because:
You are also wrong because:
Position 4:
Why do you think the issue you are discussing is
NOT as important as it seems? What are your
true needs?
For me?
For you?
Position 5: There is truth in ALL FOUR
perspectives. You may not change your mind and
try to look and SEE the truth in each perspective.
For my perspective these things are true.
For your perspective these things are true.
Cloud Computing
Chapter 9
Securing the Cloud
Learning Objectives
List the security advantages of using a cloud-based provider.
List the security disadvantages of using a cloud-based provider.
Describe common security threats to cloud-based environments.
Physical Security
IT data centers have been secured physically to prevent users who do not have a need to physically touch computers, servers, and storage devices from doing so.
A general security rule is that if an individual can physically touch a device, the individual can more easily break into the device.
Advantages of Cloud Providers with Respect to Security
Immediate deployment of software patches
Extended human-relations reach
Hardware and software redundancy
Timeliness of incident response
Specialists instead of personnel
Disadvantages of Cloud-Based Security
Country or jurisdiction issues
Multitenant risks
Malicious insiders
Vendor lock in
Risk of the cloud-based provider failing
Real World: McAfee Security as a Service
McAfee now offers a range of security solutions that deploy from the cloud. The solutions protect e-mail (spam, phishing, redirection, and virus elimination), websites, desktop computers, mobile devices, and more.
Data Storage Wiping
Within a cloud-based disk storage facility, file wiping overwrites a file’s previous contents when the file is deleted.
Denial of Service Attacks
A denial-of-service attack is a hacker attack on a site, the goal of which is to consume system resources so that the resources cannot be used by the site’s users.
The motivation for and the implementation of denial-of-service attacks differ.
Simple Denial of Service
:Loop
ping SomeSite.com
GOTO Loop
While responding to the ping message, the server can handle fewer other requests.
Distributed Denial of Service
(DDOS) Attack
A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack uses multiple computers distributed across the Internet to attack a target site
Packet Sniffing Attacks
Network ap ...
Protect Your IT Infrastructure from Zero-Day Attacks and New VulnerabilitiesSymantec
Protecting a business’s IT infrastructure is complex. Take, for example, a retailer operating a standard multi-tier infrastructure with both customer and partner portals. The infrastructure typically employs a mix of databases, in-house applications, third-party applications and web services, running in a heterogeneous OS environment and is constantly changing as technology advances and new business applications are added.
To ensure a base level of security and compliance, IT installs antivirus and uses a complex series of static network zones to protect the infrastructure.
This approach makes it difficult and slow to deploy new business applications and only provides protection from a casual attacker. The architecture becomes more complex as more applications and business services are introduced. Increasing IT infrastructure complexity also exacerbates existing challenges in protecting the environment from zero-day threats and from malicious actors eager to take advantage of newly discovered vulnerabilities.
Emerging Trends in Online Social Networks MalwareAditya K Sood
Emerging trends in Social Networks Malware.
Social networks, such as Facebook, Twitter, and others pose a grave
threat to the security and privacy of users. This presentation highlights malware infection strategies
used by attackers to infect social networking websites and addresses security from the user
perspectives—outlining effective, secure steps that can reduce the impact of malware infections
Enfilade: Tool to Detect Infections in MongoDB InstancesAditya K Sood
Attackers are targeting MongoDB instances for conducting nefarious operations on the Internet. The cybercriminals are targeting exposed MongoDB instances and trigger infections at scale to exfiltrate data, destruct data, and extort money via ransom.
Detecting Ransomware/Bot Infections in ElasticsearchAditya K Sood
Elasticsearch infections are rising exponentially. The adversaries are exploiting open and exposed Elasticsearch interfaces to trigger infections in the cloud and non-cloud deployments. During this talk, we will release a tool named "STRAFER" to detect potential infections in the Elasticsearch instances. The tool allows security researchers, penetration testers, and threat intelligence experts to detect compromised and infected Elasticsearch instances running malicious code. The tool also enables you to conduct efficient research in the field of malware targeting cloud databases.
