- The one-dimensional consolidation test is performed in an oedometer to determine the consolidation properties of soils.
- Results are presented as plots of void ratio (e) versus effective stress (σ') on linear and logarithmic scales. Key properties like compression index (Cc), recompression index (Cr), and preconsolidation pressure (σ'c) can be determined.
- Primary consolidation settlement can be calculated from the e-logσ' curve using Cc, or from coefficients of volume change like mv. Commonly the midpoint stress increase or weighted average method are used.
1. The document discusses consolidation in soils, including terminology, oedometer tests, preconsolidation pressure, and Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation.
2. Key points include that consolidation is the decrease in soil volume due to increased loading, and includes primary consolidation through pore water expulsion and secondary consolidation via soil molecule rearrangement.
3. Oedometer tests are used to determine soil compressibility and preconsolidation pressure, the maximum past effective stress.
4. Terzaghi's theory assumes consolidation is one-dimensional, and that excess pore pressures dissipate over time according to a consolidation equation.
1. The document discusses consolidation in soils, including terminology, oedometer tests, preconsolidation pressure, and Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation.
2. Key points covered include the compressibility of soils due to changes in load, definitions of normally and over-consolidated soils, and how an oedometer test can be used to determine the preconsolidation pressure and compression coefficient of a soil.
3. Terzaghi's theory makes assumptions about soil properties and permeability in modeling the one-dimensional consolidation process over time. Degree of consolidation and time factors are also addressed.
This document provides information about consolidation in soils. It begins with an introduction to soil mechanics and how consolidation is an important process when designing foundations. Consolidation occurs when saturated clay soils expel water from their pores due to applied stresses, resulting in volume decrease over time. The document discusses the theories behind one-dimensional consolidation, including the spring analogy and coefficients of consolidation, compression, and volume change. It provides details on performing oedometer consolidation tests and interpreting the results, including preconsolidation pressures. Terzaghi's theory of consolidation is also summarized.
This document discusses soil mechanics and consolidation. It provides background on soil mechanics, explaining that it involves determining soil parameters and properties based on mechanical laws. It then focuses on consolidation, defining it as the process where saturated soil decreases in volume due to expulsion of pore water under pressure. The document outlines the theory of one-dimensional consolidation proposed by Terzaghi, describing how it can be used to determine rates of volume change, settlement, and pore pressure dissipation over time in saturated soils. It also discusses laboratory testing methods like oedometer tests that are used to characterize consolidation properties.
1) Consolidation is the process where a soil decreases in volume due to an applied stress, resulting in the squeezing out of pore water.
2) Laboratory consolidation tests involve loading a soil sample in increments in a consolidometer to determine its compression behavior and coefficient of consolidation.
3) Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation describes how excess pore pressures dissipate over time in a confined soil layer based on the soil's permeability and compressibility.
This document provides an overview of one-dimensional consolidation and oedometer tests. It discusses how consolidation leads to a reduction in soil volume through drainage of water from voids over time. An oedometer test subjects an undisturbed soil sample to incremental loads in a confined apparatus to measure consolidation settlement and determine coefficients of compressibility. Graphs of void ratio versus effective stress and their slopes yield information on soil compression and expansion behavior and overconsolidation ratio.
Consolidation is the process where water drains from saturated soil pores, transferring the load from water to soil particles and causing volume change. There are three types of consolidation: immediate, primary, and secondary. One-dimensional consolidation assumes vertical drainage, making the process primarily vertical. Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation models this using parameters like permeability, compressibility, and effective stress. The coefficient of consolidation describes the rate of compression, while compression and swelling indices characterize the void ratio-effective stress relationship. The oedometer test experimentally determines consolidation properties from soil specimen compression under incremental loads.
- The one-dimensional consolidation test is performed in an oedometer to determine the consolidation properties of soils.
- Results are presented as plots of void ratio (e) versus effective stress (σ') on linear and logarithmic scales. Key properties like compression index (Cc), recompression index (Cr), and preconsolidation pressure (σ'c) can be determined.
- Primary consolidation settlement can be calculated from the e-logσ' curve using Cc, or from coefficients of volume change like mv. Commonly the midpoint stress increase or weighted average method are used.
1. The document discusses consolidation in soils, including terminology, oedometer tests, preconsolidation pressure, and Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation.
