Nitric oxide spiking and generating a relaxation response have several health benefits. Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule produced naturally in the body that plays an important role in various physiological processes when released in a cyclic pattern known as "spiking" or "puffing." However, chronic stress can lead to nitric oxide "flatlining" which is associated with disease. Techniques that induce nitric oxide spiking, such as relaxation response methods, help restore the body's natural rhythms and provide benefits such as reduced stress, lowered blood pressure, improved mood and immune function, and reduced risk of various diseases.
This document provides an overview of the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the body. It discusses NO's structure as a lipid-soluble gas that is synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. The three main types of NOS - neuronal, endothelial, and inducible - are described. The roles of NO in various body systems like the nervous, circulatory, immune and digestive systems are summarized. NO functions as a neurotransmitter, vasodilator, and plays roles in platelet inhibition and host defense. Abnormal NO production can contribute to conditions like hypertension. NO donors and inhibitors that are used experimentally are also listed.
Nitric oxide plays an important role in both normal physiology and the pathology of many diseases. It is involved in processes in the nervous, circulatory, muscular, immune, and digestive systems. Reduced nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to the progression of cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis and hypertension by reducing its protective effects on platelets, leukocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Nitric oxide also has roles in diabetes, septic shock, and neurological disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS.
Nitric oxide was known as a toxic gas, as an air pollutant, as an agent causing ozone holes and acid rain till 1987 but this Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical, possesses various modulatory effects on biological systems. NO is synthesized from arginine by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes.
ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
ROLE IN IMMUNE SYSTEM
ROLE IN NERVOUS SYSTEM
ROLE IN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ROLE IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ROLE IN RENAL SYSTEM
ROLE IN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ROLE IN WOUND HEALING
ROLE IN HAIR GROWTH
Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous signaling molecule generated from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase. It is a key signaling molecule in the cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems. NO activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cyclic GMP levels to cause smooth muscle relaxation and inhibit platelet aggregation. The physiological role of NO was discovered in the vasculature, where it was shown that endothelium-derived relaxing factor causing vasodilation was NO. NO has diverse functions and is involved in processes like neurotransmission, host defense, and inflammation.
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in many physiological processes as a signaling molecule. It is synthesized endogenously through nitric oxide synthase enzymes and was named "Molecule of the Year" in 1992. NO regulates processes in the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, reproductive, immune, muscular and digestive systems. It acts as a vasodilator, neurotransmitter, and promotes smooth muscle relaxation. While NO has many beneficial functions, excessive amounts can also be toxic.
The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels. Endothelial cells release nitric oxide (NO), which acts as a vasodilator and modulates vessel tone. NO is synthesized from L-arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase. It binds to guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP levels and causing smooth muscle relaxation through various mechanisms. NO has many roles in the nervous, circulatory, immune and other body systems. It is involved in processes like vasodilation, neurotransmission, and host defense. NO synthesis can be inhibited by L-arginine analogs, while NO donors are used therapeutically to elicit smooth muscle relaxation.
Nitric oxide is a molecule that plays an important role in various biological systems like the nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems. It is involved in cellular signaling as a paracrine and autocrine molecule. Nitric oxide acts as a vasodilator by signaling smooth muscle in blood vessels to relax, increasing blood flow. Foods high in nitrates like beets, spinach, and watermelon can increase nitric oxide levels and lower blood pressure. Icariin supplements are effective natural boosters of nitric oxide that improve exercise performance and muscle recovery.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOS). It has many regulatory roles in the body. NO is produced from L-arginine and oxygen by NOS and acts as a neurotransmitter, vasodilator, and immune system messenger. There are three main types of NOS - neuronal (nNOS), inducible (iNOS), and endothelial (eNOS). NO regulates processes like neurotransmission, blood flow, muscle contraction, immune responses, and digestion through cGMP signaling. As a neurotransmitter, it may be involved in memory formation. As a vasodilator, it regulates blood pressure and oxygen delivery. NO research continues to explore its roles in development, inhibition,
This document provides an overview of the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the body. It discusses NO's structure as a lipid-soluble gas that is synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. The three main types of NOS - neuronal, endothelial, and inducible - are described. The roles of NO in various body systems like the nervous, circulatory, immune and digestive systems are summarized. NO functions as a neurotransmitter, vasodilator, and plays roles in platelet inhibition and host defense. Abnormal NO production can contribute to conditions like hypertension. NO donors and inhibitors that are used experimentally are also listed.
Nitric oxide plays an important role in both normal physiology and the pathology of many diseases. It is involved in processes in the nervous, circulatory, muscular, immune, and digestive systems. Reduced nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to the progression of cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis and hypertension by reducing its protective effects on platelets, leukocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Nitric oxide also has roles in diabetes, septic shock, and neurological disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS.
Nitric oxide was known as a toxic gas, as an air pollutant, as an agent causing ozone holes and acid rain till 1987 but this Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical, possesses various modulatory effects on biological systems. NO is synthesized from arginine by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes.
ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
ROLE IN IMMUNE SYSTEM
ROLE IN NERVOUS SYSTEM
ROLE IN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ROLE IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ROLE IN RENAL SYSTEM
ROLE IN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ROLE IN WOUND HEALING
ROLE IN HAIR GROWTH
Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous signaling molecule generated from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase. It is a key signaling molecule in the cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems. NO activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cyclic GMP levels to cause smooth muscle relaxation and inhibit platelet aggregation. The physiological role of NO was discovered in the vasculature, where it was shown that endothelium-derived relaxing factor causing vasodilation was NO. NO has diverse functions and is involved in processes like neurotransmission, host defense, and inflammation.
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in many physiological processes as a signaling molecule. It is synthesized endogenously through nitric oxide synthase enzymes and was named "Molecule of the Year" in 1992. NO regulates processes in the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, reproductive, immune, muscular and digestive systems. It acts as a vasodilator, neurotransmitter, and promotes smooth muscle relaxation. While NO has many beneficial functions, excessive amounts can also be toxic.
The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels. Endothelial cells release nitric oxide (NO), which acts as a vasodilator and modulates vessel tone. NO is synthesized from L-arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase. It binds to guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP levels and causing smooth muscle relaxation through various mechanisms. NO has many roles in the nervous, circulatory, immune and other body systems. It is involved in processes like vasodilation, neurotransmission, and host defense. NO synthesis can be inhibited by L-arginine analogs, while NO donors are used therapeutically to elicit smooth muscle relaxation.
Nitric oxide is a molecule that plays an important role in various biological systems like the nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems. It is involved in cellular signaling as a paracrine and autocrine molecule. Nitric oxide acts as a vasodilator by signaling smooth muscle in blood vessels to relax, increasing blood flow. Foods high in nitrates like beets, spinach, and watermelon can increase nitric oxide levels and lower blood pressure. Icariin supplements are effective natural boosters of nitric oxide that improve exercise performance and muscle recovery.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOS). It has many regulatory roles in the body. NO is produced from L-arginine and oxygen by NOS and acts as a neurotransmitter, vasodilator, and immune system messenger. There are three main types of NOS - neuronal (nNOS), inducible (iNOS), and endothelial (eNOS). NO regulates processes like neurotransmission, blood flow, muscle contraction, immune responses, and digestion through cGMP signaling. As a neurotransmitter, it may be involved in memory formation. As a vasodilator, it regulates blood pressure and oxygen delivery. NO research continues to explore its roles in development, inhibition,
Nitric oxide is produced by endothelial cells and is important for regulating blood flow. It acts as a vasodilator to relax smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. The three main types of nitric oxide synthase produce nitric oxide, which has many roles in the body like supporting circulation, immune function, and reproduction. It is involved in processes like maintaining blood pressure and facilitating penile erection. Foods like peppers and dark chocolate contain compounds that can boost nitric oxide levels.
