This document provides information to help people living with HIV consider when to start treatment. It discusses how treatment has improved over time, with fewer side effects and easier regimens. Starting treatment earlier is generally recommended to preserve immune function and prevent long-term health issues. Factors like CD4 count, viral load trends, general health, and readiness should be considered. Recommended first line regimens include combinations of antiretrovirals from different drug classes. Understanding test results can show how well treatment is working. Resistance testing before starting treatment can help identify the best regimen.
This document provides information to support people who have recently tested positive for HIV. It covers topics such as understanding HIV and how it has changed since the 1980s/1990s, important health considerations after diagnosis like getting medical care and developing a relationship with one's doctor, health monitoring tests like CD4 count and viral load, general health tips, and resources for support. The overall message is that people can live well with HIV by getting informed, actively managing their health, and accessing available support services.
This document provides an overview of living with HIV for someone who recently received a positive diagnosis. It explains what HIV and AIDS are, how the virus attacks and weakens the immune system, and how regular testing of CD4 count and viral load monitors disease progression and treatment effectiveness. The document advises seeking medical care from an experienced doctor and maintaining overall health through proper nutrition, exercise, and mental wellness practices. It notes that antiretroviral treatment may not be needed immediately depending on CD4 count and symptoms, but is usually required at some point to prevent AIDS. Connecting to local AIDS support organizations is also recommended for information, resources, and connecting with other HIV-positive individuals.
After You've Tested Positive (Additional PLUS Reading Materials)Positive_Force
This document provides an overview of information for someone who has recently tested positive for HIV. It discusses how living with HIV today is different than in the past due to improved treatment options. The document also covers basic information about HIV and the immune system, when a person may need to start HIV treatment, and general health topics like developing a relationship with a doctor and considering support systems. The goal is to help those newly diagnosed with HIV understand their diagnosis and learn how to live well by taking care of their health and accessing available resources.
This document provides an introduction to combination therapy for treating HIV. It discusses that combination therapy involves using three or more antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus. The document outlines that combination therapy is highly effective at reducing HIV-related illnesses and death when medication is taken as prescribed. It also discusses factors like CD4 count, viral load, adherence, resistance, and treatment guidelines that are considered when determining if and when a person should begin combination treatment.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS treatment, including:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking a combination of three or more anti-HIV medications daily to prevent the virus from multiplying.
- When to start ART depends on a person's health and test results, with the goal of keeping the viral load undetectable and preventing immune system damage.
- Recommended first regimens include combinations of anti-HIV medications from different drug classes in order to control the virus most effectively.
Counselling for newly diagnosed HIV patients in Malaysia challenges & best p...Hidzuan Hashim
This document discusses counseling challenges and best practices for newly diagnosed HIV patients in Malaysia. It outlines the many psychological hurdles patients face post-diagnosis, from denial and depression to concerns about treatment and disclosure. Effective counseling is crucial for addressing individual barriers, providing support, and ensuring treatment adherence. The ideal counselor has knowledge about HIV as well as counseling skills, a non-judgmental attitude, and understands their own limitations. Several hospitals in Malaysia have implemented successful peer support programs through partnerships between medical staff and community organizations.
HIV attacks and destroys cells of the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells, weakening the body's ability to fight infections and disease. Over time, HIV can lead to AIDS if not treated. HIV is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids. Common symptoms of HIV infection include fever, sore throat, rash, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. While there is no cure for HIV, antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prevent progression to AIDS, allowing those infected to live long and healthy lives.
Presentation on Wellness for the Career Readiness program. The focus of this presentation was that health is the result of a set of behaviors and choices. It was an interactive and lively workshop. As a result, I returned to share tools and strategies for improving self esteem.
This document provides information to support people who have recently tested positive for HIV. It covers topics such as understanding HIV and how it has changed since the 1980s/1990s, important health considerations after diagnosis like getting medical care and developing a relationship with one's doctor, health monitoring tests like CD4 count and viral load, general health tips, and resources for support. The overall message is that people can live well with HIV by getting informed, actively managing their health, and accessing available support services.
This document provides an overview of living with HIV for someone who recently received a positive diagnosis. It explains what HIV and AIDS are, how the virus attacks and weakens the immune system, and how regular testing of CD4 count and viral load monitors disease progression and treatment effectiveness. The document advises seeking medical care from an experienced doctor and maintaining overall health through proper nutrition, exercise, and mental wellness practices. It notes that antiretroviral treatment may not be needed immediately depending on CD4 count and symptoms, but is usually required at some point to prevent AIDS. Connecting to local AIDS support organizations is also recommended for information, resources, and connecting with other HIV-positive individuals.
After You've Tested Positive (Additional PLUS Reading Materials)Positive_Force
This document provides an overview of information for someone who has recently tested positive for HIV. It discusses how living with HIV today is different than in the past due to improved treatment options. The document also covers basic information about HIV and the immune system, when a person may need to start HIV treatment, and general health topics like developing a relationship with a doctor and considering support systems. The goal is to help those newly diagnosed with HIV understand their diagnosis and learn how to live well by taking care of their health and accessing available resources.
This document provides an introduction to combination therapy for treating HIV. It discusses that combination therapy involves using three or more antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus. The document outlines that combination therapy is highly effective at reducing HIV-related illnesses and death when medication is taken as prescribed. It also discusses factors like CD4 count, viral load, adherence, resistance, and treatment guidelines that are considered when determining if and when a person should begin combination treatment.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS treatment, including:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking a combination of three or more anti-HIV medications daily to prevent the virus from multiplying.
- When to start ART depends on a person's health and test results, with the goal of keeping the viral load undetectable and preventing immune system damage.
- Recommended first regimens include combinations of anti-HIV medications from different drug classes in order to control the virus most effectively.
Counselling for newly diagnosed HIV patients in Malaysia challenges & best p...Hidzuan Hashim
This document discusses counseling challenges and best practices for newly diagnosed HIV patients in Malaysia. It outlines the many psychological hurdles patients face post-diagnosis, from denial and depression to concerns about treatment and disclosure. Effective counseling is crucial for addressing individual barriers, providing support, and ensuring treatment adherence. The ideal counselor has knowledge about HIV as well as counseling skills, a non-judgmental attitude, and understands their own limitations. Several hospitals in Malaysia have implemented successful peer support programs through partnerships between medical staff and community organizations.
HIV attacks and destroys cells of the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells, weakening the body's ability to fight infections and disease. Over time, HIV can lead to AIDS if not treated. HIV is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids. Common symptoms of HIV infection include fever, sore throat, rash, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. While there is no cure for HIV, antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prevent progression to AIDS, allowing those infected to live long and healthy lives.
Presentation on Wellness for the Career Readiness program. The focus of this presentation was that health is the result of a set of behaviors and choices. It was an interactive and lively workshop. As a result, I returned to share tools and strategies for improving self esteem.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and causes AIDS. Many people may be infected for years without knowing through risky behaviors like unprotected sex and sharing needles. The only way to know for sure is to get an HIV test. If tested positive, one can take steps to prevent the onset of AIDS and spreading it to others. The best prevention methods are abstinence, monogamy, condom use, and getting tested. Those living with HIV can join support groups, disclose carefully, and focus on health through medication, exercise, and diet to combat stigma and live positively.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including how to prevent transmission, living with the disease, and disclosing one's status to others. It notes that HIV/AIDS cannot be cured, though treatment can delay illness. It emphasizes using condoms to prevent transmission and getting tested regularly due to the stigma of disclosure and high-risk behaviors still occurring. The document encourages open communication between partners and testing as a way to protect health and potentially start a family.
HIV can lead to AIDS if not properly managed, with no cure currently available. Over 1 million people in the US live with HIV, though many are unaware of their infection status. HIV spreads through contact with bodily fluids and is most common among gay/bisexual men. Consistent condom use and getting tested regularly can help reduce risk of transmission. While treatment can suppress HIV and reduce risk of passing it to others, abstinence and limiting partners are the most effective prevention methods.
This document provides an overview of the approach to treating child malnutrition. It defines malnutrition and discusses protein energy malnutrition. It covers the epidemiology, indicators, classification, etiology, and clinical features of malnutrition. The document then describes the Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (IMAM) including its objectives, principles, structure, and the assessment and criteria for admission of acutely malnourished children. It outlines the inpatient and outpatient management of severe acute malnutrition and management of moderate acute malnutrition.