2. Key points include that consolidation is the decrease in soil volume due to increased loading, and includes primary consolidation through pore water expulsion and secondary consolidation via soil molecule rearrangement.
3. Oedometer tests are used to determine soil compressibility and preconsolidation pressure, the maximum past effective stress.
4. Terzaghi's theory assumes consolidation is one-dimensional, and that excess pore pressures dissipate over time according to a consolidation equation.
1. The document discusses consolidation in soils, including terminology, oedometer tests, preconsolidation pressure, and Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation.
2. Key points covered include the compressibility of soils due to changes in load, definitions of normally and over-consolidated soils, and how an oedometer test can be used to determine the preconsolidation pressure and compression coefficient of a soil.
3. Terzaghi's theory makes assumptions about soil properties and permeability in modeling the one-dimensional consolidation process over time. Degree of consolidation and time factors are also addressed.
This document provides information about consolidation in soils. It begins with an introduction to soil mechanics and how consolidation is an important process when designing foundations. Consolidation occurs when saturated clay soils expel water from their pores due to applied stresses, resulting in volume decrease over time. The document discusses the theories behind one-dimensional consolidation, including the spring analogy and coefficients of consolidation, compression, and volume change. It provides details on performing oedometer consolidation tests and interpreting the results, including preconsolidation pressures. Terzaghi's theory of consolidation is also summarized.
This document discusses soil mechanics and consolidation. It provides background on soil mechanics, explaining that it involves determining soil parameters and properties based on mechanical laws. It then focuses on consolidation, defining it as the process where saturated soil decreases in volume due to expulsion of pore water under pressure. The document outlines the theory of one-dimensional consolidation proposed by Terzaghi, describing how it can be used to determine rates of volume change, settlement, and pore pressure dissipation over time in saturated soils. It also discusses laboratory testing methods like oedometer tests that are used to characterize consolidation properties.
1) Consolidation is the process where a soil decreases in volume due to an applied stress, resulting in the squeezing out of pore water.
2) Laboratory consolidation tests involve loading a soil sample in increments in a consolidometer to determine its compression behavior and coefficient of consolidation.
3) Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation describes how excess pore pressures dissipate over time in a confined soil layer based on the soil's permeability and compressibility.
This document provides an overview of one-dimensional consolidation and oedometer tests. It discusses how consolidation leads to a reduction in soil volume through drainage of water from voids over time. An oedometer test subjects an undisturbed soil sample to incremental loads in a confined apparatus to measure consolidation settlement and determine coefficients of compressibility. Graphs of void ratio versus effective stress and their slopes yield information on soil compression and expansion behavior and overconsolidation ratio.
Consolidation is the process where water drains from saturated soil pores, transferring the load from water to soil particles and causing volume change. There are three types of consolidation: immediate, primary, and secondary. One-dimensional consolidation assumes vertical drainage, making the process primarily vertical. Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation models this using parameters like permeability, compressibility, and effective stress. The coefficient of consolidation describes the rate of compression, while compression and swelling indices characterize the void ratio-effective stress relationship. The oedometer test experimentally determines consolidation properties from soil specimen compression under incremental loads.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document summarizes key concepts related to consolidation of soil, including:
1) Consolidation is the process by which saturated soil gradually becomes denser and more compact under applied loads as excess pore water drains out over time.
2) Terzaghi's consolidation theory assumes soil is initially saturated, loading is gradual, excess pore water can only drain vertically, and consolidation is a time-dependent process where water is not replaced by air.
3) Important concepts discussed include compression, compressibility, swelling, and formulas for consolidation settlement, coefficients of compressibility and volume change, change in thickness, and coefficient of consolidation.
4) A one-dimensional consolidation test (oedometer test)
1. Foundation settlement includes immediate, primary consolidation, and secondary consolidation settlements. Immediate settlement occurs after construction, primary consolidation is due to pore pressure dissipation and water expulsion, and secondary consolidation is long-term rearrangement of soil particles under constant effective stress.
2. Vertical stress distribution in soil must be determined to calculate settlement. Several methods are described to calculate stress, including Boussinesq analysis and Westergaard's method. Simplified methods and charts like Newmark's can also be used.
3. Settlement is calculated using soil properties like compression index, preconsolidation pressure, and void ratio. Methods are described for cohesive and cohesionless soils using parameters from tests like
1. Consolidation is the process by which saturated clayey soils expel water from their pore spaces under an applied load, resulting in a decrease in volume.
