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Contemporary Issues in Education: School Funding
- 1. Presented by: Monique Coppins Katherine Kosich Jasmin Robinson Yukie Sugahara EDG 601 Social Foundations Instructor: Dr. Tanya G. Wiggins Contemporary Issues in Education: School Funding
- 2. Sources: NCES, Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds: Selected years, 1919-20 through 2012-13 Local Government State Government Federal Government Currently, public schools are funded by…
- 3. Federal Spending on Elementary/Secondary Education Total = $78 billion Federal Spending on Elementary/Secondary Education
- 4. Historical Changes of School Funding Sources Share of School Funding from Federal, State, and Local Sources Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2012 digest of Educational Statistics.
- 5. Changes in Funding Sources Change in U.S. Education Funding Sources FY1920 FY1970 FY2010
- 6. GDP and Education Spending U.S. Education Spending as Percentage of GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
- 7. Expenditures per Student National Current Expenditures per Student: Fiscal Years 2006-2015
- 8. Per-Pupil Spending in Public Schools Source: National Center or Education Statistics
- 9. Federal Funding Under the Elementary & Secondary Education Act Funding under NCLB. Detail in next chart. Sources: 2006 U.S. Budget, Historical Tables.
- 10. Federal Grants to States for Special Education* * Under IDEA, Part B, Grants to States. Sources: 2006 U.S. Budget, Historical Tables.
- 11. Source: Education Funding 2019 Not a Great Outlook Education Funding Flat Across Continuum Except for Pell Grants
- 12. Source: Education Funding 2019 K-12 Funding Has Not Reflected Growth in Public School
- 13. Source: Department of Education 2019 Request and budget history tables Largest Budget Cuts by President Trump Requested Change in DOE Discretionary Funding vs. Prior Year in billions
- 14. We Have an Issue…
- 15. Historical Perspective Political Perspective Legal Perspective Educational Issues Types of Educational Issues
- 16. School Funding is an Educational Issue that has historically affected educational systems. School funding has a direct impact on the quality of instruction and resources provided to public school institutions. Basis Used to Calculate the Amount of Funded Allocated to Schools Administrative Discretion Based on the individual assessment that each school needs. Historical Costs Considered historical expenditures to calculate the allocation for the following year. Bidding and Bargaining Involves schools responding to open competitions or making a case for additional resources. Formula Finding Involves the use of objective criteria with an universally applied rule to establish the amount of resources each school is entitled. School Funding Is an Educational Issue
- 17. What Has Been Done So Far to Solve This Issue?
- 18. What is Title 1? Originated from Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s “War on Poverty” Currently part of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB)
- 19. What is Title 1? • 58% of all public schools receive Title 1 funding. • Title 1 is the largest federal aid program for public schools. • Title 1 provides federal funds to schools with high % of low-income students. • Title 1 funds pay for extra educational services to help at-risk students. • Title 1 gives funds to schools in need based on student enrollment. • Title 1 provides free lunch.
- 20. Sources: NCES, "Common Core of Data," surveys and unpublished data. Federal Funding for Title I
- 21. Title I Grants for Disadvantaged Children Sources: 2006 U.S. Budget, Historical Tables.
- 22. How does school funding impact students and teachers?
- 23. “WHAT IS MATHEMATICALLY EQUAL MAY NOT BE SUFFICIENT TO MEET THE EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF THE STUDENTS.” -STATE SCHOOL FINANCE SYSTEM VARIANCE IMPACTS ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT: INADEQUACIES IN SCHOOL FUNDING: Impacts on Students - Few or none extra-curricular and/or elective courses - Larger class sizes with less access to 1:1 support - Improperly maintained school environments - New technology not able to be purchased - Lower student test scores - Limited access to college and career readiness classes - Restricted use of current and modern curriculum - Inconsistent school quality and access across districts - Less after school programming opportunities
- 24. “ONE CANNOT TRADEOFF SPENDING MONEY ON CLASS SIZE REDUCTIONS AGAINST INCREASING TEACHER SALARIES TO IMPROVE TEACHER QUALITY IF FUNDING IS NOT THERE FOR EITHER—IF CLASS SIZES ARE ALREADY LARGE AND TEACHER SALARIES NON-COMPETITIVE.” - MIND THE GAP: 20 YEARS OF PROGRESS AND RETRENCHMENT IN SCHOOL FUNDING AND ACHIEVEMENT GAPS - Larger class sizes with fewer trained staff members - Lack of school counselors and related service providers - Restricted access to highly effective teachers - Restricted access to advanced placement and honors courses - Self-funded parental involvement activities/events - Classroom supplies dependent on donations Impacts on Teachers
- 25. Student Demographics by District Wealth: Years 2014-2015 Student Demographics by District Wealth Source: NJDOE State Aid Notices, Projected Enrollments 2014-15
- 26. How School Funding is Spent
- 28. Increase, incentivize, and inspire more parental involvement... Include crowd-sourcing tactics such as Bake Sales, special event tickets, and student activities …. Increased Educator involvement in the United Federation of Teachers…
- 29. Ah-Ha! We Got Ideas!!