Nitric oxide is formed in the body from L-arginine and can have both protective and tumor-promoting effects. It reacts with superoxide to form peroxynitrite, a reactive molecule that can damage biomolecules. Excess nitric oxide production can be inhibited by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Nitric oxide has direct effects through reactions with metals and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, and indirect effects through peroxynitrite formation leading to oxidative stress.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas that acts as a signaling molecule in various physiological processes. It is produced by nitric oxide synthase enzymes from arginine and oxygen. NO signals the dilation of blood vessels by diffusing into endothelial cells and increasing cGMP levels, which leads to smooth muscle relaxation. It also prevents platelet aggregation, acts as a neurotransmitter, and is involved in the immune response by assisting macrophages in killing bacteria. While NO is important for many functions, too much or too little production can be harmful and lead to conditions like hypertension or infection.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a unique signalling molecule that diffuses freely and acts as an intracellular and intercellular messenger. NO was discovered in the late 1970s and plays many important physiological roles such as acting as a neurotransmitter, mediating cellular defense, and regulating vascular tone. It is produced from L-arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which exists in three isoforms. NO has various effects in different organ systems such as the cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. Therapeutic uses of NO include treatment of pulmonary hypertension and angina. Recent research is focused on developing NO-releasing drugs for various conditions.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Acute Respiratory Distress SyndromeMuhammad Asim Rana
A simple description of mechanism how nitric oxide helps in treatment of refractory hypoxemia in ARDS. Intended to teach respiratory therapists and ICU physicians.
This document provides an overview of nitric oxide (NO) including its chemistry, synthesis via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, mechanisms of action, roles in various organ systems, and therapeutic applications. Key points discussed include the 3 isoforms of NOS (eNOS, nNOS, iNOS), NO's vasodilatory effects via soluble guanylate cyclase activation, roles in inflammation and the cardiovascular, nervous, and reproductive systems, and use of NO donors and NOS inhibitors for conditions like pulmonary hypertension and erectile dysfunction.
Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). There are three isoforms of NOS - neuronal NOS (nNOS), macrophage NOS (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS). NO functions as a vasodilator, inhibits platelet adhesion, and acts as a neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract. Diseases associated with NO include angina pectoris, pulmonary hypertension, and impotence. NO production can be inhibited by compounds such as N-Mono methyl arginine (NMMA) and asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA).
Inhaled nitric oxide can cause selective pulmonary vasodilation but clinical trials in adults with acute lung injury/ARDS found only short-lived physiological benefits with no reduction in mortality. While inhaled nitric oxide may help diagnose pulmonary hypertension, as a routine therapy for acute lung injury/ARDS in adults, the evidence does not support its effectiveness. Future studies of dosing strategies and adjunctive therapies are needed to determine if inhaled nitric oxide could improve outcomes.
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule in the body that regulates many physiological processes. It is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase enzymes from L-arginine and oxygen. NO signals through activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and production of cyclic GMP. It has diverse effects in the cardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems and is involved in processes like vasodilation, neurotransmission, and inflammation. Both insufficient and excessive NO production can contribute to disease.
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced in the body by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes from the amino acid L-arginine. NO acts as both an intracellular and extracellular signaling molecule and is involved in many physiological processes like neurotransmission and smooth muscle relaxation. There are three isoforms of NOS - neuronal NOS, inducible NOS, and endothelial NOS. NO stimulates soluble guanylate cyclase which increases cyclic GMP levels and triggers smooth muscle relaxation. In addition to cGMP signaling, NO can also signal through S-nitrosylation of proteins or by forming nitrite and nitrate storage pools.
Nitric oxide and its role in reproductiondavid sonwani
Nitirc oxide an noble gas signaling molecule present in all types of living organism as an excretory product. has multiple role in body including defense cure and mainly reproduction.
Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) is a selective pulmonary vasodilator that can reduce pulmonary artery pressure and improve oxygen levels without worsening systemic blood pressure. It works by diffusing into the lungs and stimulating production of cGMP, causing smooth muscle relaxation. While effective for various pulmonary conditions, it can produce toxic byproducts and rebound effects upon withdrawal. Alternative inhaled vasodilators under investigation include prostacyclin, milrinone, and nitroglycerine, but inhaled NO remains the standard treatment.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule produced in the body through nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. It plays many roles throughout the body, acting as a vasodilator, neurotransmitter, and part of the immune response. Therapeutically, inhaled NO is used to treat neonatal respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension by selectively dilating blood vessels in the lungs. However, it also carries risks like rebound pulmonary hypertension. Ongoing research is exploring new NO donors and inhibitors to modulate its effects for conditions like cancer and inflammation.
Presentation given by Dr. Karthikeyan at Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College on 12.11.13. Thanks to Dr. B.C. Koner for suggesting this wonderful topic.
This document provides biographical information about Mohanad AlBayati and summarizes key discoveries related to nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived vasodilators. It discusses:
1) The 1977-1986 discoveries by Furchgott, Murad, and Ignarro that acetylcholine causes relaxation via endothelium-derived NO and that NO is identical to endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), earning them the 1998 Nobel Prize.
2) The endothelium releases vasodilators like NO and prostacyclin and vasoconstrictors like endothelin-1 and reactive oxygen species to regulate vascular tone.
3) NO activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP and
The document discusses the endothelium and the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the body. It defines the endothelium as the thin layer of cells lining blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Endothelial cells release NO, previously called endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), which modulates blood vessel tone. NO is a gaseous signaling molecule synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NO has many roles, including regulating circulation and the nervous, immune, digestive, and reproductive systems. It acts as a vasodilator, neurotransmitter, and plays roles in wound healing and apoptosis.
Nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) are both signaling molecules in the body that play important physiological roles. NO was discovered in 1772 and recognized in 1998 to be a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. It is synthesized from L-arginine and serves functions as a neurotransmitter, vasodilator, and bactericide. CO is also naturally produced in the body and has been linked to various functions as a neurotransmitter and blood vessel relaxant. Both NO and CO have important roles in the nervous, circulatory, muscular, and immune systems, but can also be toxic in high concentrations, such as from environmental pollution or fires.
Hypoxia, its causes, and how hypoxia causes the induction of hypoxia inducible factors to cause angiogenesis in those regions of the body, mechanism of angiogenesis and the role of VEGF in it.
Topic of the month.... Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) And Stroke: P...Professor Yasser Metwally
Topic of the month.... Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) And Stroke: Prevention, Treatment And Recovery
http://yassermetwally.com
http://yassermetwally.net
1) Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs when tissue is damaged after the restoration of blood flow following a period of ischemia. During ischemia, cells undergo metabolic changes due to lack of oxygen that further damage cells upon reperfusion.
2) The pathogenesis of IRI involves increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via pathways like xanthine oxidase, neutrophils, and mitochondria as well as decreased clearance of ROS. This leads to oxidative damage of lipids, proteins, and DNA.
3) Calcium overload also contributes to IRI as ischemia disrupts calcium regulation and excess cytosolic calcium upon reperfusion activates proteases and mitochondrial dysfunction, further injuring cells.
How do other people describe their near-death experiences, and how do those descriptions compare with the blissful awakenings which occur in meditation, other spiritual practices, and sometimes spontaneously?
Here’s a chart that compares the two. It was developed by P.M.H. Atwater through decades of study which began in Boise, Idaho, in 1966, when she founded a metaphysical research and education organization, Inner Forum.
P.M.H. developed these descriptors out of her interviews with other people about their experiences and her own cosmic illuminations in churches and during her meditations, prayer states, visions, and three NDEs.
This chart is excerpted, with Atwater’s permission, from her book Beyond the Light, pgs. 152-156.
The document discusses several EEG studies conducted in 1984 and 2005-2006 involving horses and humans during TTouch sessions. The 1984 study with Anna Wise and Linda Tellington-Jones found that some experienced TTouch practitioners demonstrated brain patterns associated with an "Awakened Mind State" during sessions with horses. A later study in 2005 measured a horse named Midnight and found its brainwaves calmed and took on patterns similar to the human "Awakened Mind State" during TTouch. Long term, studies on a mare named Grace found her brainwaves and behavior significantly calmed after one year of regular TTouch sessions.