2. Terzaghi developed the theory of one-dimensional consolidation to describe this process, assuming drainage occurs only vertically. Excess pore water pressures dissipate over time as water drains from the soil until effective stress equals total stress.
3. Consolidation tests on remolded soil specimens measure properties like compression index, coefficient of consolidation, and preconsolidation pressure that characterize a soil's compressibility and rate of settlement over time under loading.
1. The document discusses Karl Terzaghi's principle of effective stress, which states that the stress on a soil is equal to the total stress minus the pore water pressure.
2. It then provides objectives and scope for a case study on evaluating Terzaghi's theory through consolidation tests. Materials used include remolded soil samples from various locations.
3. The document outlines Terzaghi's assumptions for his consolidation theory and provides his equations for calculating bearing capacity of strip, square, and circular footings. It also briefly reviews several literature sources analyzing consolidation and settlement prediction.
1. The document discusses different types of settlement in shallow foundations, including immediate/elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement.
2. It provides methods for calculating each type of settlement, making use of theories of elasticity, consolidation test data, and parameters like compression index.
3. Settlement predictions are generally satisfactory but better for inorganic clays; the time rate of consolidation settlement is often poorly estimated.
This document discusses the consolidation of soil. It defines important terms like compression, compressibility, and consolidation. It outlines the differences between compaction and consolidation. The importance of consolidation theory is that it provides information on total settlement, time for settlement, and types of settlement. Terzaghi's spring analogy is described to explain the consolidation process. A one-dimensional consolidation test procedure is outlined. Important definitions related to consolidation like compression index, swelling index, and coefficients are provided. The document also discusses normally, under, and over consolidated soils and how to determine preconsolidation pressure. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory and solution are presented. Methods to determine degree of consolidation and coefficient of consolidation from laboratory test data are
The document discusses soil mechanics topics related to consolidation and settlement. It covers three types of settlement (immediate, primary consolidation, and secondary consolidation). It also explains the fundamental concept of consolidation using a piston-spring model and describes how a one-dimensional consolidation test (oedometer test) is conducted in the laboratory to determine soil compressibility.
1. The document discusses concepts related to seepage, piping failure, and remedial measures for earth dams. It then defines consolidation as the reduction in volume of saturated clay that occurs over a long time through the expulsion of water from voids when the clay is loaded externally.
2. The types of consolidation are described as immediate compression, primary consolidation, and secondary compression. Primary consolidation is the portion of settlement due to the resistance of water flowing under induced hydraulic gradients.
3. A consolidation test procedure is outlined where soil samples are loaded in increments in an oedometer device and dial gauge readings are taken to determine deformation rates and amounts. Calculations are described to obtain coefficients of consolidation and compression
Consolidation settlement with sand drains – analytical and numerical approachesUmed Paliwal
The document discusses analytical and numerical approaches to studying consolidation settlement of foundations built on sand drains. The analytical part reviews existing literature on settlement, structure, installation and monitoring of sand drains. Popular theories on free strain and equal strain cases with and without smear are covered. The numerical part uses PLAXIS 2D to model a drain unit cell and address the reduction in consolidation time from sand drains under varying loads, the relationship between ultimate settlement and loading, and the relationship between ultimate settlement and drain diameter.
1. Geotechnical earthquake engineering is concerned with assessing how soil properties influence earthquake shaking and effects like liquefaction. Key soil properties include grain size, density, and water content.
2. Evaluating liquefaction risk involves determining the soil's standard penetration test value, grain size, water content, and comparing the expected earthquake shear stresses to the soil's shear resistance.
3. Methods to prevent liquefaction include deep foundations, compacting or replacing liquefiable soils, installing drains or stone columns, dewatering, and applying surcharges.
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED CONSOLIDATION USING VERTICAL DR...P singh
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region by considering the case study of Bhandup Lagoon Works Embankment. Based on this ratio, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
The document discusses different types of soil settlement including immediate, primary, and secondary consolidation settlements. It provides formulas to calculate settlement, defines concepts like void ratio, compression index, coefficient of consolidation, and overconsolidation ratio. It also includes sample calculations for estimating primary consolidation settlement of a clay layer under a surcharge load based on laboratory consolidation test results and given soil properties.