- 30. Ideas on How Equity Can Be Achieved Equal Opportunity Horizontal EquityVertical Equity 3 Kinds of Equity
- 31. Ideas on How Equity Can Be Achieved Regressive Tax Progressive TaxProportional Tax 3 Kinds of Vertical Tax Systems Used
- 32. Higher Income = Higher Taxes 2 Kinds of Tax Brackets Lower Income = Lower Taxes Ideas on How Equity Can Be Achieved
- 33. Public School System Outside Factors that Affect within System housing rigorous curriculum disability highly qualified teachers income
- 34. Equity in Public Education Ways to Achieve Equity in Public Education Provide educational opportunities for Title 1 schools Fund for out of school & after school programs Programs to support working families such as early childhood education programs
- 35. Baker B. D., Farrie, D., & Sciarra, D. G. (n.d). Mind the Gap: 20 Years of Progress and Retrenchment in School Funding and Achievement Gaps (RR-16-15, pp. 1-39, Rep.). Princeton, NJ: Policy Information Center. Brown, E. ( 2016 Jan 27). Spending in nation’s schools falls again, with wide variation across states. The Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education /nations-k-12-schools-spending-falls- again-shows-wide-variation-across-states/2016/01/26/0a420ede-c443-11e5-a4aa- f25866ba0dc6_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.27275541d080 Calamaras, D. ( 2015 Dec 23.) Government Spending on Education in the United States: A Historical Perspective. Retrieved from: https://www.bidnet.com/resources/business-insights/government-spending-education-in-the- united-states-historical-perspective-en.jsp Chakrabarti, R, Farber, A, & Livingston, M. (n.d). Historical Echoes: The Changing Face of Education in the United States. Retrieved from: https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2013/09/historical-echoes-the-changing-face- of-education-in-the-united-states.html Cornman, S. Q. & Musu-Gillette, L. (2018, January 8). National Spending for Public Schools Increases for Second Consecutive Year in School Year 2014-15. Retrieved from: https://nces.ed.gov/blogs/nces/2018/01/08/default References
- 36. Hoffman, M. J., Ed. D., Wiggall, R. L., Ed. D., Dereshiwsky, M. I., Ph. D., & Emanuel, G. L., Doctor of Arts. (2013). State School Finance System Variance Impacts on Student Achievement: Inadequacies in School Funding. JEP – E Journal of Education Policy, 1-8. Retrieved February 12, 2019, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ EJ1158691.pdf National Center for Education Statistics. (2015). Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds: Selected years, 1919-20 through 2012-13. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/ d15/tables/dt15_235.10.asp?current=yes Nusche, D. & Radinger, T. (2017, June 26). The Funding of School Education - Connecting Resources and Learning. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/OECDEDU/the-funding-of-school-education-connecting-resources- and-learning Office of Management and Budget. (2018). AN AMERICAN BUDGET. Retrieved from https://www.govinfo.gov/ content/pkg/BUDGET-2019-BUD/pdf/BUDGET-2019-BUD.pdf Richwine, D., Ph. D. (2011). The Myth of Racial Disparities in Public School Funding. Backgrounder, (2548), 1-6. Retrieved February 12, 2019, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518754.pdf. Scafidi, B. Ph. D. (2013 Dec 12). Reasons the Public Education System Has Become Increasingly Centralized. EdChoice. Retrieved from: https://www.edchoice.org/blog/reasons-the-public-education-system-has-become- increasingly-centralized/#author-24 References
Editor's Notes
- Currently, local property taxes provide most of the funding for public school. 45.5 % of educational funding comes from state revenue 45.2 % comes from local revenue 9.1 % comes from federal revenue
- Federal funding has been targeted to students with special needs and to federally-mandated state testing and accountability regimes. (Image spending from 2017.) The federal government currently spends a total of $78 billion dollars on elementary and secondary education. The breakdown as follows: School Lunch – 23% which comes from the department of agriculture Special Education – 16% Head start – 9% which comes from Health and Human services Title 1 – 20% Impact aid – 2% School improvements – 9% Other – 21% ( does this cover administration and curriculum?)