This document dispels common myths about HIV/AIDS through a series of myths and corresponding facts. Some myths addressed include that HIV always leads to a quick death, HIV status can be determined by appearance, HIV tests provide immediate results, and only certain groups are at risk of infection. The facts emphasize that early testing and treatment allows for a normal life expectancy, HIV status is private, and anyone engaging in risky behaviors can become infected. Overall, the document aims to reduce stigma by providing accurate information about HIV transmission and living with the virus.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, including how to prevent transmission, living with the disease, and social impacts. Key points include:
1) HIV/AIDS can affect anyone regardless of attributes and the only way to prevent transmission is through safe sex practices like condom use.
2) Living with HIV/AIDS can include fatigue, weight loss, and loss of control over one's health as the virus progresses.
3) A diagnosis of HIV/AIDS can negatively impact social relationships and treatment by others due to stigma. Regular testing is important to prevention.
HIV/AIDS damages the immune system over time and is caused by the HIV virus. It is spread through unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfusions, sharing needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Symptoms of HIV/AIDS range from flu-like symptoms in early stages to infections and weight loss in later stages. HIV/AIDS affects society by impacting families, health systems, businesses, and education. Preventative measures include education, regular testing, monogamy, condom use, treatment during pregnancy/childbirth, avoiding breastfeeding or needle sharing.
This document discusses World AIDS Day 2017. It provides key facts about HIV/AIDS, including that over 36 million people worldwide are living with HIV, and outlines what life is like for those living with HIV today with effective treatment. The document encourages readers to help end HIV stigma by challenging misconceptions, and suggests ways to get involved on World AIDS Day like wearing a red ribbon to show support.
This document provides an introduction to HIV treatment, including guidelines on when to start treatment, current treatment options, and tips for getting the most out of treatment. The key points are:
- Current guidelines recommend antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all HIV-positive individuals, especially those with a CD4 count below 350 or those at risk of transmitting HIV.
- ART involves taking a combination of at least three antiretroviral drugs from two different classes to suppress the virus and prevent drug resistance. Common classes include nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), and integra
This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including transmission, testing, treatment, and comprehensive care approaches. It provides details on:
- How HIV enters the body, common routes of transmission, and viral load in different body fluids.
- The stages of HIV infection and testing methods, including the window period and antibody response.
- Treatment options like HAART and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
- Components of comprehensive care including medical, psychological, and socioeconomic support, with an emphasis on prevention and respect for human rights.
Healthy habits like personal hygiene, exercise, and a balanced diet can help prevent illness. Maintaining good physical, mental, and social health leads to an overall state of well-being. Illnesses can be acute, appearing rapidly but not lasting long, or chronic, appearing slowly and lasting a long time. Infectious diseases are caused by viruses or microbes and can affect many people as epidemics or be common in some areas as endemic diseases.
This document provides information about Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), including:
- AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which weakens the immune system leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
- HIV progresses through several stages from initial infection to AIDS. As it progresses it destroys CD4 cells weakening the immune system.
- HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sex, sharing needles, from mother to child during pregnancy/birth, or through blood transfusions. Prevention methods like condoms and treatment can reduce transmission risk.
- Factors like lifestyle, stress levels, and coping style can influence how quickly HIV develops into AIDS. Treatment adherence is
Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that cause inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis A spreads through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B spreads through bodily fluids and can be sexually transmitted or spread by sharing needles. Hepatitis C primarily spreads through exposure to infected blood, such as sharing needles. While symptoms are usually mild and resolve on their own for Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and C can become chronic infections requiring treatment to prevent further liver damage. Testing identifies exposure and active infections, and immunizations protect against Hepatitis A and B.
Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis - What every patient should know...damienfoundation
This document provides information about multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), including what it is, how it is treated, and how to prevent its spread. MDR-TB is a form of TB that is resistant to most common medications, making it more dangerous and difficult to treat than regular TB. The treatment for MDR-TB lasts 24-27 months and requires multiple medications under direct observation to be fully effective, though it can cause various side effects. Preventing the spread of MDR-TB requires properly taking medications, covering coughs and sneezes, improving ventilation, and limiting time with infected individuals.
The document discusses reproductive health and defines it as a state of physical, mental, and social well-being relating to the reproductive system at all stages of life. It then provides information about HIV/AIDS, including that a person with HIV may appear healthy but can transmit the virus, common flu-like symptoms, modes of transmission, and ways to prevent transmission such as using condoms and avoiding multiple partners or shared needles.
Changes of sexual practices of people living with hiv after initiation of ant...PinHealth
This document discusses changes in sexual practices among people living with HIV in Albania after initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). It hypothesizes that adherence is related to sexual desire, moderated by depression level, and that ART increases unprotected sex. A study of 20 ART patients examined relationships between adherence, depression, and unprotected sex. It is expected that sexual desire diminishes on ART, low adherence is linked to high depression, and depression reduces desire and increases risky sex. Improving mental healthcare for PLWH may help their sexual well-being.
The document discusses personality disorders, which are inflexible patterns of behavior and traits that cause difficulties in functioning. It notes that the Canadian diagnostic system identifies 10 types of personality disorders grouped into 3 categories: suspicious, emotional/impulsive, and anxious. Each of the 10 disorders - paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder - is then defined in terms of common traits and behaviors. The document emphasizes that learning about these disorders is important for understanding people with mental health problems and supporting them in personal and professional contexts like social work.
10 acts to see at Seasons Festival 2015 | BeatRoute MagazineMatthew Owchar
The document discusses the upcoming Seasons Festival in Vancouver from April 1-5, 2015. It provides details about the festival's growth from a single event to multiple events across venues. It highlights 10 musical acts scheduled to perform, including 3Lau, Alison Wonderland, Bonobo, Dillon Francis, and AC Slater. The festival aims to showcase electronic music genres while also incorporating new technologies and charitable initiatives.
This document is a class guide for the Fall 2015 semester at Wainwright House. It provides information on various health, wellness, creativity and spiritual exploration workshops and classes being offered, including yoga, meditation, dance, and other topics. It lists the board of trustees and staff of Wainwright House. It also provides the dates and details of upcoming author lecture series, special events, and savings the dates for various workshops and celebrations through the fall.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and causes AIDS. Many people may be infected for years without knowing through risky behaviors like unprotected sex and sharing needles. The only way to know for sure is to get an HIV test. If tested positive, one can take steps to prevent the onset of AIDS and spreading it to others. The best prevention methods are abstinence, monogamy, condom use, and getting tested. Those living with HIV can join support groups, disclose carefully, and focus on health through medication, exercise, and diet to combat stigma and live positively.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including how to prevent transmission, living with the disease, and disclosing one's status to others. It notes that HIV/AIDS cannot be cured, though treatment can delay illness. It emphasizes using condoms to prevent transmission and getting tested regularly due to the stigma of disclosure and high-risk behaviors still occurring. The document encourages open communication between partners and testing as a way to protect health and potentially start a family.
HIV can lead to AIDS if not properly managed, with no cure currently available. Over 1 million people in the US live with HIV, though many are unaware of their infection status. HIV spreads through contact with bodily fluids and is most common among gay/bisexual men. Consistent condom use and getting tested regularly can help reduce risk of transmission. While treatment can suppress HIV and reduce risk of passing it to others, abstinence and limiting partners are the most effective prevention methods.
This document provides an overview of the approach to treating child malnutrition. It defines malnutrition and discusses protein energy malnutrition. It covers the epidemiology, indicators, classification, etiology, and clinical features of malnutrition. The document then describes the Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (IMAM) including its objectives, principles, structure, and the assessment and criteria for admission of acutely malnourished children. It outlines the inpatient and outpatient management of severe acute malnutrition and management of moderate acute malnutrition.
This document dispels common myths about HIV/AIDS through a series of myths and corresponding facts. Some myths addressed include that HIV always leads to a quick death, HIV status can be determined by appearance, HIV tests provide immediate results, and only certain groups are at risk of infection. The facts emphasize that early testing and treatment allows for a normal life expectancy, HIV status is private, and anyone engaging in risky behaviors can become infected. Overall, the document aims to reduce stigma by providing accurate information about HIV transmission and living with the virus.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, including how to prevent transmission, living with the disease, and social impacts. Key points include:
1) HIV/AIDS can affect anyone regardless of attributes and the only way to prevent transmission is through safe sex practices like condom use.
2) Living with HIV/AIDS can include fatigue, weight loss, and loss of control over one's health as the virus progresses.