Nitric oxide is produced by endothelial cells and is important for regulating blood flow. It acts as a vasodilator to relax smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. The three main types of nitric oxide synthase produce nitric oxide, which has many roles in the body like supporting circulation, immune function, and reproduction. It is involved in processes like maintaining blood pressure and facilitating penile erection. Foods like peppers and dark chocolate contain compounds that can boost nitric oxide levels.
Nitric oxide is formed in the body from L-arginine and can have both protective and tumor-promoting effects. It reacts with superoxide to form peroxynitrite, a reactive molecule that can damage biomolecules. Excess nitric oxide production can be inhibited by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Nitric oxide has direct effects through reactions with metals and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, and indirect effects through peroxynitrite formation leading to oxidative stress.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas that acts as a signaling molecule in various physiological processes. It is produced by nitric oxide synthase enzymes from arginine and oxygen. NO signals the dilation of blood vessels by diffusing into endothelial cells and increasing cGMP levels, which leads to smooth muscle relaxation. It also prevents platelet aggregation, acts as a neurotransmitter, and is involved in the immune response by assisting macrophages in killing bacteria. While NO is important for many functions, too much or too little production can be harmful and lead to conditions like hypertension or infection.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a unique signalling molecule that diffuses freely and acts as an intracellular and intercellular messenger. NO was discovered in the late 1970s and plays many important physiological roles such as acting as a neurotransmitter, mediating cellular defense, and regulating vascular tone. It is produced from L-arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which exists in three isoforms. NO has various effects in different organ systems such as the cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. Therapeutic uses of NO include treatment of pulmonary hypertension and angina. Recent research is focused on developing NO-releasing drugs for various conditions.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Acute Respiratory Distress SyndromeMuhammad Asim Rana
A simple description of mechanism how nitric oxide helps in treatment of refractory hypoxemia in ARDS. Intended to teach respiratory therapists and ICU physicians.
This document provides an overview of nitric oxide (NO) including its chemistry, synthesis via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, mechanisms of action, roles in various organ systems, and therapeutic applications. Key points discussed include the 3 isoforms of NOS (eNOS, nNOS, iNOS), NO's vasodilatory effects via soluble guanylate cyclase activation, roles in inflammation and the cardiovascular, nervous, and reproductive systems, and use of NO donors and NOS inhibitors for conditions like pulmonary hypertension and erectile dysfunction.
Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). There are three isoforms of NOS - neuronal NOS (nNOS), macrophage NOS (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS). NO functions as a vasodilator, inhibits platelet adhesion, and acts as a neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract. Diseases associated with NO include angina pectoris, pulmonary hypertension, and impotence. NO production can be inhibited by compounds such as N-Mono methyl arginine (NMMA) and asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA).
Inhaled nitric oxide can cause selective pulmonary vasodilation but clinical trials in adults with acute lung injury/ARDS found only short-lived physiological benefits with no reduction in mortality. While inhaled nitric oxide may help diagnose pulmonary hypertension, as a routine therapy for acute lung injury/ARDS in adults, the evidence does not support its effectiveness. Future studies of dosing strategies and adjunctive therapies are needed to determine if inhaled nitric oxide could improve outcomes.
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule in the body that regulates many physiological processes. It is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase enzymes from L-arginine and oxygen. NO signals through activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and production of cyclic GMP. It has diverse effects in the cardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems and is involved in processes like vasodilation, neurotransmission, and inflammation. Both insufficient and excessive NO production can contribute to disease.
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced in the body by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes from the amino acid L-arginine. NO acts as both an intracellular and extracellular signaling molecule and is involved in many physiological processes like neurotransmission and smooth muscle relaxation. There are three isoforms of NOS - neuronal NOS, inducible NOS, and endothelial NOS. NO stimulates soluble guanylate cyclase which increases cyclic GMP levels and triggers smooth muscle relaxation. In addition to cGMP signaling, NO can also signal through S-nitrosylation of proteins or by forming nitrite and nitrate storage pools.
Nitric oxide and its role in reproductiondavid sonwani
Nitirc oxide an noble gas signaling molecule present in all types of living organism as an excretory product. has multiple role in body including defense cure and mainly reproduction.
Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) is a selective pulmonary vasodilator that can reduce pulmonary artery pressure and improve oxygen levels without worsening systemic blood pressure. It works by diffusing into the lungs and stimulating production of cGMP, causing smooth muscle relaxation. While effective for various pulmonary conditions, it can produce toxic byproducts and rebound effects upon withdrawal. Alternative inhaled vasodilators under investigation include prostacyclin, milrinone, and nitroglycerine, but inhaled NO remains the standard treatment.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule produced in the body through nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. It plays many roles throughout the body, acting as a vasodilator, neurotransmitter, and part of the immune response. Therapeutically, inhaled NO is used to treat neonatal respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension by selectively dilating blood vessels in the lungs. However, it also carries risks like rebound pulmonary hypertension. Ongoing research is exploring new NO donors and inhibitors to modulate its effects for conditions like cancer and inflammation.
Presentation given by Dr. Karthikeyan at Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College on 12.11.13. Thanks to Dr. B.C. Koner for suggesting this wonderful topic.
This document provides biographical information about Mohanad AlBayati and summarizes key discoveries related to nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived vasodilators. It discusses:
1) The 1977-1986 discoveries by Furchgott, Murad, and Ignarro that acetylcholine causes relaxation via endothelium-derived NO and that NO is identical to endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), earning them the 1998 Nobel Prize.
2) The endothelium releases vasodilators like NO and prostacyclin and vasoconstrictors like endothelin-1 and reactive oxygen species to regulate vascular tone.
3) NO activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP and
The document discusses the endothelium and the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the body. It defines the endothelium as the thin layer of cells lining blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Endothelial cells release NO, previously called endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), which modulates blood vessel tone. NO is a gaseous signaling molecule synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NO has many roles, including regulating circulation and the nervous, immune, digestive, and reproductive systems. It acts as a vasodilator, neurotransmitter, and plays roles in wound healing and apoptosis.
Nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) are both signaling molecules in the body that play important physiological roles. NO was discovered in 1772 and recognized in 1998 to be a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. It is synthesized from L-arginine and serves functions as a neurotransmitter, vasodilator, and bactericide. CO is also naturally produced in the body and has been linked to various functions as a neurotransmitter and blood vessel relaxant. Both NO and CO have important roles in the nervous, circulatory, muscular, and immune systems, but can also be toxic in high concentrations, such as from environmental pollution or fires.
Hypoxia, its causes, and how hypoxia causes the induction of hypoxia inducible factors to cause angiogenesis in those regions of the body, mechanism of angiogenesis and the role of VEGF in it.
Topic of the month.... Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) And Stroke: P...Professor Yasser Metwally
Topic of the month.... Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) And Stroke: Prevention, Treatment And Recovery
http://yassermetwally.com
http://yassermetwally.net
1) Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs when tissue is damaged after the restoration of blood flow following a period of ischemia. During ischemia, cells undergo metabolic changes due to lack of oxygen that further damage cells upon reperfusion.
2) The pathogenesis of IRI involves increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via pathways like xanthine oxidase, neutrophils, and mitochondria as well as decreased clearance of ROS. This leads to oxidative damage of lipids, proteins, and DNA.
3) Calcium overload also contributes to IRI as ischemia disrupts calcium regulation and excess cytosolic calcium upon reperfusion activates proteases and mitochondrial dysfunction, further injuring cells.
How do other people describe their near-death experiences, and how do those descriptions compare with the blissful awakenings which occur in meditation, other spiritual practices, and sometimes spontaneously?
Here’s a chart that compares the two. It was developed by P.M.H. Atwater through decades of study which began in Boise, Idaho, in 1966, when she founded a metaphysical research and education organization, Inner Forum.
P.M.H. developed these descriptors out of her interviews with other people about their experiences and her own cosmic illuminations in churches and during her meditations, prayer states, visions, and three NDEs.
This chart is excerpted, with Atwater’s permission, from her book Beyond the Light, pgs. 152-156.