- This slide showcases the obvious change in funding in the 1930s (Great Depression affected this decision?) a decline in school funding from local sources and small and slow increases from federal and state sources. federal funding for schools between 1930 and 2010 (it has not increased much) Most of the funding comes from local funding and still do today. The long shadow of history affects educational systems and consequently economic growth until this day. There are clear historical disparities in the amount of funding schools received from federal, state, and local sources. Historically, local sources has provided the most funding for American schools. “Until around 1930, the funding of education was clearly the responsibility of local governments, with some contribution from the state. In the latter half of the twentieth century, the split between state and local funding changed from around 80-20 to 45-45, with the federal government now paying the remaining 10 percent (Chakrabarti, 2013).
- -increase in state and federal spending -decrease in local government school funding -interesting to think how schools will be funded in the future seeing this trend over time From 1920 to 2010 there has been an increase in the amount states spend on The largest increase can be seen in FY1920 of 84.1%. This is the largest increase over a span of 90 years. The lowest federal spending was in FY1970 with 8% and no federal funding in 1920 during the (progressive? ) what period was this? During the (2000’s), the state and local governments contributed the amount of 43.5/43.8% respectively to funding sources and as little as 12.7 % from the federal government. This indicates that the federal government over the years has contributed the least amount to funding education. Federal Government spending increased in 1965. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), providing federal dollars to schools for targeted groups of students.
- Between 1900 and 2010, spending as a percentage of GDP fluctuated with the lowest economic growth of 1.25% in 1944. This indicates that less was spent on education during this time which also can be assumed that acquiring an education during this period was not the most important. With the push to overhaul education and NCLB during the Obama administration, spending as per GDP rose to 6.1%. (This is confusing to me because this was right after the recession) Is it safe to say that more education equals higher pay? Education spending is dependent on the performance of the U.S economy. During the Great Depression (1929-1939), GDP spending reached 4% before leveling out at three percent at the beginning of World War II (1941). During the civil rights era, 1950-1970’s, education spending fluctuated. In 1953 education spending hit a low of 2.6 %, risen to 5.7 percent the dropped again in the eighties, falling to 4.7 percent in 1984 During the Great Recession (2000-2010) spending on education once again fluctuated, eventually ending at 6.1%.
- I’m looking at this as a slight bell curve. From 2006 to 2015, the expenditure for each student increased from $10,000 to $11,600 in 2010. This shows as a growth however, students …. In 2013, expenditure was much lower (why?). Legally every state has a public school system that provides free education to every child. Federal Laws and state legislators allocate funding to schools each year through the state’s annual budget process. Prominent factors, such as cost of living, class sizes and student demographics influences educational spending by state. The amount spent per student for the day-to-day operation of public elementary and secondary schools rose to $11,454 in Fiscal Year 2015.
- When looking at per pupil spending in public schools across the states, the cost per pupil is much higher in Alaska, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Washington DC and Vermont compared to other states. The per pupil spending begs to question if these states have higher needs population than the rest of the country and, how is funding decided in these states? School spending per pupil is allocated by the states annual budget process. (Image spending from 2013 fiscal year.) The split between state and local taxpayer spending for local public schools varies across states—with some states having significantly higher state shares relative to others Legally each school is required to provide federal dollars to schools with high proportions of students in poverty, to students who were migrants from other countries, to students with special needs and other smaller targeted groups of students.
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- The Budget invests $1.1 billion in school choice programs to expand the range of high-quality public and private school options for students, putting more decision-making power in the hands of parents and families. This investment serves as a down payment toward achieving the President’s goal of an annual Federal investment of $20 billion—for a total of an estimated $100 billion when including matching State and local funds—in school choice funding. The Budget requests $500 million to establish a new school choice grant program to support a wide range of innovative approaches to school choice. The Budget invests $12.8 billion for IDEA formula grants to States to support special education and early intervention services. In addition, the Budget requests $222 million for discretionary grants to States, institutions of higher education, and other nonprofit organizations to support research, demonstrations, technical assistance and dissemination, and personnel preparation and development.
- -truly showcases that federal spending on school does not take into account the sheer increasing amount of students enrolled in public school. There is an estimated enrollment of 52 million students for the year 2026. This estimate shows that students enrolled in K-12 public schools will receive $40 billion dollars. Federal spending shows that there has been no significant increase of student spending and student enrollment over this period. (not much growth, why?)
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- Public schools are government-run schools regulated by federal, state and local law. With government –run schools often come numerous issues related to how funds are allocated. Politically, educational spending and funding is dependent on the performance of the U.S economy. When the U.S economy experience a decline or fluctuates so does public education funding. Historically, local sources has provided the most funding for American schools. However, federal funding increased when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), providing federal dollars to schools for targeted groups of students. Legally every state has a public school system that provides free education to every child. With a free education often come numerous legal issues. Prominent factors, such as cost of living, class sizes and student demographics influences educational spending by state.
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- Today, Title 1 is part of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) but originated from the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA) as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s “War on Poverty”. This landmark educational bill, passed during Johnson’s “Great Society”, changed the funding of school districts from a local level to a national responsibility.