3) A diagnosis of HIV/AIDS can negatively impact social relationships and treatment by others due to stigma. Regular testing is important to prevention.
HIV/AIDS damages the immune system over time and is caused by the HIV virus. It is spread through unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfusions, sharing needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Symptoms of HIV/AIDS range from flu-like symptoms in early stages to infections and weight loss in later stages. HIV/AIDS affects society by impacting families, health systems, businesses, and education. Preventative measures include education, regular testing, monogamy, condom use, treatment during pregnancy/childbirth, avoiding breastfeeding or needle sharing.
This document discusses World AIDS Day 2017. It provides key facts about HIV/AIDS, including that over 36 million people worldwide are living with HIV, and outlines what life is like for those living with HIV today with effective treatment. The document encourages readers to help end HIV stigma by challenging misconceptions, and suggests ways to get involved on World AIDS Day like wearing a red ribbon to show support.
This document provides an introduction to HIV treatment, including guidelines on when to start treatment, current treatment options, and tips for getting the most out of treatment. The key points are:
- Current guidelines recommend antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all HIV-positive individuals, especially those with a CD4 count below 350 or those at risk of transmitting HIV.
- ART involves taking a combination of at least three antiretroviral drugs from two different classes to suppress the virus and prevent drug resistance. Common classes include nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), and integra
This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including transmission, testing, treatment, and comprehensive care approaches. It provides details on:
- How HIV enters the body, common routes of transmission, and viral load in different body fluids.
- The stages of HIV infection and testing methods, including the window period and antibody response.
- Treatment options like HAART and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
- Components of comprehensive care including medical, psychological, and socioeconomic support, with an emphasis on prevention and respect for human rights.
Healthy habits like personal hygiene, exercise, and a balanced diet can help prevent illness. Maintaining good physical, mental, and social health leads to an overall state of well-being. Illnesses can be acute, appearing rapidly but not lasting long, or chronic, appearing slowly and lasting a long time. Infectious diseases are caused by viruses or microbes and can affect many people as epidemics or be common in some areas as endemic diseases.
This document provides information about Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), including:
- AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which weakens the immune system leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
- HIV progresses through several stages from initial infection to AIDS. As it progresses it destroys CD4 cells weakening the immune system.
- HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sex, sharing needles, from mother to child during pregnancy/birth, or through blood transfusions. Prevention methods like condoms and treatment can reduce transmission risk.
- Factors like lifestyle, stress levels, and coping style can influence how quickly HIV develops into AIDS. Treatment adherence is
Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that cause inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis A spreads through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B spreads through bodily fluids and can be sexually transmitted or spread by sharing needles. Hepatitis C primarily spreads through exposure to infected blood, such as sharing needles. While symptoms are usually mild and resolve on their own for Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and C can become chronic infections requiring treatment to prevent further liver damage. Testing identifies exposure and active infections, and immunizations protect against Hepatitis A and B.
Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis - What every patient should know...damienfoundation
This document provides information about multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), including what it is, how it is treated, and how to prevent its spread. MDR-TB is a form of TB that is resistant to most common medications, making it more dangerous and difficult to treat than regular TB. The treatment for MDR-TB lasts 24-27 months and requires multiple medications under direct observation to be fully effective, though it can cause various side effects. Preventing the spread of MDR-TB requires properly taking medications, covering coughs and sneezes, improving ventilation, and limiting time with infected individuals.
The document discusses reproductive health and defines it as a state of physical, mental, and social well-being relating to the reproductive system at all stages of life. It then provides information about HIV/AIDS, including that a person with HIV may appear healthy but can transmit the virus, common flu-like symptoms, modes of transmission, and ways to prevent transmission such as using condoms and avoiding multiple partners or shared needles.
Changes of sexual practices of people living with hiv after initiation of ant...PinHealth
This document discusses changes in sexual practices among people living with HIV in Albania after initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). It hypothesizes that adherence is related to sexual desire, moderated by depression level, and that ART increases unprotected sex. A study of 20 ART patients examined relationships between adherence, depression, and unprotected sex. It is expected that sexual desire diminishes on ART, low adherence is linked to high depression, and depression reduces desire and increases risky sex. Improving mental healthcare for PLWH may help their sexual well-being.
The document discusses personality disorders, which are inflexible patterns of behavior and traits that cause difficulties in functioning. It notes that the Canadian diagnostic system identifies 10 types of personality disorders grouped into 3 categories: suspicious, emotional/impulsive, and anxious. Each of the 10 disorders - paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder - is then defined in terms of common traits and behaviors. The document emphasizes that learning about these disorders is important for understanding people with mental health problems and supporting them in personal and professional contexts like social work.
10 acts to see at Seasons Festival 2015 | BeatRoute MagazineMatthew Owchar
The document discusses the upcoming Seasons Festival in Vancouver from April 1-5, 2015. It provides details about the festival's growth from a single event to multiple events across venues. It highlights 10 musical acts scheduled to perform, including 3Lau, Alison Wonderland, Bonobo, Dillon Francis, and AC Slater. The festival aims to showcase electronic music genres while also incorporating new technologies and charitable initiatives.
This document is a class guide for the Fall 2015 semester at Wainwright House. It provides information on various health, wellness, creativity and spiritual exploration workshops and classes being offered, including yoga, meditation, dance, and other topics. It lists the board of trustees and staff of Wainwright House. It also provides the dates and details of upcoming author lecture series, special events, and savings the dates for various workshops and celebrations through the fall.
This document provides 10 tips for relieving stress in the office:
1. Think before reacting to prevent negative cycles.
2. Take deep breaths and meditate when feeling stressed.
3. Schedule specific times to handle interruptions to eliminate distractions.
4. Scheduling your day can help with energy and focus.
5. Getting enough sleep and eating properly can help eliminate stress.
Tripwing owns a large tour database and has exclusive partnerships that allow them to distribute tour operator content. They propose creating a white-labeled website for Vietnam's National Tourism Administration that would feature local tour operators. This would serve as a lead generator for the operators. Tripwing also manages an online reviews system used by over 100 tour operators to collect customer feedback. They provide statistics on their site traffic and content. The proposal includes setting up the site for Vietnam and ongoing hosting for a monthly fee.
This presentation discusses Ur-Energy's Lost Creek uranium production facility and exploration projects. It notes that Lost Creek has achieved steady-state production and delivered its 1 millionth pound of uranium. Resources have increased at Lost Creek and permitting is underway for the Shirley Basin project. The document also provides an overview of the uranium market, including supply and demand fundamentals and the restart of nuclear reactors in Japan.
1) The document discusses how comparative advantage theory assumes perfect competition and equal distribution of wealth under free market conditions, but these assumptions do not hold under "crony capitalism" where close relationships between business and government allow some firms to gain preferential treatment.
2) It argues that crony capitalism has contributed to rising inequality within and between nations by benefiting large corporations through things like cheap land, tax breaks, and subsidies, while neglecting rural populations.
3) While early trade theories discounted international trade as a major cause of rising income inequality, the document questions this by arguing that crony capitalism and unequal distribution of wealth produced by capitalism have exacerbated inequality.
Exmovere Brainfax Saliva Testing Concept by David Bychkov, PhDDavid Bychkov, PhD
Brainfax was a product concept explored by Exmovere Holdings in 2011-2012. The idea was to enable primary care physicians to be able to detect patient emotional states from saliva samples, both remotely and at the point of care. More info on Exmovere and David Bychkov, PhD at www.davidbychkov.com.
Copy is also an art. The copy carries the identity of each artist, in spite of taking the concept of same idea, It is able to express the individuality of each one. Following this concept, here I leave my expressions.
Considering Treatment and Your Health Care (Additional PLUS Reading Materials)Positive_Force
This document provides information to help people living with HIV consider starting antiretroviral treatment. It discusses how treatment has improved significantly in recent years. It recommends starting treatment when the CD4 count falls below 350 or viral load rises above 100,000, but notes some experts recommend starting immediately after diagnosis. The document reviews classes of antiretroviral drugs, recommended first-line regimens, understanding test results, and getting health care coverage and support before starting treatment.
Now That You’ve Started Treatment (Additional PLUS Reading Materials)Positive_Force
This document is a booklet providing information to help HIV-positive individuals maintain their health and wellness after starting antiretroviral treatment. It covers topics such as being flexible with health decisions over time, properly taking medication and understanding test results, maintaining consistent health care, and special considerations for different life stages and situations. The booklet aims to help HIV-positive people effectively manage their long-term health by being aware of potential issues and having open discussions with their healthcare providers.