BlackHat 2014 Briefings - Exploiting Fundamental Weaknesses in Botnet C&C Pan...Aditya K Sood
Bot herders deploy Command and Control (C&C) panels for commanding and collecting exfiltrated data from the infected hosts on the Internet. To protect C&C panels, bot herders deploy several built-in (software-centric) protection mechanisms to restrict direct access to these C&C panels. However, there exist fundamental mistakes in the design and deployment of these C&C panels that can be exploited to take complete control. This talk discusses about the methodology of launching reverse attacks on the centralized C&C panels to derive intelligence that can be used to build automated solutions. This research reveals how to detect vulnerabilities and configuration flaws in the remote C&C panels and exploit them by following the path of penetration testing. This talk is derived from the real time research in which several C&C panels were targeted and intelligence was gathered to attack the next set of C&C panels. A number of case studies will be discussed to elaborate step-by-step process of attacking and compromising C&C panels. This talk also demonstrates the use of automated tools authored for making the testing easier for the researchers.
DOWNLOAD from this link : http://secniche.org/blackhat-2014/
BlackHat Arsenal 2014 - C-SCAD : Assessing Security Flaws in C-SCAD WebX Clie...Aditya K Sood
C-SCAD is an information gathering and penetration testing tool written to assess the security issues present in the Web-X (Internet Explorer-based web interface) client used to interact with the ClearSCADA server. WebX client is hosted on the embedded web server which is shipped as a part of complete ClearSCADA architecture. Primarily, the WebX client is restricted to perform any configuration changes but it can reveal potential information about the ClearSCADA server and associated components. Insecure deployments of WebX client can reveal potential information about the various functions such as alarm pages, SQL lists, and diagnostic checks including various reports.
In this article, we discuss the design of an iframe injector used to infect web-hosting software such as cPanel in an automated manner. Several different iframe injector designs exist, but we look at one of the most basic: NiFramer.
CrossTalk - The Art of Cyber Bank Robbery - Stealing your Money Through Insid...Aditya K Sood
Cyber criminals are using advanced attacks to exploit online banking systems and services to covertly steal money. This paper describes the tactics currently used by cyber criminals to conduct cyber bank robbery
ToorCon 14 : Malandroid : The Crux of Android InfectionsAditya K Sood
The Android platform has been plagued by malware for the past several years. Despite all attempts to detect and mitigate malicious applications on Android, malware is still flying under our radar and getting on our devices and causing millions of users financial and data loss every year. Additionally, the malware analysis community is at a large disagreement on how Android malware should be classified. In this talk, we’ll dive into the tactics, tools and procedures used by Android malware today, including several case studies of exceptional malware samples. By analyzing real code used by malware in the wild, we’ll be able to show the advancements in Android malware from a design perspective.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
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End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
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We will cover:
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USENIX CollSec 2010 - Conundrum of Declarative Security in HTTP Response Headers
1. The Conundrum of Declarative Security
HTTP Response Headers: Lessons Learned
Aditya K Sood, Richard J. Enbody
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226, USA
soodadit@cse.msu.edu, enbody@cse.msu.edu
Abstract part of the web server or application running on the server.
In this way, declarative security provides both portable
and flexible security defense. Most of these declarative
The stringency of attacks has grown simultaneously with security protection parameters are not the part of HTTP
the development of the web. To combat some of the new at- 1.1 specification, but are considered as vendor specific or
tacks, declarative security has been proposed in the form customized security solutions related to a specific prod-
of HTTP response headers from the server side. The uct. Usually, the declarative security in HTTP param-
declarative model provides an extensible set of security eters is understood as the ”X” factor protection. Most
parameters in form of HTTP responses. In this, browsers of the HTTP headers start with ”X” in order to differen-
can respond with a requested security mechanism. This tiate between standard HTTP 1.1 and normalized ones.
paper explores the state of HTTP declarative security and Some of the headers that define the declarative secu-
how it is being applied today. rity are X-XSS-Protection, X-Frame-Options, X-Content-
Type-Options, X-Download-Options, X-Content-Security-
Policy, etc. Microsoft and Mozilla have adopted this type
of security. We will describe declarative security and the
1 Introduction corresponding attacks in the next section in more detail.
This paper aims to determine the state of declarative se-
With the advent of new web attacks, protective strategies curity by testing the Alexa [11] top 1000 websites to find
have had to adapt. The latest attacks such as Clickjack- the penetration of this type of security. In addition, we
ing [1], XSS Filter bypassing, MIME sniffing [9] have will discuss some fallacies and problems with the declar-
dramatically affected the World Wide Web community. ative security model and the lessons learned during this
No doubt XSS has been the most exploited bug in ap- experiment. For our analysis, we will be covering a set of
plications, but the new generation attacks such as Cross declarative protection headers which have been deployed
Site Request Forging (CSRF), Clickjacking and so on to prevent the new attack trends on the web.