Class 7 Consolidation Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document provides an overview of a geotechnical engineering laboratory class on conducting a consolidation test on cohesive soil. The consolidation test is used to determine key soil properties like preconsolidation stress, compression index, recompression index, and coefficient of consolidation. The procedure involves placing a saturated soil sample in a consolidometer, applying incremental loads, and measuring the change in height over time to generate consolidation curves. Students will perform the test, calculate soil properties from the results, and include 10 plots and calculations in a laboratory report.
Field and Theoretical Analysis of Accelerated Consolidation Using Vertical Dr...inventionjournals
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region. Based on this, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
This document discusses soil consolidation and laboratory testing methods. It describes how consolidation occurs through particle deformation, rearrangement and water/air expulsion from soil pores. Laboratory consolidation tests involve placing soil samples in an oedometer apparatus and incrementally increasing loads over time to measure compression. Graphs of void ratio versus pressure are used to determine consolidation properties like compression index (Cc) and preconsolidation pressure. The document provides equations for calculating consolidation settlement based on soil properties and changes in effective stress.
This document presents a mathematical approach to simulate soil behavior under shallow compaction. The approach aims to estimate property improvements of soil under compaction and develop equations to design compaction procedures. It involves correlating soil properties to dry unit weight, calculating contact stresses from compaction equipment, and estimating property changes after each compactor pass by updating soil properties. Case studies showed good matches between the proposed approach and field measurements. Equations were developed to calculate minimum equipment characteristics, lift thickness, and passes needed to achieve desired soil properties.
Regarding Types of Foundation, Methods, Uses of different types of foundation at different soil properties. Methods of construction of different types of foundation, Codal Provisions etc.
1. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory models saturated soil as a spring-loaded mass of water, with water flow allowing stress to transfer gradually to the spring over time.
2. A lab consolidation test subjects an undisturbed soil sample to increments of load, measuring settlement over time to determine coefficients of consolidation and compressibility.
3. Coefficient of consolidation (cv) is calculated from settlement curves using square root of time or log time methods, informing predictions of field settlement rates and times.
1. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory uses the spring-mass analogy to model the behavior of saturated soil under loading. Pore water pressure dissipates over time as the soil skeleton gains effective stress and the spring compresses.
2. A lab consolidation test subjects an undisturbed soil sample to incremental loading in an oedometer apparatus. Dial gauge readings over time are used to determine consolidation properties like coefficient of consolidation (cv) and compression index (Cc).
3. Soil compressibility is evaluated from void ratio-effective stress plots. The preconsolidation pressure σ'pc indicates the soil's maximum past stress and influences its compression path. Normally consolidated soils follow the normal compression line
The document discusses compass traversing, which involves measuring both linear distances and angular measurements between survey lines. There are two types of traverses: closed traverses that return to the starting point, and open traverses that extend without closing. Instruments for measuring angles include compasses and theodolites. Bearings are specified using either whole circle bearings from 0-360 degrees or quadrantal bearings indicating clockwise/counterclockwise direction from the meridian. Local attraction from metal objects can affect compass readings and must be corrected. The document provides examples of bearing conversions and corrections.
More Related Content
Similar to Lecture-2 Consolidation PART-1 (geotechnical engineering).pdf
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document summarizes key concepts related to consolidation of soil, including:
1) Consolidation is the process by which saturated soil gradually becomes denser and more compact under applied loads as excess pore water drains out over time.
2) Terzaghi's consolidation theory assumes soil is initially saturated, loading is gradual, excess pore water can only drain vertically, and consolidation is a time-dependent process where water is not replaced by air.
3) Important concepts discussed include compression, compressibility, swelling, and formulas for consolidation settlement, coefficients of compressibility and volume change, change in thickness, and coefficient of consolidation.
4) A one-dimensional consolidation test (oedometer test)
1. Foundation settlement includes immediate, primary consolidation, and secondary consolidation settlements. Immediate settlement occurs after construction, primary consolidation is due to pore pressure dissipation and water expulsion, and secondary consolidation is long-term rearrangement of soil particles under constant effective stress.
2. Vertical stress distribution in soil must be determined to calculate settlement. Several methods are described to calculate stress, including Boussinesq analysis and Westergaard's method. Simplified methods and charts like Newmark's can also be used.
3. Settlement is calculated using soil properties like compression index, preconsolidation pressure, and void ratio. Methods are described for cohesive and cohesionless soils using parameters from tests like
1. Consolidation is the process by which saturated clayey soils expel water from their pore spaces under an applied load, resulting in a decrease in volume.