The document provides information for HIV-positive individuals on maintaining their health and treatment. It discusses the importance of being flexible with treatment decisions as one's life changes over time. It emphasizes making the most of medication and lab work by properly taking pills, understanding test results, and dealing with occasional missed doses or blips in viral load. The document stresses keeping up with healthcare by having stable insurance coverage and a consistent medication supply. It notes some may need to switch medications and addresses common concerns people may face at different stages of living with HIV.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS treatment, including:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking a combination of three or more anti-HIV medications daily to prevent the virus from multiplying.
- When to start ART depends on a person's health and test results, with the goal of keeping the viral load undetectable and preventing immune system damage.
- Recommended first regimens include combinations of anti-HIV medications from different drug classes in order to control the virus most effectively.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS treatment, including:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking a combination of three or more anti-HIV medications daily to prevent the virus from multiplying.
- When to start ART depends on a person's health and test results, with the goal of keeping the viral load undetectable and preventing immune system damage.
- Recommended first regimens include combinations of anti-HIV medications from different drug classes in order to control the virus most effectively.
This document provides a summary of a practical guide to HIV drug treatment. It begins by outlining how the guide can help people living with HIV understand how the virus makes them sick, how to monitor their health, when to start treatment, available treatment options, and how to make decisions confidently. While treatment options change frequently, the guide focuses on general issues and questions about treatment that do not change as quickly. It aims to serve as a practical resource to help ask the right questions of doctors and make informed choices, and directs readers to other up-to-date sources for specific drug information. Voices of people living with HIV are included throughout to share experiences and advice.
This presentation discusses:
Why it is a Global Health Issue?
Difference between HIV and AIDS?
Signs and Symptoms
Routes of Transmission
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
This document provides information about a DVD and guidebook produced by GlaxoSmithKline called "Give Your Health A Shot: A Guide to Vaccines and Adult Wellness." The DVD features Olympic soccer star Mia Hamm, who discusses the importance of staying healthy as an individual and parent by keeping up-to-date with medical checkups and vaccinations. The guidebook that accompanies the DVD provides information on which vaccines adults may need and the diseases they help prevent.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases.
If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
There is currently no effective cure. Once people get HIV, they have it for life.
But with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled. People with HIV who get effective HIV treatment can live long, healthy lives and protect their partners.
Check out the Benefits of Medical Marijuana for HIV/AIDSMMJ Card Iowa
Do you know that medical marijuana has the property to reduce the symptoms of HIV/AIDS? Medical marijuana contains healing qualities which help in treating different problems in the body including HIV. Check out the medical marijuana doctors in Iowa at https://mmjcardiowa.com and get their consultation on your condition to get the best advice. Visit for more info https://mmjcardiowa.actoblog.com/20961840/check-out-the-benefits-of-medical-marijuana-for-hiv-aids
Here are some recommendations for special features to consider in emergency plans for people living with HIV/AIDS:
- Have an adequate supply (at least 1 month) of antiretroviral medications stored in a safe, dry place that is accessible during an emergency.
- Maintain a list of all medications, dosages, and prescribing physicians that can be shared with others if medical care needs to be accessed elsewhere.
- Designate an emergency contact person who knows about the HIV status and care needs in case of separation from family members during evacuation or relocation.
- Plan evacuation routes that avoid crowded shelters where risk of infection may be higher and access to medications and privacy more difficult. Have a back-up shelter location
Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) involves HIV counseling and testing where a person chooses to learn their HIV status. There are typically two counseling sessions - one before the test to make an informed decision about testing, and one after receiving the results. The government is encouraging testing to reduce stigma and help people learn their status earlier to stay healthy. Testing involves a blood draw and results within 1-3 weeks, while rapid tests provide results within 15 minutes. Counseling focuses on understanding HIV/AIDS, coping with results, and positive living strategies like stress management, nutrition, and treatment.
HIV is a virus that attacks cells in the immune system and weakens it over time. This leaves the body vulnerable to infections and tumors. There are three stages of HIV: acute infection with flu-like symptoms, a long clinical latency stage with no symptoms, and AIDS where the immune system is severely damaged. A diagnosis of HIV is made through antibody, antigen/antibody, or nucleic acid tests. Effective treatment involves antiretroviral therapy which suppresses the virus and allows those infected to live healthy lives.
This document provides information on the medical and nursing management of patients with HIV infection. It discusses the objectives of management which include early identification of HIV, continuous care of asymptomatic patients, early intervention, adequate medical care and therapy, and delaying progression to AIDS. The medical management is described in stages from asymptomatic to AIDS-related illnesses. Key aspects of management include risk assessment, establishing diagnosis, determining stage, laboratory tests, initiating antiretroviral therapy and PCP prophylaxis. Nursing management focuses on health education, universal precautions, and prevention. Alternative therapies discussed for treatment include physical therapies like yoga and massage, relaxation techniques, and herbal medicines.
HAP 752 Semester Long Project Write-Up Koyin Aladesuru LinkedinKoyin Aladesuru
The document describes an HIV/AIDS tracking and management system. It includes two scenarios: 1) conducting an HIV risk assessment and prescribing PrEP for high-risk negative patients, and 2) confirming a positive HIV test, monitoring viral load and CD4 counts, and checking for drug interactions when prescribing antiretroviral therapy. Entities for the system include patients, providers, test results, and medications. The system aims to improve HIV care through risk screening, prevention, treatment monitoring via alerts and clinical decision support.
Counseling is important for AIDS patients to help them cope with the emotional impact of their diagnosis and improve their psychological health and quality of life. AIDS patients experience issues like anxiety, depression, stigma, confidentiality concerns, and death anxiety. Therapeutic interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, support groups, and family therapy can help AIDS patients address emotional challenges and improve medication adherence. Counseling is crucial, as emotional distress can negatively impact disease progression.
This document discusses several issues related to HIV/AIDS in Kenya:
- Kenya has one of the world's worst HIV/AIDS epidemics, with an estimated 1.5 million people living with HIV. While prevalence has declined, only about half of those eligible receive treatment.
- Access to antiretroviral treatment has increased in recent years but remains low for children. Post-exposure prophylaxis and voluntary medical male circumcision can help reduce transmission rates.
- Breastfeeding provides crucial health benefits for infants and mothers but introduces risks for HIV-positive mothers, requiring antiretroviral interventions to reduce transmission through breast milk. Proper support is needed for breastfeeding to succeed.
This document discusses reproductive health and HIV/AIDS. It defines reproductive health and explains why it is important. It then discusses HIV/AIDS in depth, including what HIV is, how it attacks and destroys immune cells, its symptoms, how it differs from AIDS, how it is transmitted, and its treatment and prevention. Prevention of HIV transmission involves abstaining from sex, being faithful to one partner, and correct and consistent condom use.
HIV belongs to a class of retroviruses that causes AIDS by crippling the immune system. This leaves the body vulnerable to infections and cancers. HIV does not directly kill, but makes the body defenseless against other pathogens. The virus attacks and enters CD4 cells of the immune system, using them to replicate without detection. This damages the immune system over time, progressing from an initial infection stage through asymptomatic and symptomatic periods, until AIDS develops and illness becomes severe. There is a window period where infection is not detectable by blood tests, requiring waiting several months for accurate results.
This document provides information for HIV-positive Latinos on health, treatment, and living with HIV. It discusses how an HIV diagnosis can affect people emotionally and the importance of seeking support from community organizations. It also emphasizes the importance of self-care, continuing life goals and education, and accessing appropriate medical care and treatment options. The overall message is that while having HIV brings challenges, individuals are not alone and can take steps to maintain their health.
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Tony Lane is the founder of Positive Life, an organization that empowers and supports people living with HIV through education, linkage to care, and community. The document discusses HIV/AIDS statistics in Fresno County, details about HIV transmission and treatment, the importance of disclosure and dating safely as an HIV positive individual, and resources available for support.
This document discusses potential issues with using herbs, vitamins, and supplements in people living with HIV. It notes that while complementary therapies are commonly used, many have not been well-studied in HIV patients and may interact negatively with antiretroviral drugs or have their own side effects. The document highlights some emerging concerns, such as supplements containing dangerous chemicals or prescription drugs. It emphasizes the importance of being cautious when combining supplements with antiretroviral therapies due to possible interactions and unknown risks or benefits.