have transformed the nature of exploitation. The new at-
tack patterns require new type of security mechanisms be-
cause of the vector of origination. New security solutions,
named Declarative Security have been proposed and are 2 Applied Security Model
applied at a low level in the HTTP. The main idea is to
specify security in an HTTP parameter that is set by the According to the Microsoft’s applied security model
server and is sent along to the web browser as a part of the [12,13], implementation of security can be either impera-
in-line response. A browser renders the content of that tive or declarative. The security model is deployed based
web page by scrutinizing the HTTP headers and tries to on the two factors as:
invoke the specified security module in order to head off
the attacks.
• A security model is considered as declarative [12], if
As the name implies, the protection parameters for a the security features are implemented in the applica-
specific set of attack are declared by the developer as a tion as a parameter which is used at the run time.
1
2. • A security model is considered as imperative [13] , if use differential techniques such as compressed frames as
the security features such as permissions are allowed hidden or transparent, trapping mouse events [2], or UI
to generate or invoke a new object based on the re- Redressing [3] primarily to trap the user. A number of
quirements of the code. protection mechanisms have been implemented including
frame bursting codes [4], or restricting the frame execu-
tion. Microsoft introduced a protection feature in HTTP
The major difference between these two security mod-
headers as a part of declarative security. The X-FRAME-
els is that imperative security is used to perform opera-
OPTIONS [5] sets a restriction on the framing of a web
tions based on the demands and overrides, whereas declar-
page for a particular domain. It uses the value DENY
ative security issues requests. Declarative security has the
and SAMEORIGIN for rendering the contents into a child
advantage that the ’request’ model allows easier integra-
frame. It is possible to stop the rendering completely in
tion within existing implementations as well as the flexi-
a child frame using DENY as a parameter. The SAMEO-
bility to adapt to new attacks.
RIGIN parameter declares that the content can only come
from the parent site and that no third party content render-
ing is allowed.
3 HTTP Declarative Security
Recent web attacks have proven to be difficult to handle
in the real time. Examples include Clickjacking, MIME 3.1.2 CSRF and XSS Attacks: The advanced level of
sniffing, manipulating file downloads, CSRF, and XSS Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks in collaboration with
variants. In response, the declarative security model has the Cross Site Request Forging (CSRF) has had a dra-
been proposed. It uses an HTTP header that has to be de- matic impact on the World Wide Web. In order to protect
clared on the server side by the developer or administra- against this attack, companies such as Mozilla and Mi-
tor. The HTTP header triggers a response in the browser crosoft have introduced a declarative security parameter.
to deploy requested security on the client side. Mozilla has introduced Content Security Policy (CSP) [6].
The CSP provides the HTTP header X-Content-Security-
Browsers play a critical role in determining the suc- Policy which is defined by a particular site in order to
cess of these types of attacks, so it is required that servers define the characteristics of the content to be rendered.
and client browsers coordinate to fend off the attacks. To In particular, the header specifies what content can be
facilitate coordination, browsers are modified to recog- trusted. To prevent reflective cross site scripting attacks,
nize declarative security headers in HTTP headers sent Microsoft implemented a protection feature in the form of
by servers. Once a declarative security HTTP header is HTTP header X-XSS-Protection[8]. If a website specifies
detected, the browser will execute the requested secu- this HTTP header, the browser will trigger the XSS filter
rity mechanism. Of course, if the server does not serve and stop the rendering of the content in Internet Explorer.
up HTTP headers with declarative security parameters,no
protection can be implemented. Similarly, if browsers
cannot recognize the headers, no protection can be de-
ployed.
3.1.3 MIME Scripting Attacks: An unrestricted con-
tent type included from a third party can disrupt the ro-
bustness of a web application resulting in security prob-
3.1 Types of Threats lems. There are a number of attacks that utilize the
Content-Type header to replace specific content elements
The HTTP header parameters are specific to particular with malicious code to be downloaded and rendered in
types of attacks. Here we examine a set of attacks (and the browser. The malicious code gets executed in the con-
protections) that can be specified in the headers. text of the domain which can result in stealing of data.