The document discusses several EEG studies conducted in 1984 and 2005-2006 involving horses and humans during TTouch sessions. The 1984 study with Anna Wise and Linda Tellington-Jones found that some experienced TTouch practitioners demonstrated brain patterns associated with an "Awakened Mind State" during sessions with horses. A later study in 2005 measured a horse named Midnight and found its brainwaves calmed and took on patterns similar to the human "Awakened Mind State" during TTouch. Long term, studies on a mare named Grace found her brainwaves and behavior significantly calmed after one year of regular TTouch sessions.
The Endocrine System/ The Autonomic Nervous SystemJurga St
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. The major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. The hypothalamus integrates the nervous and endocrine systems by secreting hormones that control the pituitary gland, and contains centers that exert neural control over endocrine cells in other glands like the adrenals. The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, releases hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus via a portal blood vessel system.
Nitric acid is a colorless, corrosive, and toxic mineral acid. It is composed of one hydrogen atom, one nitrogen atom, and three oxygen atoms. Nitric acid was first identified in the 9th century and has had various names over time. It was first synthesized in the early 20th century and was used by Germans prior to WWI to produce nitrates for weapons. Nitric acid is commonly used in industry, agriculture, and for making explosives and rocket fuel due to its strong oxidizing properties. It poses severe health and safety hazards if mishandled.
Nitric acid is a strong acid that is colorless as a pure liquid but commercial samples may appear yellowish. It is highly corrosive and a strong oxidizer. Nitric acid is produced industrially via the Ostwald process, which involves ammonia oxidation over a platinum catalyst in three steps: primary oxidation to nitric oxide, secondary oxidation to nitrogen dioxide, and absorption of nitrogen dioxide in water to form nitric acid. Nitric acid has many industrial and laboratory uses including fertilizer and explosive production.
Walking the tightrope between mediocracy and bankruptcyPrimate
@WeArePrimate presentation from Fronteers Conference 2015. Given by Espen Brunborg, Bart Oleszczyk and Gordon McLachlan.
Primate are an award winning digital agency based in Edinburgh. Fronteers 2015, Amsterdam .
Light energy plays a vital role in human health and wellness. Light is the basic component from which all life originates, develops, heals and evolves. Modern light therapy uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to provide therapeutic benefits through the release of nitric oxide and stimulation of cellular activity. LED therapy has been shown to reduce inflammation and pain, increase circulation, relax the nervous system, repair and rejuvenate skin, and support the healing of wounds and injuries.
Middle ear myoclonus is a rare cause of tinnitus where there are involuntary muscle spasms in the middle ear. The middle ear contains small muscles like the tensor tympani and stapedius that contract to dampen loud sounds. Myoclonus is uncontrolled spasms of these muscles that cause phantom sounds perceived as tinnitus. Tinnitus is commonly associated with hearing loss but can also occur independently. Its causes include noise exposure, Meniere's disease, medications and tumors. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause of myoclonus when possible.
"Jay is a scientist in Silicon Valley. He was trained in philosophy, neuroscience, and cognitive psychology, and completed his Ph.D. at the University of Arizona on neural processes of visual perception and unconscious processes. His current interests include using noninvasive brain stimulation to enhance cognition and well-being. Jay is presently investigating whether focused ultrasound can be used to augment meditation practice.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/vCyWHtraa0Y
https://www.jaysanguinetti.com/
The document discusses an Indigenous model of traditional wellness called the Medicine Wheel and how it relates to neurodecolonization. It covers how colonialism has impacted Indigenous peoples' brains, bodies, and genes through trauma, and how engaging in traditional mindfulness practices can help heal from these impacts by restructuring and decolonizing the mind and body. Some key traditional practices discussed that can facilitate this include running, dancing, singing, sleeping, laughing, fasting, meditation, time in nature, and spending time in community.
Turn to natural uniqueness for a healthy lifestyle. Experts have worked on global health problems and found a solution. The company offers an exclusive, natural production to return and keep youth, beauty, and health. Key discoveries involving amino acid L-arginine and nitric oxide have led to a patented product that provides preventative benefits without side effects when applied at home.
The document provides an overview of the neurobiology of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). It discusses the definition and diagnostic features of OCD, as well as basic neuroanatomy involving structures like the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and limbic system. Neurophysiology concepts around the serotonergic system are also reviewed. The document examines the etiology and pathophysiology of OCD, including potential genetic and neurobiological factors. Neuroimaging and other studies implicate abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus. The role of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate in the neurobiology of OCD is also explored
The biopsychosocial model reflects the development of illness through the complex interaction of biological factors (genetic, biochemical, etc.), psychological factors (mood, personality, behavior, etc.) ... A person may have a genetic predisposition for a disease, but social and cognitive factors must trigger the illness.
The Role Of Cytokines On Immune PrivilegeKaty Allen
- Immune privilege sites like the brain actively suppress inflammation to protect delicate tissues from damage. Cytokines play a role in maintaining this immune privilege.
- Experiments on mice found that chronic early-life stress impaired microglial function and rewired the brain's stress response pathways, causing depression-like behaviors in adulthood. Treating the stress hormone CRH reversed these effects.
- Exposure to toxins in tobacco smoke during development can alter brain cell proliferation, synaptic activity, and microglial function, potentially leading to neurological and cognitive impairments.
IT IS The Most Important Health Discovery Ever. Earthing ranks right up there with the discovery of penicillin. The Earth is an electrical planet and our bodies are bioelectrical beings. When we are physically in touch with the Earth, we absorb electrons (negatively charged) from the Earth’s surface. This help to neutralize the (positively charged) free radicals in our body that damage our cells. The destructive activity of free radicals in the body has been linked with many diseases and accelerated aging.
This article discusses homeostasis and the body systems that maintain it. Homeostasis refers to the dynamic processes that enable optimal conditions for cells despite internal and external changes. The endocrine and nervous systems are the major control systems that regulate homeostasis. When disturbances occur, negative feedback mechanisms work to restore optimal conditions. Examples of homeostasis include blood sugar regulation by insulin and glucagon, and respiratory regulation in response to exercise. Receptors detect changes, control centers interpret signals, and effectors enact responses to maintain homeostasis.
This study implemented a quiet time protocol in a neuro-ICU to reduce noise and light levels twice daily to allow patients to sleep. Noise and light levels were measured before, during, and after quiet time and patients' sleep behaviors were observed. The results showed that noise and light levels were significantly lower during quiet time. Patients were also significantly more likely to be observed sleeping during quiet time periods compared to before and after. The goal of allowing patients rest and sleep during quiet time periods was achieved through reducing environmental stimuli in the ICU.
1. Research has found that levels of psychological distress and depression have been increasing over time in countries like the UK, Netherlands, and Belgium based on survey data.
2. Work becoming more stressful may be contributing to declining mental health and well-being, as jobs with high demands and low control over tasks have been increasing.
3. Studies show that happier and less stressed people have better health outcomes like faster wound healing, and success and wealth are also correlated with longer life expectancy. This indicates deep connections between mental well-being and physical health.
Our brains are surprisingly adaptable and open to learning. Our thoughts, feelings, actions, memories, learning and imaginations are the result of what happens in our synapses. A functional normal brain should have good balance of brain waves, blood flow and matabolism and neurotransmitters. Brain training and neuroplasticity by different neuromodulation modalities will help us to have a better mental state and thus a better world.
The Physiological Process of Muscle ContractionAndrew Whiteman
Michigan resident Andrew Whiteman graduated from Oberlin College in Ohio with a degree in biology. During his time at Oberlin, Andrew Whiteman received the John Frederick Oberlin scholarship for each year of attendance and assisted a biology professor with research involving muscle contraction and regulation. A native of Royal Oak, Michigan, who speaks conversational German, Andrew Whiteman volunteers as a guide at the Detroit Zoo.
1. The document discusses various movement disorders including tics, dystonia, chorea, and Wilson's disease.
2. Tics are involuntary, repetitive movements or vocalizations that can be either simple or complex. Dystonia causes sustained muscle contractions resulting in twisting postures or movements.
3. The causes, characteristics, classifications, and treatments of these various movement disorders are explained. Non-medication treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy, habit reversal therapy, and deep brain stimulation for severe cases.