This document discusses nutritional considerations for people living with HIV/AIDS. It notes that while antiretroviral therapy can control the destruction of lean body tissue caused by HIV, some patients may experience fat accumulation, increased lipids, and insulin resistance after starting treatment. The document suggests following a diet high in fiber, proteins, and fats can help minimize metabolic disorders. It emphasizes choosing carbohydrates from whole, fiber-rich sources and combining carbohydrates with proteins, fiber and fats at meals to help control blood sugar and insulin levels. Maintaining the proper balance and sources of fats, proteins and carbohydrates is important for health, immune function and body composition for those living with HIV/AIDS.
This document discusses winter nutrition and foods that nourish kidney energy according to traditional Asian medicine. It recommends eating soups, stews, roasted and baked foods cooked in healthy fats to warm the body in winter. Foods like beans, seaweed, nuts and grains nourish the kidneys, while spices, citrus, meat and animal products boost kidney yang energy. Recipes for a stir fry and trail mix incorporating kidney-nourishing ingredients are also provided.
This document provides an overview of dietary supplements and safety considerations for their use. It defines dietary supplements as products intended to supplement the diet that contain vitamins, minerals, herbs or other ingredients. While some supplements have proven health benefits, regulations are less strict than for drugs and more research is often needed. The document recommends consumers get information from healthcare providers and reliable sources before using supplements and to discuss any usage with providers.
This document provides guidance on making decisions about HIV treatment. It emphasizes the importance of choosing an experienced doctor, developing a relationship with that doctor, and getting informed about HIV and treatment options. It recommends learning about HIV and options before treatment is needed in order to make informed decisions. Sources like Project Inform can provide objective information to help with the decision-making process.
Complimentry and aternative medicine continuedPositive Life
The document discusses complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and provides guidance on evaluating CAM therapies and practitioners. It advises that when considering CAM:
- Research the scientific evidence for safety and effectiveness before using a therapy
- Choose CAM practitioners carefully and discuss CAM use with healthcare providers
- Be aware that "natural" therapies can still have risks, and quality and ingredients vary
This document defines key terms related to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). It explains that CAM refers to medical systems and practices that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) studies CAM therapies and categorizes them into whole medical systems, mind-body medicine, biologically based practices, manipulative and body-based practices, and energy medicine. NCCAM aims to research CAM scientifically and provide authoritative information to the public.
Women may experience different types or rates of side effects from HIV drugs than men, due to factors like differences in body weight, hormone levels, or how drugs are metabolized. Common side effects include fatigue, rash, neuropathy, diarrhea, dry mouth, headache, hair loss, and anemia. The document provides tips for managing each side effect, such as staying hydrated for diarrhea, using salves for rash, getting support from others, and asking a doctor about side effect risks before starting a new treatment.
This document discusses building cooperative relationships between patients and doctors in treating HIV/AIDS. It emphasizes that patients should take an active role in their healthcare by learning about their condition, preparing for appointments, and openly communicating their needs and viewpoints to their doctor. Doctors are encouraged to support their patients' interests, be flexible in their responses, and describe multiple perspectives on issues to establish trust and shared decision making. The document provides tips for both parties on how to handle disagreements respectfully.
Taking HIV medication requires strict adherence to a complex regimen of multiple daily pills and dietary restrictions. Staying adherent is challenging and many factors can interfere. It is important for patients to carefully consider their lifestyle, daily routines, support systems and any barriers to determine the best regimen and adherence strategies. This may involve trialing strategies like using pillboxes or alarms, integrating medications into daily habits, and planning for disruptions to routines. Building a strong relationship with medical providers and understanding the treatment plan is also key to maintaining adherence.
This document provides an overview of dietary supplements: it defines what dietary supplements are, discusses their regulation and safety considerations for use. Key points include that supplement manufacturers do not need to prove safety before marketing, and supplements can interact with medications. The document recommends consulting healthcare providers and reliable sources like the NIH for science-based information on supplements.
The document summarizes key changes made in the January 10, 2011 update to the guidelines for use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. These include providing more flexible CD4 count monitoring, defining virologic failure as a viral load >200 copies/mL, adding specific recommendations for INSTI resistance testing and treatment of HBV/HIV coinfection, and earlier initiation of ART for those with active tuberculosis. The adverse effects, treatment goals, and drug characteristics tables were also updated.
This document provides information on sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including their causes, symptoms, and prevention. It discusses the main categories of bacterial and viral STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis A/B/C, herpes, HIV, human papillomavirus, and syphilis. Key points covered include how STIs can be transmitted and increase HIV risk, the importance of getting tested regularly, and strategies for prevention through condom and barrier use, partner communication, and limiting sexual partners. Resources for testing and treatment in San Francisco are also listed.
This document discusses winter nutrition and foods that nourish kidney energy according to traditional Chinese medicine. It recommends eating soups, stews, roasted and baked foods to warm the body in winter. Foods like beans, seaweed, grains and nuts nourish kidney yin and yang. It provides recipes for a stir fry, trail mix and bone broth that contain kidney-nourishing ingredients. It also discusses balancing oxidative stress and blood sugar to support healthy aging.
Makingdecisionsabouttherapies 110914180647 Phpapp02Positive Life
This document discusses considerations for developing a personal HIV treatment plan. It emphasizes:
1) Choosing an experienced HIV doctor who has treated many HIV patients and can provide informed guidance on treatment options.
2) Developing the right relationship with your doctor by discussing your decision-making style and becoming well-informed about HIV and various treatment strategies.
3) Talking to your doctor before starting any treatment to agree on monitoring plans and goals of therapy. Getting informed on your health condition and options from objective sources can empower you to make the best decisions.
Hivtreatmentdecember2011 111204184012 Phpapp02Positive Life
1) HIV treatment involves taking a combination of antiretroviral drugs from different classes that target different stages of the HIV lifecycle.
2) Guidelines recommend starting treatment when a patient's CD4 count drops below 500 or if they have an AIDS-defining illness, though some experts argue for earlier treatment given potential benefits.
3) Common treatment regimens involve two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) as the "backbone" plus either a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or protease inhibitor (PI). The goals are to suppress viral load, increase CD4 count, and prevent disease progression.
The document discusses the life cycle of HIV and the stages of HIV disease progression if left untreated. It describes the five stages of the HIV life cycle: (1) entry, (2) reverse transcription, (3) integration, (4) transcription, and (5) maturation. It also includes timelines of drug development and the typical course of untreated HIV disease progression from initial infection to AIDS.
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The document discusses common side effects from HIV medications and provides tips for managing them. It covers fatigue, rash, diarrhea, dry mouth, headache, anemia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and period problems. For each side effect, it explains causes and symptoms, and provides simple lifestyle steps and remedies to help cope with and potentially reduce the side effects. The key message is that while side effects vary, talking to one's doctor and adopting self-care strategies can help improve quality of life when taking HIV drugs.
This document discusses self-advocacy and its importance for people living with HIV/AIDS. It traces the roots of self-advocacy to the civil rights movement for people with disabilities. Self-advocacy refers to people with disabilities taking control of their own lives and medical decisions. The document also discusses self-efficacy, assertiveness, methods of self-advocacy, and examples of HIV/AIDS advocacy organizations in San Francisco like Project Inform and Project Open Hand that provide resources and empower those living with HIV/AIDS. Access to information and social support networks allows greater self-advocacy, assertiveness and efficacy.
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low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
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5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
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The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
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1. BOOKLET 2 OF 3
JANUARY 2013
Considering treatment
and your health care
your life matters
HIV HEALTH & WELLNESS
2.
3. Table of contents
Using this booklet ... 2
How is today different from earlier in the epidemic? 3
KNOWLEDGE: Understanding the details of treatment
Why take HIV medications? 4–5
Choosing the best time to start 6–7
When to start: CD4 count ranges 8
Classes of HIV meds 9
Recommended regimens for first line treatment 10
A few things about your first regimen 11
Understanding test results 12
Resistance testing before starting 13
HEALTH: Your ability to start and maintain
Women and HIV infection 14–15
Are you ready to start? 16
Side effects from HIV meds 17
Drug interactions 18
SELF-ADVOCACY: Getting ready to start
Getting your health care covered 19–21
Is your doctor experienced in treating HIV? 22
Important questions to ask others 2
RESOURCES:
Checklist for getting started 24
HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care 1
4. Using this booklet ...
The main focus of this booklet is to get you thinking about
HIV and your health. Because treating HIV can be complex
and because only you can take the medicines your body
needs, your ability to commit to the meds are a critical part
of your health decisions.