Microsoft has introduced a protection feature in the form
of HTTP header as X-Content-Type-Options [9] for sub-
3.1.1 Clickjacking Attacks: The clickjacking attacks verting the MIME sniffing attacks. The nosniff parameter
[1] are a new class of attacks that use differential tech- stops the rendering of image as a MIME object and trans-
niques to hide or obscure an element for trapping the user forms it into plain text format to avoid the execution of
to visit destinations that he did not intend to visit. They scripts.
2
3. 3.1.4 File downloading Scripting Attacks: These be determined only based on the deployed security solu-
types of attacks are commonly used for exploitation. It tions. In addition, we have tested some popular websites
is based on the fact that some browsers such as Internet that are not on the list.
Explorer use inbuilt functionality to open the files directly
from the domain while downloading . As a result, any We wrote a small PERL tool named x enum to ana-
malicious file that opens directly from the domain results lyze websites. Since this experiment is entirely based on
in untamed output which is a result of the scripts present the protection features implemented in HTTP headers, we
in it. Microsoft has introduced a new protection feature as resorted to low level HTTP debugging to analyze the re-
a part of its declarative security as X-Download-Options sponses. The tool is designed in two modules. The first
[9] which stops the opening of the files directly from the module traps the responses and performs pattern match-
domain. The browser removes the file-opening control ing to detect the presence of a particular security param-
from the download box when it encounters a noopen pa- eter. The second module examines the behavior of HTTP
rameter in the X-Download-Options as a part of the HTTP headers. Based on the output, we are able to determine
response. the type of attack that is sanitized by the domain through
these headers.
The experiment is strictly based on the security that is
4 Experiment declared in the HTTP headers and does not cover the stan-
dard security modules used on the client side. It is possi-
ble to have a number of countermeasures for a particular
What is the state of declarative security? Are servers attack, but this analysis only covers the security solutions
making these declarations? Are clients responding? As implemented at a low level in the HTTP protocol.
pointed out earlier, action is needed from both the server
and client sides in order for this technique to work.
4.3 Results
4.1 Objectives
The results indicate that very few websites out of the
Here is a list of objectives that what we want to achieve: Alexa [11] top 1000 websites are using any of the declar-
ative security headers when a request is initiated for the
default web page and other linked pages at the time of
1. To determine how widely adopted declarative secu- testing. Out of the 1000 websites containing over 15,000
rity is for new attacks. pages, that were put to test, we have not detected any
website that is using all the parameters. We also tried
2. To determine whether server softwares from different
some intensive tests on the sub-domains and mail service
vendors are using the solutions by default.
providers on the popular websites such as Google, Yahoo,
3. To examine the effectiveness of the combined security Ebay, etc.
solution between the client side and the server side.
Table 2 shows the acceptance level of declarative secu-
4. To estimate the risks to the business in the online rity in HTTP response headers in the top 1000 websites.
world. A ”Yes” indicates that at least one type of declarative se-
curity header was used. Only one site out of the top 25
uses any declarative security headers and only 7 of the top
25 use headers. Overall, only 8 of the top 1000 use any
4.2 Testbed
declarative security headers. At the bottom of the table
we have included a few security-oriented sites to indicate
For our experiment, we used Alexa [11] for a list of the that usage does exist outside the top 25.
top 1000 websites across a number of different domains.