- Title 1 provides federal funds to schools with high percentages of low-income students. These funds pay for extra educational services to help atrisk students achieve and succeed regardless of any disadvantages through no fault of their own. Title I is a federal entitlement program that gives funds to schools in need based on student enrollment, the free and reduced lunch percentage for each school, and other informative data. The US Department of Education distributes Title 1 funds to State Departments of Education that, in turn, distribute the funds to individual school districts. Each school district divides its funding among qualifying schools based on their numbers of low-income children. In addition, under Title 1, participating school districts must provide supplemental educational services for eligible private school students. Nationwide, some 50,000 public schools (14.9 million or 64% of students) from preschool to high school receive Title 1 funds. However, most of the students served through Title 1 are in grades 1-6, while another 12% are in preschool and kindergarten. An astounding 58% of all public schools in the US receive Title 1 funding.
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- -Cannot read the date but it is unfortunately relevant today and for the 2000s -A cartoon exposing the increase of the student to teacher ratio due to budget cuts Overcrowded classrooms, budget cuts, staffing shortage. How does this impact our students and teachers?
- Inadequate School Funding Effects on Students: Few or None Extra-Curricular and/or Elective courses Larger Class sizes with less access to 1:1 support Improperly maintained School Environments New Technology not able to be purchased Lower student Test Scores Limited access to College and Career Readiness classes Restricted use of current and modern curriculum Inconsistent School Quality and Access across districts Less After School Programming opportunities “Spending in schools is a politi “adequate funding is necessary for schools to increase student achievement since it is through the provision of 6 http://nau.edu/COE/eJournal/ appropriate programs by skilled educators that student achievement is increased -- and both programs, and skilled people to run them, cost money. Without necessary funds, how a school uses those funds is a moot point.”
- Larger class sizes with fewer Trained Staff Members Lack of School Counselors and Related Service Providers Restricted access to Highly Effective Teachers Restricted access to Advanced Placement and Honors courses Self-Funded Parental Involvement Activities/Events Classroom supplies dependent on Donations
- “School districts that educate the greatest number of poor and minority students have less state and local money to spend per student than districts with the fewest poor and minority students. This will inevitably impede their efforts to help their students reach state standards.” -The Funding Gap: Low Income and Minority Students Receive Fewer Dollars
- -This chat is from the Portland Public Schools focusing on funding in Oregon from 2007 - 2011. Statistics from a 4 year period showing the multiple facets of the general fund budget for the 2010-2011 school year on the left and the effects of state budget cuts decreasing the amount of money schools spent per student on the right. - Between 2007 and 2011, the majority of school funding was spent on teacher’s salary and textbooks. The debt and capital (refers to borrowed money) payments went down however, there seems to be less money being put back into the system, why?
- -with increased funding comes increased support personnel -the need for more staff in a special education setting increases routinely and with proper funding, as these percentages calculated from the Arizona DOE, more students and classrooms would be able to enjoy the guidance of more teachers, aides, related service providers, bus aides, and administration. Can the increase be attributed to better knowledge or rise in awareness of certain disabilities hence, the increase in these areas?
- Increased Educator involvement in the United Federation of Teachers. Intentional voting in of policy makers and political candidates who have a background in Public Education and a history of voting positively towards appropriately funding public education on state and federal levels. Include crowd-sourcing tactics such as Bake Sales, special event tickets, and student activities as occasional sources of supplemental funding. Increase, incentivize, and inspire more parental involvement in their children’s schools.
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- Would it be fair for all schools to receive the same funding? Why/Why not First we need to understand the formula that is used to determine how much each school receives. Three kinds of equity: Horizontal equity, vertical equity and, equal opportunity. Horizontal equity – individuals with the same amount of income should be expected to pay the same amount in taxes without preferential treatment. Vertical equity- students have different needs and requires different level of resources. What qualifies as unequal circumstances (ELL, disabilities, poverty etc.) Equal opportunity- while some schools may be able to pull together resources, others will not because of economic situations. This is visible when looking at counties and individual states property taxes, employment, housing and other dire situations.
- Three kinds of vertical tax systems used: Regressive tax : lower income earners loses more income than those receiving a higher income. Proportional tax: individuals pay the same rate regardless of income Progressive tax: higher tax rates for higher income
- There are two kinds of tax brackets: Higher income means more taxes Lower income equals less taxes
- Inequalities outside of schools that affect a system within a system: housing, income, disability, rigorous curriculum, highly qualified teachers. Because income varies within families and communities, it is unfair to allocate the same amount of funds for each district as some will have more than another. Families who are not working cannot put into the system the same amount as those who are not working.
- Providing educational opportunities for title 1 schools. Funding for out of school and after school programs. Programs to support working families such as early childhood education programs.