Getting the earliest treatment is generally recommended
for most illnesses. HIV may not be any different; except that
once it’s started, treatment is for life. On one hand, deciding
the best time to start HIV meds is a matter of personal
choice. On the other, study results increasingly lean toward
starting earlier.
Some experts believe that starting meds is appropriate
immediately after finding out your diagnosis. Waiting
might allow HIV to progress further and do more damage
to your immune system and to other body systems and
organs such as your heart, blood vessels and kidneys.
At a minimum, most doctors would agree that it’s neces-
sary to start meds when HIV symptoms are present, your
CD4 count is falling, or your viral load is high and rising.
HELPFUL RESOURCES
Just Diagnosed Resource Center www.thebody.com/content/art49985.html
HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care2
5. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care 3
How is today different
from earlier in the epidemic?
Treating HIV is very different today
than what it was earlier in the epi-
demic. People are now healthier and
living longer on HIV meds, and
many can start with a full regimen
of just one or two pills taken once
or twice a day. There are fewer food
restrictions, and drugs are generally
easier to take and tolerate.
Perhaps some of the things you believe about today’s
medicines are not — or are no longer — true. Concerns
still linger in the community about severe side effects and
how someone might look after being on meds for awhile.
Newer regimens generally have fewer and more manage-
able side effects. The drugs that caused the most problems
are rarely used for people starting treatment in the US.
Over the years, public health care programs as well as
private health insurance have greatly improved their HIV
care, allowing more people to find and pay for stable medi-
cal care. The medical community also has a great deal more
experience treating HIV today.
6. Although most people don’t have outward symptoms
of HIV for many years without being on treatment, it’s
extremely rare that the immune system can fully sup-
press HIV on its own. The longer you have untreated
HIV the more damage it can do, making you more
susceptible to infections and other health problems.
IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE
Being on HIV treatment
should interfere as little as
possible with your quality
of life. It should be easy
enough to use so you can
take every dose as prescribed. For most people, it’s
possible to find a regimen that works well with mini-
mal side effects or drug interactions. If you cannot
tolerate a drug or the regimen isn’t working for you,
it’s possible to switch to other options.
IMPROVING IMMUNE FUNCTION
Taking HIV treatment normally produces a higher
CD4 count. Some people experience a rapid rise in
their CD4s after starting treatment, but for others the
increase may take more time. This is especially true if
you wait to start treatment until your CD4 counts are
very low, such as below 100.
Why take HIV medications?
HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care4
7. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care 5
REDUCING VIRAL LOAD
HIV treatment makes it easier for the immune system to
control HIV. The goal is to keep HIV levels as low as
possible for as long as possible, preferably below 50 copies
(called undetectable). The minimum change that shows
treatment is working is lowering your virus level by 90%,
or a 1 log decrease (such as 10,000 down to 1,000).
REDUCING DRUG RESISTANCE
When HIV is fully suppressed by HIV meds, it’s less
likely to change and become resistant to the drugs.
Taking every dose as prescribed and staying undetect-
able can help prevent resistance. Most commonly
used HIV meds are so good now that they’re able to
overcome drug resistance for many years even with
one or two doses missed every once in a while.
HELPING PREVENT TRANSMISSION
People who take HIV meds and stay undetectable are
less likely to transmit HIV. However, even with good
adherence to an HIV regimen, there’s still some risk in
transmitting HIV — for
example, active sexually
transmitted diseases
(herpes, syphilis, etc.)
can increase the risk. It’s
important to continue
engaging in safer sex.
8. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care6
The following factors can help you and your provider
choose the best time to start treatment.
YOUR CD4 COUNT TREND
A trend is when you
look at two or more
CD4 count results to
see how much they
change. Over time,
falling CD4s indicate
declining immune
health. A loss of 100
CD4s or more each
year shows a weakening immune system. Don’t panic
about a single lower test result, but consult with your
doctor and consider another test to determine your
trend. (Read more on page 8.)
YOUR VIRAL LOAD TREND
Increasing HIV levels over time indicate that the virus
is reproducing and can infect more CD4s. Again, the
trend is important: consider two or more test results
to inform a treatment decision. Experts generally agree
that viral load rising above 100,000 is a sign to start.
Choosing the best time to start
9. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care 7
YOUR GENERAL HEALTH
If your health is good and stable, then starting treat-
ment right away may not be necessary. But if you
have some symptoms of HIV disease, despite a good
CD4 count, starting is usually the right decision. On
the other hand, if you have an illness that may make
it difficult to take HIV meds, it may be better to wait
until that illness has resolved. Your doctor can help
you make this decision.
ARE YOU READY TO START?
You should begin treatment when you feel you’re ready,
but you shouldn’t put it off until all your fear is gone.
Being ready includes being emotionally ready to com-
mit over the long-term, as well as being able to take
pills every day, manage possible side effects, and make
sure you have ongoing health care. It might also mean
dealing first with other issues such as finding stable
housing or mental health or substance use services.
THESE CONDITIONS INCREASE THE URGENCY TO START:
10. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care8
STARTING TREATMENT BETWEEN 0–350 CD4 CELLS
Waiting to start until a CD4 count drops below 350 puts you
at much higher risk of developing many health problems. These
can include conditions related to HIV (pneumonia, certain
cancers, etc.) and other conditions (heart attacks, kidney
disease, etc.). Almost all doctors would agree that people with
low CD4 counts should start treatment as soon as possible.
STARTING TREATMENT BETWEEN 350–500 CD4 CELLS
The risk of getting sick isn’t quite as high in this range.
Fewer studies confirm the benefits of starting in this range
compared to lower CD4s. For this reason, you may have more
time to get ready to start. However, it’s important to under-
stand that some studies suggest your risk of getting sick is
higher if you don’t start in this range. Longer-term damage
to your body is occurring as long as HIV is not kept low.
STARTING TREATMENT ABOVE 500 CD4 CELLS
A couple of studies show a lower risk for getting sick in
people who start this early. Many other studies show that
early damage to your immune system and other parts of
the body happen when HIV isn’t well controlled — no mat-
ter the CD4 count. As well, people who are on treatment
with undetectable HIV are much less likely to pass on HIV
to their sex partners. However, even though the risk of side
effects is much lower with modern treatment, taking meds
longer could increase your chance of developing certain
side effects. It’s reasonable for someone to start above 500,
but the pros and cons should be carefully considered.
When to start: CD4 count ranges
11. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care 9
Classes of HIV meds
Your first regimen will probably include three drugs from
two different classes. These classes work against different
steps in the life cycle of HIV. Using at least two classes to-
gether provides better and longer-lasting health.
Below is the current list of HIV meds, organized by class
and then listed by brand name, generic name and year of FDA
approval. Some drugs are no longer used or not used often
in the US, while others are used only in special situations.
NNRTIs (non-nucleoside
reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
Edurant (RPV, rilpivirine, 2011)
Intelence (etravirine, 2008)
Rescriptor (delavirdine, 1997)
Sustiva (EFV, efavirenz, 1998)
Viramune (nevirapine, 1996)
ENTRY INHIBITORS
Fuzeon (T20, enfuvirtide,
injectable, 2003)
Selzentry (maraviroc, 2007
FIXED DOSE COMBINATIONS
Atripla (TDF+FTC+EFV, 2006)
Combivir (AZT+3TC, 1997)
Complera (RPV+TDF+FTC,2011)
Epzicom (3TC+ABV, 2004)
Stribild (ELV+TDF+FTC, 2012)
Trizivir (AZT+3TC+ABV, 2000)
Truvada (FTC+TDF, 2004)
NRTIs (nucleoside/nucleotide
reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
Emtriva (FTC, emtricitabine, 2003)
Epivir (3TC, lamivudine, 1995)
Retrovir (AZT, zidovudine, 1987)
Videx EC (ddI, didanosine, 2004)
Viread (TDF, tenofovir, 2001)
Zerit (d4T, stavudine, 1994)
Ziagen (ABV, abacavir, 1998)
PIs (protease inhibitors)
Aptivus (tipranavir, 2005)
Crixivan (indinavir, 1996)
Invirase (saquinavir, 2003)
Kaletra (lopinavir/r, 2000)
Lexiva (fosamprenavir, 2003)
Norvir (ritonavir, 1996)
Prezista (darunavir, 2006)
Reyataz (atazanavir, 2003)
Viracept (nelfinavir, 1997)
INI (integrase inhibitor)
elvitegravir (ELV, 2012)
Isentress (raltegravir, 2007)
HELPFUL RESOURCES
AIDSMeds.com www.aidsmeds.com/list.shtml
12. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care10
The Guidelines list “preferred” and “alternative” HIV regi-
mens. Research shows that “preferred” regimens are potent,
better tolerated and easier to take. These are listed below.