2. Terzaghi developed the theory of one-dimensional consolidation to describe this process, assuming drainage occurs only vertically. Excess pore water pressures dissipate over time as water drains from the soil until effective stress equals total stress.
3. Consolidation tests on remolded soil specimens measure properties like compression index, coefficient of consolidation, and preconsolidation pressure that characterize a soil's compressibility and rate of settlement over time under loading.
1. The document discusses Karl Terzaghi's principle of effective stress, which states that the stress on a soil is equal to the total stress minus the pore water pressure.
2. It then provides objectives and scope for a case study on evaluating Terzaghi's theory through consolidation tests. Materials used include remolded soil samples from various locations.
3. The document outlines Terzaghi's assumptions for his consolidation theory and provides his equations for calculating bearing capacity of strip, square, and circular footings. It also briefly reviews several literature sources analyzing consolidation and settlement prediction.
1. The document discusses different types of settlement in shallow foundations, including immediate/elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement.
2. It provides methods for calculating each type of settlement, making use of theories of elasticity, consolidation test data, and parameters like compression index.
3. Settlement predictions are generally satisfactory but better for inorganic clays; the time rate of consolidation settlement is often poorly estimated.
This document discusses the consolidation of soil. It defines important terms like compression, compressibility, and consolidation. It outlines the differences between compaction and consolidation. The importance of consolidation theory is that it provides information on total settlement, time for settlement, and types of settlement. Terzaghi's spring analogy is described to explain the consolidation process. A one-dimensional consolidation test procedure is outlined. Important definitions related to consolidation like compression index, swelling index, and coefficients are provided. The document also discusses normally, under, and over consolidated soils and how to determine preconsolidation pressure. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory and solution are presented. Methods to determine degree of consolidation and coefficient of consolidation from laboratory test data are
The document discusses soil mechanics topics related to consolidation and settlement. It covers three types of settlement (immediate, primary consolidation, and secondary consolidation). It also explains the fundamental concept of consolidation using a piston-spring model and describes how a one-dimensional consolidation test (oedometer test) is conducted in the laboratory to determine soil compressibility.
1. The document discusses concepts related to seepage, piping failure, and remedial measures for earth dams. It then defines consolidation as the reduction in volume of saturated clay that occurs over a long time through the expulsion of water from voids when the clay is loaded externally.
2. The types of consolidation are described as immediate compression, primary consolidation, and secondary compression. Primary consolidation is the portion of settlement due to the resistance of water flowing under induced hydraulic gradients.
3. A consolidation test procedure is outlined where soil samples are loaded in increments in an oedometer device and dial gauge readings are taken to determine deformation rates and amounts. Calculations are described to obtain coefficients of consolidation and compression
Consolidation settlement with sand drains – analytical and numerical approachesUmed Paliwal
The document discusses analytical and numerical approaches to studying consolidation settlement of foundations built on sand drains. The analytical part reviews existing literature on settlement, structure, installation and monitoring of sand drains. Popular theories on free strain and equal strain cases with and without smear are covered. The numerical part uses PLAXIS 2D to model a drain unit cell and address the reduction in consolidation time from sand drains under varying loads, the relationship between ultimate settlement and loading, and the relationship between ultimate settlement and drain diameter.
1. Geotechnical earthquake engineering is concerned with assessing how soil properties influence earthquake shaking and effects like liquefaction. Key soil properties include grain size, density, and water content.
2. Evaluating liquefaction risk involves determining the soil's standard penetration test value, grain size, water content, and comparing the expected earthquake shear stresses to the soil's shear resistance.
3. Methods to prevent liquefaction include deep foundations, compacting or replacing liquefiable soils, installing drains or stone columns, dewatering, and applying surcharges.
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED CONSOLIDATION USING VERTICAL DR...P singh
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region by considering the case study of Bhandup Lagoon Works Embankment. Based on this ratio, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
The document discusses different types of soil settlement including immediate, primary, and secondary consolidation settlements. It provides formulas to calculate settlement, defines concepts like void ratio, compression index, coefficient of consolidation, and overconsolidation ratio. It also includes sample calculations for estimating primary consolidation settlement of a clay layer under a surcharge load based on laboratory consolidation test results and given soil properties.