A DETAILED LIST OF COMMON CAUSES OF TINNITUS?NAGGUEST
An article about the causes of tinnitus. It classifies the causes into two: internal and external causes. It also lists ten different causes of tinnitus.
REPORT-CHILDREN WITH NEUROLOGICAL AND HEALTH PROBLEMS.pptxzarinaregalado2
PowerPoint presentation on children with neurological and health problems related to guidance and counseling. Contents range from nature, etiology, assessment, and prevalence of the disability.
Pathophysiology and pshycodyanamics (1)Gurdeep Arora
Pathophysiology is the study of abnormal physiological processes in the body that cause or are caused by disease or injury. It involves understanding how and why normal anatomy and physiology is altered by the disease process. Any cellular changes or damage can disrupt homeostasis and affect the whole body. Sometimes the cell cycle fails to detect unwanted changes, resulting in mutations that can cause disease. Pathophysiology combines the study of pathology and physiology to understand the functional and structural changes that occur in the body as a result of disease.
Similar to Consciousness Society Conference Presentation: Nitric Oxide Spiking and Consciousness (20)
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
3. A Special Thank You To
Alan Leslie Combs, Ph.D.
Doshi Professor of Consciousness Studies
Director, CIIS Center for Consciousness Studies
Founder, Consciousness Society
Director, Conscious Evolution M.A. Program
Graduate Institute of Connecticut.
John Beaulieu, N.D., Ph.D.
CEO, Biosonics Incorporated
NYS Licensed Counselor/Psychotherapist
Board Certified Naturopathic Physician
Adjunct Professor Integrative Health Studies
Sound Healing Emphasis, CIIS
4. Quotations
The biggest deterrent to scientific progress is a refusal of
some people, including scientists, to believe that things
that seem amazing can really happen.
---George Trimble
When the mind becomes attuned, it becomes capable of
hearing the voice of the unknown. The sounds which are
heard in such a state do not belong to any particular
language, religion or tradition.
---Swami Rama
After silence that which comes nearest to expressing the
inexpressible is music.
---Aldous Huxley
5. Quotations
The “problem” of consciousness—and its attendant “problem,”
the nature of reality…marks the frontier of human exploration,
a frontier that we may never fully conquer….But what makes
solving the problem of consciousness so compelling is
essentially personal: it would bring meaning for each one of us.
It would answer those gnawing existential questions about who
we are, how the world works, and what is “real.”….Are we alone
in our own solipsistic world, or is the experience of
consciousness something we share with those we are pleased
to consider sentient beings?....Or is it the very fabric of the
cosmos, the Absolute?
--Jenny Wade, p. xiii-xiv, Forword, In Alan Combs (2009),
Consciousness Explained Better
6. What Is Nitric Oxide?
• In 1998, Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, and Ferid Murad
were awarded a Noble Prize in Medicine or Physiology for
their nitric oxide research (Geneeskd, 1998).
• Nitric oxide is a gas with the chemical formula NO.
• Serves as a signaling molecule in mammals including humans.
• Is a short lived endogenously produced gas.
• Plays a primarily therapeutic role throughout the body.
(Stefano, 2003; Stefano, & Magazine, 2001; Stefano, Benson,
Frichionne, & Esch, 2005).
7. What Is Nitric Oxide?
• Discovered as a vasodilator working guanylate cyclase.
• Operates as a free radical and free radical scavenger.
• Exerts anti-viral properties.
• Exerts anti-bacterial properties.
• Central Nervous System (CNS) involvement.
(Benz, Cadet, Mantinone, et al. 2002b; Shinde, Mehta, &
Goyal, 2000).
8. What Is Nitric Oxide
• Can be a toxic air pollutant, e.g. car exhaust fumes.
• Plays a major role in the regulation of blood pressure.
• Helps prevent blood clotting.
• Fast acting: Diffuses over 50uM in seconds.
• Intra and intercellular signaling substance.
(Benz, Cadet, Mantinone, et al. 2002a; Esch, Stefano,
Fricchione, & Benson, 2002; Fricchione, & Stefano, 2005).
9. Types of Nitric Oxide
• There are three (3) forms of nitric oxide (NO): cNOS,
eNOS, and iNOS.
• The constitutive forms of NO (cNOS and eNOS) generally
engender healing effects.
• The inducible variety (iNOS) typically has a pro-
inflammatory effect when certain events are triggered,
e.g. chronic stressors.
(Erez, Ayelet, et al., 2011; Esch, Stefano, Fricchione, &
Benson, 2002; Fleshner, & Laudenslager, 2004 ).
10. How Is Nitric Oxide Used?
• Used extensively to treat various medical conditions.
• Popular erectile dysfunction drugs such as Viagra, Cialis and
Levitra work by regulating NO puffing.
• Nitroglycerin ameliorates angina pain by supplying NO to the
heart.
• Controls the effects and activation of norephinephrine
processes throughout the brain and CNS including synthesis,
release and action potentials.
(Stefano, 2003; Stefano, Fricchione, Slingsby & Benson, 2001;
Tomasian, Keaney, & Vita, 2000; Young, Chen, & Weis,
2011).
11. Importance of Nitric Oxide
“[NO is] a major biological signaling pathway that has been
missed with regard to the way it controls proteins….What we
see now for the first time…is that there are enzymes that are
removing NO from proteins to control protein activity. This
action has a broad based effect, frankly, and probably happens
in virtually all cells and across all protein classes. NO is
implicated in many disease processes. Sepsis, asthma, cystic
fibrosis, Parkinson’s disease, heart failure, malignant
hyperthermia – all of these diseases are linked to aberrant NO
based signaling”
(Duke University Medical Center, 2008, May).
12. Importance of Nitric Oxide
• Protects your body and mind from disease, infections and
inflammations caused by stress.
• Synchronizes your internal cellular rhythms.
• Scavenges free radicals in the body.
• Promotes better vascular flow and a healthy heart.
• Enhances cellular vitality and fluidity.
(Beaulieu, 2005, 2009; Mantione, Cadet, & Zhu, 2008; Mata-
Greenwood, & Chen, 2008; Samuelson, Foret, Baim, et al.,
2010; Segerstrom, & Miller, 2004; Shinde, Mehta, & Goyal,
2000).
13. What Is Nitric Oxide Spiking?
• Ordinarily cells attempt to keep a state of balance and
homeostasis by regulating their release of NO which is
called “puffing” or known as spiking.
• When we are “in rhythm” the body naturally produces NO
inside vascular, nerve and immune cells.
• When the NO system is functioning properly, release of NO is
cyclic and autoregulatory; generally, this makes us feel
good.
• This cyclic nature enhances physical and emotional well
being and proactively prevents illness and disease states.
Scientists use the word “spiking” to describe any process that
gets “flatlined” NO to “puff” again. When NO levels spike,
you immediately feel relaxed.
(Beaulieu, 2005, 2009, 2010; Stefano & Magazine, 2001).
14. What Is Nitric Oxide Spiking?
Endogenous nitric oxide spiking is sometimes referred to as
“puffing.” This is gaseous NO in its cyclic and auto- regulatory
form which usually takes place in a three (3) step wave phase:
one ascending, a stillpoint (pause), another descending, which
is a natural healing rhythm. The NO wave spike is short lived,
approximately six (6) minutes in length.
(Stefano, Salzet, & Magazine, 2003).
15. Benefits of Nitric Oxide Spiking
• Enhances cellular vitality.
• Enhances vascular flow especially heart healing.
• Boosts immune system by destroying bacteria and viruses at
the micro level.
• increases ability to prevent and fight infections.
• Increases resistance to stress.
• Increases resistance to pain in conjunction with endogenous
morphine.
(Long, Light, & Talbot, 1999; Lowson, 2003; MacMillan, 2012;
Northrup, 2008; Pryor, Zhu, Cadet, et al., 2005).
16. Benefits of Nitric Oxide Spiking
• Increases energy levels.
• Increases physical and mental stamina.
• Sharpens mental clarity.
• Diminishes states of depression due to balancing of the
autonomic nervous system.
• Improves digestion and natural cleansing.