“Alternative” regimens are second choices but may work
just as well. These can be found in the Guidelines.
PREFERRED REGIMENS
NNRTI: Atripla (1x/day), 1 pill
Women should get a pregnancy test done before start-
ing this pill. One of the drugs in it, Sustiva (efavirenz),
can cause birth defects.
PI: Prezista/Norvir + Truvada (all 1x/day), 4 pills
PI: Reyataz/Norvir + Truvada (all 1x/day), 3 pills
People who are taking more than 20mg of omeprazole
(an antibiotic) should not start Reyataz.
INI: Isentress (2x/day) + Truvada (1x/day), 3 pills
This regimen is a little unusual in that one pill is taken
once a day while the other is taken twice a day. People
should not take both pills of Isentress 1x/day because it
does not control HIV as well as taking one pill 2x/day.
Pregnancy: Kaletra + Combivir (all 2x/day), 4 pills
more recent updates to the Guidelines for preferred regimens.
Recommended regimens for first
line treatment (updated March 2012)
HELPFUL RESOURCES
Guidelines for Treating HIV in Adults www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/
13. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care 11
The most powerful and long-
lasting control of HIV comes
from a person’s first regimen
if taken properly. The longer
a person can stay on it with-
out major side effects or drug
resistance, the better.
To tell if your regimen is
working, you should see a
90% drop in your viral load
within a month or two. (See
page 5.) Most people can reach an undetectable level within
six months, although it may take up to a year if you’re over 50
or have another condition like hepatitis C.
When a person’s viral load remains undetectable for at
least one year on treatment, it usually remains that way for
at least another two years, assuming they take their meds as
prescribed. Some people have been able to stay on their first
regimen for up to eight years without having to switch. This
is true for almost any regimen.
_______ MAIN POINTS TO REMEMBER _______
control of HIV.
should drop by at least 90%.
months.
A few things about your first regimen
14. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care12
VIRAL LOAD TEST
A viral load test is used to check how well treatment is con-
trolling HIV. It measures the number of copies of HIV in
a small amount of blood. People starting treatment for the
first time usually see their viral load fall to an undetectable
level within 12–24 weeks. Several things can influence this,
including taking the meds as prescribed and the potency of
the regimen. Higher viral loads may take longer to respond.
CD4 CELL COUNT
HIV treatment helps to preserve and increase your CD4
count, which means the immune system is getting better
at controlling HIV and other infections. The actual increase
will vary from person to person. If you start treatment with
a lower CD4 (below 200) it usually takes more time to reach
higher counts, or you may not see a large gain. Older people
and those with hepatitis C may also have smaller gains.
CD4 PERCENTAGE
The CD4 percentage shows the proportion of all white blood
cells that are CD4s, which in people living with HIV averages
about 25% or more. This marker tends to change less often be-
tween tests than the CD4 count, and it may be more reliable.
A decreasing CD4% over time shows a weakening immune
system, and one that falls below 14% is an AIDS diagnosis.
Understanding basic test results
HELPFUL RESOURCES
Blood Work www.projectinform.org/publications/bw/
Understanding Lab Results www.thebody.com/content/art14477.html
15. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care 13
Resistance testing before starting
Drug resistance occurs when HIV mutates,
or changes enough so that a drug or
regimen doesn’t fully control it any-
more. Resistance usually occurs when
drugs are not taken as prescribed and
consistently on schedule. Some people
(about 1 out of 9 per year in the US) get
a strain of HIV with some level of resis-
tance. However, HIV is rarely resistant
to all HIV meds, so learning ahead of time which drugs it is
resistant to (if any) can help you choose the best regimen.
The US Guidelines recommend that people get a geno-
typic resistance test before they start or change treatment.
People who choose HIV meds guided by resistance test
results have better control of HIV over time. To run a resis-
tance test, you must have a viral load above 1,000. The test
cannot be done accurately if viral load is below 50 copies.
_______ MAIN POINTS TO REMEMBER _______
your doctor make better treatment decisions.
done when viral load is above 1,000.
HELPFUL RESOURCES
HIV Drug Resistance Tests www.projectinform.org/publications/resistance/
HIV Drug Resistance Mutations www.iasusa.org/resistance_mutations
HIV Drug Resistance Database http://hivdb.stanford.edu
16. 14 HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care
HIV meds have not
been studied as much
in women. Some
questions remain
about the doses given
to women. Female
hormones may also
affect HIV meds.
However, the recommendations for when to start and
what to choose are generally the same for both sexes.
Women who are not pregnant, planning to become
pregnant, breast-feeding or taking hormonal birth
control can follow the same guidelines as men.
Women sometimes experience both a higher rate
and different types of side effects from HIV meds
than men, likely due to differences in their weight and
body size. In some cases side effects can persist longer
for women than for men, but usually decline over time.
Oral contraceptives can interact with some HIV
meds. It’s not clear whether this actually raises the
risk of unintentional pregnancy, but some experts
recommend that prescriptions should be changed or
other forms of birth control should be used.
Women and HIV infection
17. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care 15
With careful planning and ongoing care, pregnant
women can expect to have a safe pregnancy and to give
birth to an HIV-negative baby. Although HIV meds
have not been well studied in preg-
nant women, the US Guidelines rec-
ommend that all pregnant women be
on treatment to protect themselves
and their unborn babies. Some meds
appear to be safer, some can be more
problematic, and a few others should
not be used at all. When making
decisions around pregnancy, delivery
and nursing, it’s wise to consult an
HIV-experienced doctor, such as
an OB-GYN who has treated HIV-
positive women.
_______ MAIN POINTS TO REMEMBER _______
for women and men.
effects than men.
as birth control pills, pregnancy, delivery and nursing.
18. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care16
Are you ready to start?
It can be hard to take medicines and stay on them when you’re
feeling well. It’s easier to remember and take them when you
feel sick because you want to feel better. But HIV meds are
taken every day — whether you feel good or feel bad.
It’s difficult to fully grasp the meaning of “lifelong” treat-
ment, but once you start HIV meds you need to stay on
them. How do you feel about taking pills every day? Have
you taken other medicines or vitamins long-term? How
about family or friends? What were their experiences?
Adjusting to several changes in your life at once can be
hard. You may want to avoid starting meds before disrupt-
ing life experiences like going on vacation, moving or start-
ing a new job. What flexibility do you have with commit-
ments like caring for children or volunteering? How will
you carry your meds?
It’s generally better to not start until you’re ready rather
than to start and stop. You’re the expert on when you can
start in a way that helps ensure your quality of life.
STIGMA
For many, privacy is an important consideration when
taking HIV medicines. Taking them on time every day
or going to regular doctor visits may raise suspicions of
some people in your life. Discrimination or disapproval
from others can make it challenging to take care of your-
self. When possible, discretely telling people who sup-
port you may help you stay healthier.
19. Side effects from HIV meds
Modern HIV regimens generally have
fewer and more manageable side effects,
and many people tolerate them quite
well. Although most people wonder or
worry about side effects, it’s impossible
to predict who will have them. Some
people have few or no side effects, while
others have ones that are more troublesome for them. The
side effects one person has from a particular medicine does
not mean everyone else will have the same ones.
Short-term side effects (headache, fever, nausea, etc.) nor-
mally appear during the first few weeks of taking a new drug.
They often get better or disappear as your body gets used to
the meds. They can reappear due to stress or other infections.
People with better overall health usually experience
fewer short-term side effects. If you start later when you’re
less healthy, you may experience more side effects. How-
ever, if your regimen interrupts your quality of life, you can
probably switch to another one that you can tolerate better.
You and your doctor will keep track of long-term side
effects with routine blood tests. These can include changes
in blood fats or in certain blood proteins (such as ALT,
AST, amylase and creatinine) that point to possible problems
with certain organs, including the liver and kidneys. Over
time, these changes can progress to other conditions like
more fragile bones or kidney and liver disease.
HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care 17
HELPFUL RESOURCES
Dealing with Drug Side Effects www.projectinform.org/publications/sideeffects/
20. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care18
Drug interactions
Drug interactions are possible whenever you take two or
more drugs together, whether they’re prescriptions, over-
the-counter drugs like cold medicine, recreational drugs or
even herbal products. Even food can interact with drugs.