Class 7 Consolidation Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document provides an overview of a geotechnical engineering laboratory class on conducting a consolidation test on cohesive soil. The consolidation test is used to determine key soil properties like preconsolidation stress, compression index, recompression index, and coefficient of consolidation. The procedure involves placing a saturated soil sample in a consolidometer, applying incremental loads, and measuring the change in height over time to generate consolidation curves. Students will perform the test, calculate soil properties from the results, and include 10 plots and calculations in a laboratory report.
Field and Theoretical Analysis of Accelerated Consolidation Using Vertical Dr...inventionjournals
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region. Based on this, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
This document discusses soil consolidation and laboratory testing methods. It describes how consolidation occurs through particle deformation, rearrangement and water/air expulsion from soil pores. Laboratory consolidation tests involve placing soil samples in an oedometer apparatus and incrementally increasing loads over time to measure compression. Graphs of void ratio versus pressure are used to determine consolidation properties like compression index (Cc) and preconsolidation pressure. The document provides equations for calculating consolidation settlement based on soil properties and changes in effective stress.
This document presents a mathematical approach to simulate soil behavior under shallow compaction. The approach aims to estimate property improvements of soil under compaction and develop equations to design compaction procedures. It involves correlating soil properties to dry unit weight, calculating contact stresses from compaction equipment, and estimating property changes after each compactor pass by updating soil properties. Case studies showed good matches between the proposed approach and field measurements. Equations were developed to calculate minimum equipment characteristics, lift thickness, and passes needed to achieve desired soil properties.
Regarding Types of Foundation, Methods, Uses of different types of foundation at different soil properties. Methods of construction of different types of foundation, Codal Provisions etc.
1. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory models saturated soil as a spring-loaded mass of water, with water flow allowing stress to transfer gradually to the spring over time.
2. A lab consolidation test subjects an undisturbed soil sample to increments of load, measuring settlement over time to determine coefficients of consolidation and compressibility.
3. Coefficient of consolidation (cv) is calculated from settlement curves using square root of time or log time methods, informing predictions of field settlement rates and times.
1. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory uses the spring-mass analogy to model the behavior of saturated soil under loading. Pore water pressure dissipates over time as the soil skeleton gains effective stress and the spring compresses.
2. A lab consolidation test subjects an undisturbed soil sample to incremental loading in an oedometer apparatus. Dial gauge readings over time are used to determine consolidation properties like coefficient of consolidation (cv) and compression index (Cc).
3. Soil compressibility is evaluated from void ratio-effective stress plots. The preconsolidation pressure σ'pc indicates the soil's maximum past stress and influences its compression path. Normally consolidated soils follow the normal compression line
Similar to Lecture-2 Consolidation PART-1 (geotechnical engineering).pdf (20)
The document discusses compass traversing, which involves measuring both linear distances and angular measurements between survey lines. There are two types of traverses: closed traverses that return to the starting point, and open traverses that extend without closing. Instruments for measuring angles include compasses and theodolites. Bearings are specified using either whole circle bearings from 0-360 degrees or quadrantal bearings indicating clockwise/counterclockwise direction from the meridian. Local attraction from metal objects can affect compass readings and must be corrected. The document provides examples of bearing conversions and corrections.
The document summarizes the key aspects of business letters, including their definition, objectives, characteristics, parts, formats, and differences between American and British styles. A business letter is a formal written communication between businesses or organizations used to exchange business information. It aims to build goodwill and maintain business relationships. Business letters are characterized by simplicity, clarity, and courtesy and follow standardized formats and parts like a letterhead, date, greeting, body, complimentary close, and signature.
This document discusses different types of interviews including structured, unstructured, and semi-structured interviews. It also mentions conducting an interview and obtaining perspectives from individuals.
An interview is a pre-arranged face-to-face conversation between two people where they exchange information in both directions. It allows for a constant two-way flow of information between the participants.