(Beaulieu, 2005; Benz, Cadet, Mantione, et al., 2002; Dusek,
Chang, Zaki, et al., 2006; Elam, R., et al., 1989;
Guoyao, & Meininger, 2000; Guoyao, & Morris, 1998).
18. EnRhthym Nitric Oxide Wave
Spiking Explanation
Nitric oxide is a molecule created by a nitrogen atom bound
to an oxygen atom. It is made in our cells and released into
the surrounding tissues as a gas. The release of nitric oxide
by our cells is termed puffing by scientists to describe the
rising and falling of this gas. The puffing cycle is like a wave
which takes three minutes to rise and three minutes to fall.
The rising phase of the wave is the release of nitric oxide
which sends a signal to our cells to relax. During the falling
phase of the wave nitric oxide dissipates and our cells
become more active. The calm between the rising and
falling we call still point.
--John Beaulieu, 2010, Nitric Oxide and Tuning Forks,
Biosonics, Inc.
19. What Is Nitric Oxide Flatlining?
• When NO production diminishes or stops completely, this is
known as “flatlining.”
• Typically this means the NO rhythm has been compromised,
often due to unresolved stress or trauma.
• Dysfunctional NO production leads to depressed immune
system function.
• We feel pain or distress.
• Flatlined NO may be the body’s cellular response to
psychological and physiological stress and stressors in the
environment.
(Beaulieu, 1987, 2005, 2009, 2010; Esch & Stefano, 2010).
20. What Is Nitric Oxide Flatlining?
• Flatlined NO may be the body’s cellular response to
psychological and physiological stress and stressors in the
environment.
• The main cause of flatlining is unresolved stress and
trauma.
• Over time, flatlining leads to pro-inflamation and depressed
immune function which can result in tissue pathology.
(Beaulieu, 2005; Simpkiss, & Devine, 2002; Stefano, &
Magazine, 2001; Tseng, Mazella, Goligorsky, et al.,
2000; Tomasian, Keaney, & Vita, 2000; Wright, 2012).
21. Consequences of NO Flatlining?
Endogenous nitric oxide flatlining is a state where the cyclic
constitutive NO wave is dormant. This is often experienced as
pain and/or distress. Chronic flatling may lead to a pro-
inflammatory response, triggering release of iNOS which if
unabated, may lead to illness and/or disease states.
(Beaulieu, 2009; Esch, & Stefano, 2010; Fricchione, &
Stefano, 2005).
26. How Does Nitric Oxide Work?
There are three cell types that are especially controlled by nitric oxide:
immune cells, nervous system cells, and the cells that line blood
vessels, which are called endothelial or vascular cells. The shape of
immune cells changes in the blood stream in response to signals of
inflammation. In the normal state, immune cells are round and roll
along the lining of blood vessels, not sticking to any of the vascular
cells for long. If there is a stress or inflammation present, the cells
begin to flatten and become sticky. To make them un-stick and become
round again, the immune cells and vascular cells both produce a low
level of nitric oxide all the time. As long as they can do this for long
enough, the immune cells un-stick and roll away. If nitric oxide release
is inhibited, the immune cells begin to invade between the vascular
cells and more inflammatory signals are produced. To make matters
worse, the immune and vascular cells make one more attempt to
release nitric oxide to restore the calm state. At higher levels, however,
the nitric oxide itself causes damage to the cells.
--John Beaulieu, 2011
(www.biosonics.com/uploads2011/CyclicNitricOxide.pdf)
27. How Does Nitric Oxide Work?
NO secretions take place in a two step phase, one ascending,
the other descending: “During the ascending phase of NO
release the basal levels of NO may inhibit cellular activity by
reducing changes in cell conformation by inhibition of actin
polymerization, inactivation of NFkB, inhibition of cell
adhesion, and hyperpolorization of post synaptic membranes.
The descending phase of NO release may promote cell shape
changes by allowing actin polymerization, depolarization, and
NFkB signaling”
--Stefano, Salzet, & Magazine, 2002
28. Relaxation Response
• A protective mechanism which counteracts stress.
• Physiologic counterpart to the “fight or flight” stress
response.
• Beneficial decreases in metabolism.
• Beneficial decreases in blood pressure.
• Beneficial decreases in breathing rate.
• Beneficial decreases in anxiety.
(Benson, 1983, 1997; Benson & Proctor, 2011; Dusek, Chang,
Zaki, et al., 2006; Dusek, Out, Wohlhueter, et. al., 2008;
Morita, Saito, Ohta, et al., 2005; Nakao, Myers, Fricchione,
et al., 2001; Pillay, 2010, 2011).
29. Relaxation Response
• Beneficial decreases in heart rate.
• Reductions in psychological distress.
• Reductions in chronic pain.
• Beneficial decreases in sympathetic nervous system
reactivity.
• Beneficial increases in parasympathetic system reactivity.
• Increases in awareness.
(Epel, Blackburn, Lin, et al., 2004; Esch, Fricchione, &
Stefano, 2003, 2005; Fields & Levine, 1984; Fleshner &
Laudenslager, 2004; Halpern & Savary, 1985; McKinney,
Antoni, Kumar, et al., 1997; Willet, 2002).
30. Relaxation Response
• Nitric oxide spiking.
• Endogenous morphine spiking.
• Increases potential for whole brain synchrony.
• Increases capacity for self and other compassion.
• Beneficial changes in gene activity opposite those associated
with stress.
(Iwanaga & Tsukamoto, 1997; Jacobs, Epel, Lin, et al., 2011;
Kal, Van Wezel, Porsius, et al., 2000; Kim, Koo, Lee, & Han,
2005; Lazar, Bush, Gollub, et al., 2000; Lazar, Kerr,
Wasserman, et. al., 2005; Wright, 2012, 2013).
31. Benefits of Generating a Relaxation
Response by Spiking Nitric Oxide
• Provides a boost to immune system functioning, helping the
body to ward off sickness and disease
• Significantly lowers blood pressure.
• Measurable improvements to circulatory and vascular
systems.
• Enhances mental clarity.
• Provides boosts to abstract and spatial memory.
(Beary, & Benson, 1974; Benson, 1983, 1997; Benson, &
Proctor, 2011; River, 1998; Salamon, Esch, & Stefano,
2006).
32. Benefits of Generating a Relaxation
Response by Spiking Nitric Oxide
• Enhances ability to concentrate for goal attainment.
• Beneficial increases in sympathetic nervous system
responsiveness with resultant improvements in stress
hardiness.
• Helps to prevent acute stressors from accumulating as
debilitating chronic stress.
• Improvements in mood and overall sense of well being.
(Beaulieu, 2005, 2009, 2010; Fleshner, & Laudenslager, 2004).
33. Benefits of Generating a Relaxation
Response by Spiking Nitric Oxide
• Underlies neuroendocrine release for “Flow” states for Peak
Performance and Peak Experience.
• Neutralizes the harmful effects of over arousal whereby
excess amounts of cortisol and adrenaline can damage to
the body.
• Reduction of chronic pain as well beneficial epigenetic
changes to DNA including reshaping amgydala fear
reactivity.
(Pryor, Zhu, Cadet, et al., 2005; Salamon, Esch, & Stefano,
2006; Salamon, Kim, Beaulieu, & Stefano, 2003).
34. Relationship Between
Endogenous Cyclic Nitric Oxide Spiking
and Endogenous Morphine Spiking
It has been more than 30 years since morphine was
discovered to be an endogenous signal molecule in the body.