Since their ranking is based on web traffic we will be ex- Table 1 shows the applied declarative security by
amining sites that are not only popular, but also attractive different web servers that are mostly used in top 1000
to malicious users. The number of users associated with domains ranked by Alexa. We have looked at the type
a specific domain indicates the severity of risk and ex- of web servers that are used extensively. There is a
ploitation if an attack happens. The protection factor can possibility of existence of different web servers apart
3
4. Web Server Headers Rank Website Server Headers
GSE Yes 1 google.com GSE 2.0 Yes
Apache/1.3.41.fb2 None 2 facebook.com Apache/1.3.41.fb2 None
Apache Yes 3 youtube.com Apache Yes
YTS None 4 yahoo.com YTS/1.18.4 None
MS-IIS None 5 live.com MS-IIS/7.0 None
Sun-JS-Web-Server None 6 wikipedia.org Sun-JS-Web-Server/7.0 None
sffe Yes 7 baidu.com BWS/1.0 None
Apache-Coyote None 8 blogger.com sffe Yes
Server None 9 msn.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0 None
GFE 2.0 Yes 10 qq.com nginx/0.6.39 None
BWS/1.0 None 11 twitter.com Apache, hi None
Resin/2.1.17 None 12 yahoo.co.jp YTS/1.16.4 None
Ning HTTP Server 2.0 None 13 google.co.in GWS Yes
nginx None 14 taobao.com Apache None
IBM HTTP Server None 15 google.de GWS Yes
KONICHIWA/1.0 None 16 google.com.hk GWS Yes
Cafe Yes 17 wordpress.com nginx None
AmazonS3 Yes 18 sina.com.cn Apache/2.0.54 (Unix) None
19 google.co.uk GWS None
Table 1: Types of Web servers used in the top 1000 Web- 20 amazon.com Server None
sites and their declarative security header usage. 21 myspace.com MS-IIS/7.5 None
22 microsoft.com MS-IIS/7.5 None
23 google.fr GWS Yes
from the web servers listed in the Table 1. The Google’s 24 bing.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0 None
25 ebay.com Apache-Coyote/1.1 None
GSE server is using most of HTTP header protection
...
parameters during monetary transactions. This has been
62 orkut.com GFE 2.0 Yes
noticed in Gmail and Google checkout sub-domain. The
...
response is evaluated as 1000+ adsense.google.com Cafe Yes
1000+ gmail.com GSE 2.0 Yes
HTTP/1.1 200 OK 1000+ ha.ckers.org Apache Yes
Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store, max-age=0 1000+ noscript.net Apache Yes
Pragma: no-cache 1000+ flashgot.net Apache Yes
Expires: Fri, 01 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT 1000+ eyeviewdigital.com AmazonS3 Yes
Date: Wed, 14 Apr 2010 19:46:54 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Table 2: Applied declarative security as HTTP response
Set-Cookie: [Cookie value is truncated] headers in top 1000 websites.
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block Blogger’s sffe server also implement this option.
Server: GSE
The Facebook Apache/1.3.41.fb2 , Twitter’s Apache
The Yahoo Traffic Server (YTS), used for Yahoo mail and Server hi , MySpace’s Microsoft IIS 7.5 servers do
and other service websites, does not provide any signs of not indicate usage of declarative parameters, but Orkut’s
usage of declarative security. The Rediff Apache Server GFE 2.0 server uses X-XSS-Protection:0 as one of the re-
and Microsoft IIS 6.0/7.0 used for Rediffmail and Hotmail sponse header. Further, Orkut uses GSE server for collab-
respectively, are completely ignoring the HTTP header orative work. Popular websites such as NetFlix, Flickr,
protection parameters. The s0.2mdn.net and *.ytimg.com Ning, Photobucket, Linkedin, Internet Movie Database
hosts images and flash files that are used in major websites (IMDb), Paypal, Skype are not using declarative security
such as Youtube, Amazon, Hotmail etc. for advertisement specific HTTP response headers.
purposes. It uses X-Content-Type-Options:nosniff in its
responses for preventing MIME sniffing. The Youtube’s Further, we looked at a number of websites having a
Apache server, Google Advertisement Cafe server and high page rank apart from the top 1000 list from Alexa
4
5. [11]. We noticed that some of the websites that are in HTTP headers. Declarative security appears to be ”Se-
popular in the security community provide us with some curity by Choice”. On the other hand, many open source
good signs. The ha.ckers.org, noscript.net, flashgot.net web servers have not implemented these security solu-
shows the use of declarative security as: tions by default.
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Thu, 15 Apr 2010 17:45:28 GMT 5.3 Our analysis has shown that awareness may be a
Server: Apache roadblock in the effective development of an optimal se-
Content-Script-Type: text/javascript curity solution. Looking at the results, we speculate that
X-FRAME-OPTIONS: SAMEORIGIN there are three main issues that impact the awareness. The
X-XSS-Protection: 0 first one may be that the developers are not well educated
Vary: Accept-Encoding,User-Agent about the existence of the new types of web attacks. In
Connection: close the absence of awareness about the attacks, it is hard to
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 expect an appropriate and robust solution to be deployed.