The document discusses different types of technical drawings used in engineering. It focuses on orthographic projections, which are a method of projection drawing that uses three principal views of a 3D object projected onto different planes. It describes the front view, top view, and side view projections onto the vertical, horizontal, and profile planes, respectively, and the first and third angle methods for projecting the views. Key terms like planes, views, and projections are defined. Examples of straight lines in different orientations are shown along with their orthographic projections to illustrate how to draw the front and top views.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
1. 1
CE-335 (2 Credit Hours)
Geotechnical Engineering-II
Consolidation
Instructor:
Dr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad
Courtesy:
Prof- Dr Irshad Ahmad
Lecture-02
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
2. 2
CONTENTS
• 1D Consolidation,
• Oedometer Test,
• e- curve, e-log() curve,
• OCR, OCC, and NCC,
• Compression index, recompression index,
• Determination of Pre-consolidation Pressure by
Casagrande Method
• Schmertmann Procedure to obtain in-situ e-log()
curve
• Coefficient of volume compressibility
• Consolidation settlement calculations for NCC and
OCC
3. 3
One Dimensional Consolidation
One-dimensional compression, in which deformation takes place in the direction of
loading only, has a particular significance in soil mechanics and foundation
engineering. In this case, the lateral strain of the soil mass is neglected.
When a load is applied in a low permeability soil, it is initially carried by the water that
exists in the pores of a saturated soil resulting in a rapid increase of pore water
pressure. This excess pore water pressure is dissipated as water drains away from the
soil’s voids and the pressure is transferred to the soil skeleton which is gradually
compressed, resulting in settlements. The consolidation procedure lasts until the
excess pore water pressure is dissipated.
The increment of applied stress that causes consolidation may be due to either
natural loads (e.g. sedimentation processes), or human-made loads (e.g. the
construction of a building or an embankment above a soil mass) or even the decrease
of the ground water table.
4. 4
One Dimensional Consolidation
Duration of Consolidation:
The duration of the consolidation process is a critical issue and highly depends on the
permeability of the soil subjected to the load and on the drainage paths. In general,
consolidation in sandy soils is a quick process (occurring possibly immediately during
construction) whereas the process may last for many years or even decades in clay
soils.
The consolidation procedure is commonly separated into 3 stages:
Initial consolidation: A quick volume loss of the soil mass associated with the
application of external stress that compresses the air inside the soil’s voids.
Primary consolidation: Soil settlement during which the excess pore water pressure is
transferred to the soil’s skeleton.
Secondary consolidation: A subsequent settlement procedure that occurs after
primary consolidation and is associated with internal changes in the soil’s structure
while subjected to nearly constant load. This process is commonly referred to as
creep.
6. 6
Consolidation Parameter
(Cc, Cr, mv ,Cv,ꞌp)
Consolidation
Equations
Summary of the Chapter
Undisturbed sample from the field is
transported to the Laboratory
8. 8
1D Oedometer Test
• Geotechnical investigation to measures a soil's consolidation properties.
• The term “Oedometer” derives from the Ancient Greek language and means “to
swell”.
• Oedometer tests are performed by applying different loads to the cylindrical,
saturated soil sample and measuring the deformation response.
9. 9
1D Oedometer Test-Procedure
A typical Oedometer test set-up, shown in figure below, consists of:
i) a consolidation cell, ii) a loading frame, and iii) a deformation measurement
mechanism.
15. Preconsolidation Pressure
The maximum effective stress which the soil has taken during the life time, is called
Preconsolidation Pressure.
Overconsolidation Ratio:
It is the ratio of preconsolidation pressure (ꞌp) to the present effective overburden pressure (ꞌo) i.e.
OCR = ꞌp / ꞌo
Overconsolidated Clay (OCC)
If for a clay the present effective overburden pressure (ꞌo) is less than the preconsolidation pressure
(ꞌp), it is called overconsolidated clay. OCR > 1 for overconsolidated clay.
Normally Consolidated clay (NCC)
If for a clay the present effective overburden pressure is equal to the preconsolidation pressure, it is
called normally consolidated clay. For NCC the OCR = 1
15
Over-Consolidation Ratio OCR
16. 16
Preconsolidation Pressure ( p)
The maximum effective stress which the soil has taken during the life time, is called
Preconsolidation Pressure.
Casagrande Method
1. Produce the straight line part (BC) of the curve.
2. Determine the point (D) of maximum curvature on the recompression part (AB) of the curve.
3. Draw the tangent to the curve at D and bisect the angle between the tangent and the horizontal
through D.
4. The vertical through the point of intersection of the bisector and CB produced gives the
approximate value of the preconsolidation pressure.
24. The slope of the linear portion of the e-log ꞌ curve is called “compression Index (Cc)”
and it is dimensionless quantity. On any two point of the virgin portion of the plot;
24
Compression Index (Cc)
25. The slope of the recompression part of the e-log(ꞌ) curve. Select any two
points on recompression curve to calculate Cr .
25
Recompression Index (Cr)