Since then, the word ‘endorphin’ has been adopted as an
abbreviation of ‘endogenous morphine,’ referring to both
morphine peptides and morphine itself. Endogenous opiates
are released via the descending corticospinal tract, allowing
for the body to mediate its own analgesia. Osteopathic
manipulative therapy (OMT) has been found to initiate release
of nitric oxide (NO), endogenous morphine’s second
messenger in the body. Petrozzo et al., 2014
http://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/treatments/pharm
acological/opioids/role-endogenous-morphine-nitric-oxide-
pain-management
35. Symptoms Nitric Oxide Spiking
Helps Alleviate
• Aches & Pains
• Headache
• Inability to Control your Temper
• Insomnia
• Lack of Energy
• Loss of Appetite
37. Sample Conditions Caused or Aggravated
by Stress Which Are Helped by NO Spiking
• Anxiety
• Asthma
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Chronic Pain
• Constipation
• Diabetes
• Diarrhea
• Heartburn
• High Blood Pressure
38. Sample Conditions Caused or Aggravated by
Stress Which Are Helped by NO Spiking
• Infertility
• Insomnia
• Loss of Sex Drive
• Obesity
• Skin Problems,
e.g. Hives or Eczema
• Stroke
• Substance Abuse
• Ulcers
• Weight Gain or
Weight Loss
39. What Is Consciousness?
Although problematic, consciousness has been defined by
some as the state or quality of awareness of an external
object or something within oneself. There is no agreement
within the scholarly or scientific communities as to what
consciousness is or might be or whether it is essential,
luminous, numinous, transcendent or illusory. The
conceptual, theoretical, and paradigmatic disagreements and
arguments about the true nature of consciousness are
vociferous, steadfastly held positions, and often
epistemologically, ontologically and teleologically polar
opposite perspectives.
40. Sample Areas of Disagreement
• Mutually Exclusive Definitions of Consciousness
• Proof of Existence of Consciousness
• Mutually Exclusive Definitions of Being
• Mind-Body Duality Problem
• Hard Problem of Consciousness
41. Sample Areas of Disagreement
• Neural Correlates of Consciousness
• Philosophy of Mind Issues
• Existence/Non-Existence of a Quantum Mind
• Solipsism
• Role of the Unconscious in Consciousness
• Existence/Non-Existence of Spirit
42. Consciousness Controversies
“Why can’t the worlds greatest minds solve the mystery of
consciousness?: Philosophers and scientists have been at
war for decades over the question of what makes human
beings more than complex robots.” Oliver Burkeman, Jan.
21, 2015
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jan/21/-sp-
why-cant-worlds-greatest-minds-solve-mystery-
consciousness
43. Consciousness Controversies
• Dangerous ideas debate with Richard Dawkins and Deepak
Chopra from The Chopra Well:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6C1P1idmfUM
• The War On Consciousness: The Talk That Gave TED
Indigestion by Graham Hancock:
http://www.grahamhancock.com/forum/HancockG6-
TheWarOnConsciousness.php.
• Capriles, E. (2009). Beyond Mind III: Further Steps to a
Metatranspersonal Philosophy and Psychology. (Continuation of the
Discussion on the Three Best Known Transpersonal Paradigms, with a
Focus on Washburn and Grof). International Journal of Transpersonal
Studies, 28(2), 1-145.
44. Consciousness Controversies
• Is There A Scientific “Taboo” Against Parapsychology? Claims
about the "taboo" status of parapsychology lack substance by
Scott McGreal:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-
else/201401/is-there-scientific-taboo-against-parapsychology
• Cardeña, E. (2014). A call for an open, informed study of all
aspects of consciousness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,
8(17), 1-4.
• Combs, A. (2009). Consciousness explained better: Towards
an integral understanding of the multifaceted nature of
consciousness. St. Paul, MN: Paragon House.
45. Consciousness Controversies
• Cardeña, E. (2011). On wolverines and epistemological
totalitarianism. J Sci Explor, 25, 539-551.
• Fields, C. (2013). A whole box of Pandoras: Systems,
boundaries and free will in quantum theory. Journal of
Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 25(3),
291-302. DOI: 10.1080/0952813X.2013.782981.
• Paller, K. & Sukuki, S. (2014). The source of
consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(8), 387-
389. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.05.012
46. Neurophysiological
Consciousness Controversy
At this point, we would like to raise the following philosophical
question: what is the relationship between the mental
concept of subjective experience and the concepts or terms
we use to describe the organization and function of the brain?
This seems to be an important question as our mental
categories are essentially responsible for the interpretation of
physiological findings and thus form our picture of the
mechanisms of the brain.
Hinterberger, Zlabinger, & Blaser, 2014. DOI: 10.3389/
fnhum.2014.00637
47. What Is Attention?
In the context of human information processing, attention
is the process that, at a given moment, enhances some
information and inhibits other information. The
enhancement enables us to select some information for
further processing, and the inhibition enables us to set
some information aside (Stanford, 2006, p. 103).
http://wwwpsych.stanford.edu/~ashas/Cognition%20Text
book/chapter3.pdf
48. What Is Attention?
• Orienting to sensory events
• Detecting signals for focused processing
• Maintaining a vigilant or alert state
• Endogenous & exogenous attentional processing in time
and space
• Cocktail party effect
• Motion induced blindness
(Behrmann, Geng, & Shomstein, 2004; Gopher, 1993; Hirst,
1986; Paller & Suzuki, 2014; Stanford, 2006; Styles,
2005).
49. Attentional Quotation
Humans were never meant to see the world through a lens of
chronic fear or other negative emotions. We were meant to
experience the world directly as it is. We were meant to form
deep connections to other human beings. With attention
training…we can open our hearts to experience the fullness of
our senses, and reconnect with forgotten parts of ourselves.
We can experience moments of unity and transcendence and
find the world has been reenchanted. It will be a watershed
moment in human evolution when we are able to pay
attention to how we pay attention, control our attention, and
take personal responsibility for the creation of our own
realities.
--Fehmi and Robbins 2007, p. 8
50. Styles of Attention
• According to Dr. Les Fehmi of the Princeton Biofeedback
Centre there are four main types of attention:
• Diffuse
• Narrow
• Objective
• Immersed
Fehmi & Robbins, 2007, p. 46-47
51. Whole Brain Synchrony
Viewed as a Way of Paying Attention
• Experience of whole brain synchronization enhances healthy
well being.
• Open Focus is one way to achieve whole brain synchrony
without equipment.
• Prolonged and excessive stress can negatively impact
almost every aspect of your life.
• Maintaining a narrow focused attentional style for long
periods often leads to chronic stress and pain, and left
unattended to, turns into disease states.
• Developing attentional flexibility gives you the capacity to
enter a beneficial homeostatic state of whole brain
synchronization volitionally.
52. Whole Brain Synchrony
• Parts of brain begin to work together harmoniously.
• Brain resonance where neurons vibrate at the same
frequency.
• Neural pathways tend to fire more rapidly.
• Brainwave patterns are “in phase” or in synchronized
• Also known as “Whole Head Synchrony” or “Whole Brain
Functioning” or “Hemispheric Synchronization” or “Whole
Brain Synchronization” (Fehmi & Robbins, 2007).
(Lutz, Lachaux, Martinerie, & Varela, 2002; Lutz, Greischar,
Rawlings, et al., 2004)
53. Why Whole Brain Synchrony
is a Desired and Sought After State
• Increased Creativity
• Increased Insight
• Increased Intuition
• Increased Relaxation Response
• Increased Accelerated Learning Abilities
• Increased Parasympathetic Nervous System Reactivity
(Buzsaki, 2006; Damasio, 1990; Fujisawa, & Busaki, 2011;
Glaser, Brind, Vogelman, et al., 1992; Gold, 1999; Goleman,
1988; Gruzelier, & Egner, 2005; Gruzelier, Egner, & Vernon,
2006).
54. Whole Brain Synchrony as a
Desired and Sought After State
• Increased Mental Clarity.
• Increased Ability to Problem Solve.
• Increased Self Compassion.
• Increased Other Compassion.
• Increased Empathy.
• Decreased Sympathetic Nervous System Reactivity.
(Haig, De Pascalis & Gordon, 1999; Hammond, 2000; Hanajima,
Terao, Hamada, et al., 2009; Hinterberger, Zlabinger, &
Blaser, 2014; Hutchison, 1996; Jacobs, Epel, Lin, et al.,
2011).
55. Elements of Peak Performance
• State where individual performs to the maximum of her
ability.
• Enhanced level of self awareness.
• High levels of confidence and focused concentration upon
task completion.
• Accomplishment is effortless.
• Individual experiences a “flow” state or being “in the zone of
excellence.”