Second, changes are required in a huge number of web
applications and the deployed hosting infrastructure to
In summary, we have not seen much variations as few strengthen the security. Third, a problem may lie in the
commercial websites include any HTTP headers that con- acceptance of these solutions as being robust. For exam-
tain the specific set of declarative security parameters. We ple, most of the HTTP header based solutions are vulner-
noticed that even some of the most popular and recog- able to classic HTTP Response Splitting [10] attacks, but
nized security companies, banks, and organizations have these can be circumvented by applying additional security
not adopted this solution. It appears that declarative secu- measures.
rity is not widely implemented on the server side.
5.4 A declarative solution requires participation of both
5 Lessons Learned the server and the client. If either is not participating, no
security action is taken. From our results, it is apparent
that there is little participation on the server side so the
During the course of this testing, we did not encounter risk of these web attacks remains high.
any serious problems, but there were certain issues that
made the testing a time consuming process. The handling
and generation of responses depend a lot on the nature and 5.5 While we found that the declarative security solu-
design of web application including configuration of the tions are not widely implemented, we have noticed some
web server. During our research, websites using HTTP to evidence of acceptance of declarative security in security-
HTTPS redirection produced long delays in the responses oriented sites.
and even experienced hanging of processes. We found
that different web servers handle the request differently
and hence showed differential behavior in their response.
A lot of variance has been noticed during the course of this 6 Conclusion and Future Work
experiment. In the end, with the appropriate manual effort
and automated solutions, the tests have been completed We have taken a look at one of the issue of getting an op-
successfully. We conclude: tional security mechanism embedded in HTTP response
headers: adoption. A declarative solution requires partici-
pation of both the server and the client. There are pros and
5.1 The main commercial web servers, such as IIS cons of such a protocol. An advantage is that if few major
and IBM HTTP SERVER, have not implemented attack- browsers implement the client side, the burden then falls
specific HTTP headers in their default responses. on the server side. However, the downside is the same:
the burden is now on the server side, and that is where we
find ourselves.
5.2 Our analysis shows that websites running open and
customized web servers such as Apache, GWE, GWS, Briefly, some browsers have it, but few servers are
Cafe are the only ones deploying the security parameters serving it. In this case, half a solution is no solution, but
5
6. it is early in the game. [12] MSDN - Microsoft Declarative Security Model.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/enus/library/kaacwy28.aspx
Once both servers and clients are fully compliant, the
open question becomes: how effective will declarative [13] MSDN - Microsoft Imperative Security Model.
headers be to circumvent this class of attack? There is http://msdn.microsoft.com/enus/library/0xkh23z7.aspx
hope that the flexibility of this approach may allow fast
response to any weaknesses. [14] SecNiche Security - http://www.secniche.org
Finally, if this approach proves to be successful, what [15] Armorize Technologies - http://www.armorize.com
other classes of attack will this be appropriate for?
Acknowledgment: A sincere thanks to SecNiche Secu-
rity [14] and Armorize [15] for supporting and giving me
enough time to pursue work of this kind.
7 References
[1] Clickjacking - Robert R Hansen and Jeremiah Gross-
man. http://sectheory.com/clickjacking.htm, 2009
[2] Blog Article - More towards Clickjacking, Aditya
K Sood. http://zeroknock.blogspot.com/2009/02/more-
towards-clickjacking-simulating.html, 2009
[3] Browser Security Handbook- UI Redressing.
http://code.google.com/p/browsersec/wiki/Part2
[4] Frame Bursting Technique. Source Wikipedia -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framekiller
[5] Blog Article - ClickJacking Protection Feature.
http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2009/01/27/ie8-
security-part-vii-clickjacking-defenses.aspx
[6] Complete Details - Content Security Policy.
˜
http://people.mozilla.org/bsterne/content-security-
policy/details.html
[7] Specification Details - Content Security Policy.
https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/CSP/Spec
[8] XSS Filter Details - Reflected XSS Protec-
tion. http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2008/07/01/ie8-
security-part-iv-the-xss-filter.aspx
[9] IE Blog - Comprehensive Protection Parame-
ters http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2008/07/02/ie8-
security-part-v-comprehensive-protection.aspx
[10] Details about HTTP Response Splitting Attacks.
http://www.securiteam.com/securityreviews/5WP0E2KFGK.html
[11] Alexa Top Sites. http://www.alexa.com/topsites
6