The Leaning Tower of Pisa began construction in 1173 but experienced two long breaks during construction that lasted until 1360. The initial mistake was locating the tower on unstable soil comprised of layers of sand and clay that caused the soil to compact unevenly and the tower to lean to one side. Various efforts over centuries attempted to stabilize the tower, including adding counterweights, freezing the ground, and removing soil from the leaning side. The latest efforts in the late 20th century removed 77 tons of soil from the north side, straightening the tower by 44 centimeters and reducing stresses on the structure.
This presentation covers salient features of the stabilisation of the leaning tower of pisa. Presentation is basically based on the account of soil mechanics and other civil engineering techniques.
This presentation covers salient features of the stabilisation of the leaning tower of pisa. Presentation is basically based on the account of soil mechanics and other civil engineering techniques.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Tunnel is an artificially constructed underground passage to by- pass obstacles safely without disturbing the over burden. This module explains about tunnels, their parts, types and importance.
Swelling soils, also known as expansive soils,
are ones that swell in volume when subjected to
moisture. These swelling soils typically contain
clay minerals that attract and absorb water.
When water is introduced to expansive soils, the
water molecules are pulled into gaps between
the soil plates. As more water is absorbed, the
plates are forced further apart, leading to an
increase in soil pore pressure (Handy, 1995). If
this increased pressure exceeds surcharge
pressure (including the weight of the overlying
pavement) the soil will expand in volume to a
point where these pressures are once again in
balance. Swelling pressures can be on the order
of 100 – 200 kPa (14.5 – 29 psi) and have been
measured as high as 1000 kPa (145 psi). Table
1 gives a general idea of the types of expansion
that can be expected.
Rocks mechanics and its application in mining geology.
It aims at enhancing the mining process and higher yielding by reducing the chance of failures by providing information about the rocks of the mining area.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa, one of the seven wonders of the world faced instability and started inclining due to bad engineering and weak soil profile.
In addition to that the city of Italy has a high ground water level which further worsened the condition.
Due to instability conditions the building was shut off in 1990 and after taking necessary countermeasures the building reopened for tourists in 2001.
In 2008, 70 tons of weight were removed as the tower had stopped moving fo the first time in history.
The building Is predicted to remain stable for 300 years to come.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Tunnel is an artificially constructed underground passage to by- pass obstacles safely without disturbing the over burden. This module explains about tunnels, their parts, types and importance.
Swelling soils, also known as expansive soils,
are ones that swell in volume when subjected to
moisture. These swelling soils typically contain
clay minerals that attract and absorb water.
When water is introduced to expansive soils, the
water molecules are pulled into gaps between
the soil plates. As more water is absorbed, the
plates are forced further apart, leading to an
increase in soil pore pressure (Handy, 1995). If
this increased pressure exceeds surcharge
pressure (including the weight of the overlying
pavement) the soil will expand in volume to a
point where these pressures are once again in
balance. Swelling pressures can be on the order
of 100 – 200 kPa (14.5 – 29 psi) and have been
measured as high as 1000 kPa (145 psi). Table
1 gives a general idea of the types of expansion
that can be expected.
Rocks mechanics and its application in mining geology.
It aims at enhancing the mining process and higher yielding by reducing the chance of failures by providing information about the rocks of the mining area.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa, one of the seven wonders of the world faced instability and started inclining due to bad engineering and weak soil profile.
In addition to that the city of Italy has a high ground water level which further worsened the condition.
Due to instability conditions the building was shut off in 1990 and after taking necessary countermeasures the building reopened for tourists in 2001.
In 2008, 70 tons of weight were removed as the tower had stopped moving fo the first time in history.
The building Is predicted to remain stable for 300 years to come.
This is a ppt on tunneling safety for 2-4. There are lots of tunnels and the OSHA rules are 45 years old. These are the issues I would consider. I need to fine tune this later. John Newquist johnanewquist@gmail.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Overview
• Introduction
• History of Construction
• Characteristics of tower
• Initial mistakes
• Cause to the lean of tower
• History of inclination
• Stress due to lean
• Efforts to save the tower
• conclusion
3. Introduction
• Located in PISA, Italy at the 'Piazza dei
Miracoli' square.
• Bell tower for the Cathedral.
• Renowned all over the world for its
peculiar inclination.
• Popular tourist hotspot. Building was
shut down to tourists in 1990, but has
open up because of extensive
restoration efforts by government
agencies.
• Building reopened in April, 2001.
4. History of construction
• The construction of the Tower began in 1173 and due to two long breaks it
went on for 176 years. These breaks were most likely caused by war.
• The first break came in 1178, and by that time construction work had only
reached the 4th order of the final Tower.
• The second break was in 1278 after having reached the 7th order of the
finished Tower. Completion with the rise of the bell Tower was first achieved
in 1360 and although completion would have taken almost of the time had
it not been for the two shutdowns, these have actually proven to have been
crucial for the Tower existence .