The more meds you take, such as meds for high blood pres-
sure or even erectile dysfunction, the more likely you could
experience an interaction. This is also true about taking HIV
meds with some herbal products, especially St. John’s Wort.
Not only does each drug or herb have its own possible
side effects, they may also increase or decrease the effec-
tiveness of other drugs. Drug interactions are not always
considered when making treatment decisions, but they can
certainly play a major role in its success.
Make sure your doctor knows about all the drugs and
supplements you take, including over-the-counter products
and recreational drugs. Your pharmacist can also be a good
resource. Drug interaction tools are also available online.
_______ MAIN POINTS TO REMEMBER _______
drugs or herbal products.
meds to avoid or correct drug interactions.
HELPFUL RESOURCES
HIV Drug Interactions www.hiv-druginteractions.org
Medwatch www.fda.gov/medwatch
21. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care 19
Getting your health care covered
You may never need to file for disability, but for simplicity we
present these options in terms of pre- and post-disability.
Disability is a formal claim that must be made with your
doctor and approved by Social Security. To find programs you
may be eligible for, it’s important to consult local resources
such as benefits counselors, case managers, social workers
or attorneys as programs differ greatly from state to state.
IF YOU HAVEN’T FILED FOR DISABILITY …
GROUP INSURANCE THROUGH YOUR EMPLOYER
If your employer covers health care, the insurance company
must cover you even if you have a pre-existing condition like
HIV. There are three types of plans: fee-for-service, preferred
provider organizations (PPOs), and health maintenance
organizations (HMOs). Plans vary in what they offer, their
fees and your choice of doctors. Choose a plan that is best
for you, and check your plan for HIV-experienced doctors.
COBRA
If you leave work due to a layoff and had insurance, then
you should be offered a continuation policy called COBRA,
which is meant to sustain you until you get other insurance.
INDIVIDUAL PRIVATE INSURANCE
Individual plans are an option, but few people with HIV
can purchase them due to high cost and restrictions on pre-
existing conditions. If you had coverage before your HIV
diagnosis, it’s likely most or everything you need will be
covered. However, out-of-pocket expenses may be high.
22. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care20
Getting your health care covered, cont.
HIGH RISK INSURANCE POOLS
This program covers people who can’t get insurance due to
pre-existing conditions and operates in 36 states. In addi-
tion, under health care reform each state has a Pre-existing
Condition Insurance Program (PCIP) in place until 2014
when the large coverage expansions will occur.
FEDERAL RYAN WHITE PROGRAM
Ryan White funds a broad range of HIV services in states and
localities, depending on their unique needs. It’s intended
to help under- or uninsured people. If you have insurance,
you may get help with premiums or other out-of-pocket
costs. If you don’t have insurance, your state program may
help you purchase it. You may also get free or very low cost
care through HIV clinics and the AIDS Drug Assistance
Program (ADAP). Ryan White may also fund dental and
vision care. Check with your state AIDS program or ASO
to see if a Ryan White program can help you.
IF YOU HAVE AN APPROVED DISABILITY CLAIM …
COBRA
If you leave work due to disability and had insurance, you’ll
be offered COBRA until you can get other insurance like
Medicare. Coverage is often expensive. Check with a local
ASO or state AIDS office for programs to help with out-of-
pocket costs.
MEDICAID
Most people with HIV qualify for Medicaid through its
disability category, although some women with children
can qualify through a different program. Nearly all states
23. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care 21
Getting your health care covered, cont.
require a disability claim, income and assets below a certain
level to qualify. Several states offer Medicaid to all childless
adults (AZ, DE, HI, MA, NY and VT), while several others
offer some benefits. States vary greatly in what they cover
and who qualifies.
MEDICARE (www.medicare.gov)
If you have held a job, you’ll likely qualify for Medicare.
However, you must wait 29 months after your disability
claim, during which you may be able to get your health care
through COBRA, Ryan White or Medicaid.
OTHER POSSIBLE SOURCES OF HELP
PATIENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS (PAPs)
PAPs are run by HIV drug makers to supply meds to
people who are under- or uninsured. They differ widely
in eligibility. These are not ideal for the long-term but can
help in the short-term or in an emergency.
VETERANS ADMINISTRATION (www.hiv.va.gov)
If you’re a veteran or family member, you’re eligible for care
through the VA. VA sites are only found in some areas and
vary in their ability to provide HIV care. As a veteran, you can
access Ryan White programs, but if your VA facility is acces-
sible and offers quality HIV care, it may be a good option.
HELPFUL RESOURCES
Welvista (access HIV meds for those on ADAP wait lists) www.welvista.org
Federal resource on health care www.healthcare.gov
Pre-existing Conditions Insurance Plans www.pcip.gov, www.pciplan.com
List of PAPs for HIV meds www.fairpricingcoalition.org
Social Security Administration www.socialsecurity.gov
24. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care22
You will need to find a doctor who’s able and willing to treat
HIV, ideally one who already has experience with HIV.
Depending on how and where you get health care, you may
not have many choices.
Experienced doctors usually keep up with recent develop-
ments in treating HIV. They also have a better sense of
preventive health care. If you can, it’s also important to find
other doctors like gynecologists, eye doctors and dentists
who have HIV experience.
Doctors with less or no HIV experience may need to
consult resources that can help them provide the best
medical care for you. Resources are available that can help
you and your doctor make informed decisions.
The WarmLine (National HIV/AIDS Clinicians’ Consul-
tation Center) provides expert clinical advice to medical
professionals. It’s available Monday–Friday, 8am–8pm,
Eastern Time. (See below.)
Is your doctor experienced
in treating HIV?
HELPFUL RESOURCES
WarmLine 800-933-3413 (for doctors only),
www.nccc.ucsf.edu/about_nccc/warmline/
AIDS Education Training Centers www.aids-ed.org
Clinical Care Options www.clinicaloptions.com
GLMA’s Find a Provider www.glma.org, click FIND A PROVIDER
HIVMA’s Find a Provider www.hivma.org, click FIND AN HIV PROVIDER
AAHIVM’s Find a Provider www.aahivm.org, use REFERRALLINK at right
25. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care 23
Important questionsImportant questions
FOR YOUR DOCTOR:
Do you start every
patient on treatment at
the same time, or on the
same regimen? Why or
why not?
Should I be concerned
about HIV meds inter-
acting with other drugs
or herbs that I’m taking?
Should I be concerned
about drug resistance,
and how do I keep
ahead of it?
What tests or prescrip-
tions are covered by my
insurance (public or
private)?
How do blood tests
inform my decision to
start treatment?
What vaccines do you
recommend I get? Why?
What if I’m not ready to
start treatment?
Are there are any other
tests that I should take
before starting an HIV
regimen?
FOR OTHERS:
Have you started on HIV
meds? Why or why not?
What was important
for you to understand
to help you make a
decision about starting
meds?
When did you know it
was the right time to
start?
What other ways do you
keep yourself healthy?
Do you know of support
groups or agencies that
help people talk about
these decisions?
How do you make sure
you take every dose of
your meds every day?
How did your blood
work inform your deci-
sion to start?
Did other things affect
your treatment decision?
What HIV treatment
information do you rely
on? Why?
26. HIV Health & Wellness: Considering treatment and your health care24
Checklist for getting started
I am (am not) ready to start taking HIV meds, and under-
stand the reasons why I want (don’t want) to start.
My CD4 count is _______.
The trend is stable, increasing, decreasing.
My viral load is _______.
The trend is stable; increasing; decreasing.
I have a good understanding of the risks and benefits of
starting treatment according to my individual needs.
I have thought about how HIV treatment may impact my life.
I’ve considered the issues around taking HIV meds and oral
birth control, or HIV meds and pregnancy.
I have private or public insurance or another way to cover
the cost of my doctor visits, medicines and blood work.
I know where to go to get other types of support, like
mental health or housing services, that will help me stay
healthy.
I will ask how to properly take my medicines.
I understand how my doctor and I will check to see if my
regimen is working.
I know what side effects may give me the most problems, like
nausea or diarrhea, and which likely get better over time.
I’m aware of what I can do to help avoid or lessen side effects.
If I want privacy when taking my meds, I’ve thought about
how to ensure that.
If I have questions and my doctor is not available,
I can call _________________ or __________________.
27.
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