5. Characteristics of tower
• Weight = 14,700 metric tones
• Ring shaped diameter = 19.6 m
• Thickness of wall =4.1 m, and 2.7 m for all
other levels.
• Inclination = 5 ½ degree’s to the south.
• 32,240 blocks ("ashlars") for facing the exterior
and interior of the cylindrical wall structure.
• 15 half columns at the base.
• 180 columns for base.
• 12 columns for belfry.
6. Initial mistakes
• Location of tower – ground
comprised of layers of sand & clay.
• Layers ran parallel except under
the foundation of the tower, where
it formed a bow shape.
• The unstable mixture of soil
material caused the soil to
compact at a different rate,
causing the tower to sink 30-40
cm.
7. Causes to the lean of tower
• The unstable mixture of soil – caused the tower to sink to the south
side.
• Soil at south side compressed faster than the north side – weight
of the tower was the main factor of tilt.
• Tilting was also due to the fluctuations of the water levels.
• This caused the tower to keep shifting, as well as rotate…later
discovered by scientists that the tower’s position shifted in relation
to the ground water level.
9. Stress due to lean
• It was thought that the tower would tip over due to the angle of tilt.
• However, it would Collapse due to enormous stress.
• Stones on first few floors had most stress – they had to support the weight
= 14,700 tones.
• Stones on south side had stress because of incline.
• The stress kept increasing as the inclination increased, therefore there was
danger of the tower collapsing.
• The outside of the tower is made of strong marble, but the inside is made up
of rubble, hence the walls cannot support the resulting stress.
10. Efforts to save the tower
- stabilization efforts
First attempt
• The first modern attempt at stabilization of the tower occurred in
1935, when engineers attempted to seal the base of the tower by
drilling a network of holes into the foundation and then filling
them with a cement grout mixture.
• However, this only worsened the problem by slightly increasing the
lean. The failed stabilization did result in more cautious
approaches by future preservation teams.
11. Contd.
• In 1990, the tower was closed to the
public and apartments and houses in the
path of the tower were vacated for
safety. This was partially spurred by the
abrupt collapse of another Italian tower
(Civic Tower of Pavia) due to masonry
degradation. City officials were
concerned that if the Tower of Pavia
could collapse simply due to masonry
degradation, then collapse of the Tower
of Pisa, with its more than 5° tilt, must
have been eminent.
12. Contd.
• The preservation team finally took
action in 1992 when the first story
was braced with steel tendons, to
relieve the strain on the vulnerable
masonry; and in 1993 when 600
tons of lead ingots were stacked
around the base of the north side
of the tower to counterweight the
lean.
13. Contd.
• In response, in 1995, the
team opted for 10
underground steel anchors, to
invisibly yank the tower
northwards. However, this
only served to bring the tower
closer to collapse than ever
before.
• The anchors were to be
installed, 40 meters deep,
from tensioned cables
connected to the tower’s
base.
14. Contd.
• In view of Pisa’s high water-table, the team froze the underlying ground
with liquid nitrogen before any anchors were installed, to protect their
excavations from flooding.
• However, it was not taken into account that water expands when it
freezes. The groundwater pushed up beneath the tower and, once the
freezing had ceased, created gaps for further settlement of the tower.
• On the night of September 7, 1995, the tower lurched southwards by
more than it had done in the entire previous year.
• The team was summoned for an emergency meeting and the anchor
plan was immediately abandoned.
15. Soil extraction
• Contractors removed soil from the north side with drilling
equipment.
• The tower started to sink on the north side, therefore
reducing some of the stress that was building up on the
south side.
• Suspension cables were loosely fitted to the tower so it
could pull back the tower incase it started leaning..
17. Contd.
• Work began in 1999 and halted in 2001
after approximately 77 tons of soil had
been removed and the tower had been
straightened by 44 centimeters, returning
to its 1838 inclination.
• While more soil could have been
removed, the soil extraction program
reduced the stress on the vulnerable first
story enough to be safe, yet also
maintained the distinctive lean of the
landmark.
18. LEANING TOWER OF PISA-TECHNICAL INFORMATION
• Height of 55.86 m (183.27 ft) on the low (south) side
and 56.7 m (186.02 ft) on the high (north) side.
• The weight of the tower is estimated to be 16,000
tons.
• The tower currently leans at an angle of 3.97°, but
leaned at an angle of 5.5° prior to the stabilization
efforts in the late 20th to early 21st centuries.
19. Conclusion
• The construction failure is only due to the
unsettlement of soil underneath the structure.
• The amount of water content in the soil is
more.
• Soil extraction helps the structure to stabilize
for a long time without any tilt.
• A minimum amount tilt is provided to attract
the tourist.
20. Thank u.. for the people who done research
on this and made history liveable