(Belluscio, M., Mizuseki, K., Schmidt, et al., 2012; Brown, &
Gerbarg, 2005; Craqq, 2006; Csikszentmihalyi, 1991,
1997; Draganski, Gaser, Kempermann, et al., 2006;
Pillay, 2010; 2011 ).
56. Elements of Peak Experience
• Transpersonal and ecstatic state.
• Sense of Unity, Oneness and Awe.
• Sense of interconnectedness.
• Time perception may be altered to witness time elongation,
time quickening and/or timelessness.
(Barušs, van Lier, & Ali, 2014; Bird, B., Newton, Sheer, & Ford,
1978a&b; Damasio, 1999; Farrer, & Frith, 2002; Fisher,
1971, 1973).
57. Elements of Peak Experience
• Altered State of Consciousness (ASC).
• Therapeutic increases in creativity, compassion for self and
others, and personal locus of control (stress reduction).
• Self actualization state or individuation (Maslow Level 5).
• Personal growth, intrinsic meaning and purpose.
(Gelhorn, 1970; Gendlin, 1981; Genz, 1999; Goodman, &
Nauwald, 2003; Goodman, 1990; Grof, & Grof, 2010;
Lilly, 1977; Maslow, 1971; Momen, 1984; Monroe, 1992;
Palmer, 1998).
61. Quotation
BioSonic research conducted at Cell Dynamics, Inc.
demonstrates the release of Nitric Oxide (NO) from various
tissue sources. Utilizing an amperometric detection system,
allowing only nitric oxide to generate an upward deflection, we
measure real-time NO release from living cells and demonstrate
that the use the BioSonic Otto™ (128cps), OM Tuner™
(136.1cps) and Body Tuners™ (C256 & G384) tuning forks
have the ability to release NO well above baseline pulsatile
levels. The release of NO is visualized as a large peak of pure
nitric oxide immediately following exposure of these tissues to
the vibration/ sound of the tuning forks. Once NO is released it
follows a well characterized signaling cascade, exhibiting
established properties of NO.
--John Beaulieu, 2009, p. 1
62. Sample Methods for Spiking Nitric
Oxide
• Biosonic Tuning Fork Series:
• Otto 128
• Otto 64
• Otto 32
• OM Tuner
• C & G Body Tuners
• Fibronacci Series
(Beaulieu, 1987, 2005, 2009, 2010; Biosonics, Inc., 2010).
67. Biosonics OM Tuning Fork
136.1 Hz
The Swiss scientist Hans Cousto, author of the Cosmic Octave,
discovered how to convert planetary cycles into musical
pitches. Using his system the sa corresponds to the sound of
one Earth year of the time it takes the earth to circle the Sun.
To arrive at the frequency of 136.1 Hz, an earth year is
reduced to a second (frequencies are measured in cycles per
second). An earth year is 365.242 days and an earth day is
86,400 seconds. When the days are multiplies by seconds the
answer will be 315,567,925.9747 seconds equal one earth
year. To arrive at an audible sound, 315,567,925.9747
seconds are divided into one (year) and then raised 32
octaves. The result will be the audible tone of answer 32 times
the result will be 136.1 Hz. The cosmic note OM.
(http://www.stressfreenow.info/products/index.php?)
69. Biosonics OM Tuning Fork
136.1 HZ
• Achieve a state of deep relaxation in seconds with the
primordial vibrations of “Om”.
• Physically tune your body to the Om vibration and enter a
state of balanced wholeness ideal for healing and higher
consciousness.
• Helps center the body and mind when placed on the rib heads,
thoracic vertebra, sternum, sacrum and illiums.
• Helps meditators and yoga practitioners achieve desired states
effortlessly.
(http://www.stressfreenow.info/products/index.php?main_page
=product_info&cPath=1&products_id=2)
72. Stress Interaction – Part 1
Category of Phenomena Distress Eustress
Adrenaline Yes Depends
Allostasis No Yes
Allostatic Load Increased Diminished
Cortisol Yes Diminished
Dopamine Yes Depends
Endogenous Morphine Yes Depends
GABA Diminished Increased
Grief Yes No
73. Stress Interaction – Part 2
Category of Phenomena Distress Eustress
Grief Recovery No Yes
Homeostasis No Yes
HPA Axis Diminished Increased
Immune Response Increased Depends
Nitric Oxide Flatlined Spiked
Nor Adrenaline No Depends
Oxytocin Depends Depends
SAM Axis Increased Diminished
Serotonin Diminished Increased
74. Nitric Oxide Interaction – Part 1
Category of Phenomena Flatlining Spiking
Adrenaline Yes Diminished
Allostatic Load Increased Diminished
Cortisol Yes Diminished
Distress Yes No
Dopamine Yes Implicit
Endogenous Morphine Yes Implicit
GABA Diminished Increased
Grief Yes No
75. Nitric Oxide Interaction – Part 2
Category of Phenomena Flatlining Spiking
Grief Recovery No Yes
Homeostasis No Yes (Increased)
HPA Axis Diminished Increased
Nor Adrenaline Increased Diminished
Oxytocin Depends Depends
SAM Axis Increased Diminished
Serotonin Diminished Yes
Immune Response Increased Depends
76. Human Organization
Stress Balancing System
Homeostatic
Balance
Dynamic Balance Imbalance
Eustress Acute Stress Chronic Stress
Homeostasis Allostasis Distress
Provides Pathways
for Integrative and
Holistic Healing
Provides Pathways
for Integrative and
Holistic Healing
Provides Pathways
for Disease States
and Illness
Adapted from Stefano, Fricchiconne, and Esch (2006); Stefano et al. (2005).
77. Ergotropic
Pathway
Tropotropic
Pathway
Hyperarousal
Hyper-
Stimulatory
Levels of
Statebound
Experience
Hypoarousal
Hypo-Stimulatory
Beta Brainwave
State
Routine Activity
Ordinary Waking
Consciousness
Beta
Brainwave
State
Hi Beta
Brainwave
State
Excitement
Daydreaming/Rel
axation Hypnotic
Trance
Alpha
Brainwave
State
High Beta Low
Gamma
Brainwave
State
Anxiety/Mania
Hypnopompic/
Hypnogogic
Imagery-Twilight
State
Theta
Brainwave
State
Unknown
Brainwave
State
Mystical
Experience
Ecstatic Trance
Bidirectionality
Abreaction
Mystical
Experience
Deep Trance or
Samadhi
Delta
Brainwave
State
Statebound Experience: Comparison of
Ergotropic and Tropotropic Pathways
Adapted from Fisher (1971, 1973, 1975); Momen (1984).
78. State Bound Experiential Qualities
NO
Flatlining
NO
Spiking
Fully
Associated
Mental
Clarity
Emotional
Clarity
Euphoria Mild
Delirium
Transpersonal
Transcendent
Experience
Sense of Unity
Grief/
Mourning/
Bereavement
Yes No Yes No No No No No
Stress Yes No Yes No No No No No
Healing No Yes Yes Yes Yes Possible Possible Possible
Dopamine
Spike
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Oxytocin
Spike
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Serotonin
Spike
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Possible
Endorphin
Spike
No Yes Depends Yes Yes Yes Yes Possible
Attention:
Open Focus
Global
No Yes Depends Yes Yes Possible Possible Possible
Pain Yes No Yes No No No No No
Fear/Anxiety Yes No Yes No No No No No
Lucid
Dream
State
Unknown Unknown Depends Yes Depends Unknown Unknown Unknown
79. Statebound Experience: SAM AXIS and
HPA AXIS Relationships
Ergotropic Pathway Tropotropic Pathway
Hyperarousal
Hyper-Stimulatory
Hypoarousal
Hypo-Stimulatory
Grief Response:
Distress, Pain, Anxiety,
Fear Increases
Relaxation Response/Eustress:
Grief, Pain, Anxiety, Fear
Dissolves
SAM AXIS Reactivity
Increases
HPA AXIS Reactivity Increases
NO Flatlining:
Increased Cortisol;
Decreased Dopamine/Serotonin
NO Spiking/Endogenous
Morphine Release
Allostatic Loads Increase Allostasis/Homeostasis
80. Comparative Still Point Induction Techniques
“Chaotic Attractor”
Technique Induces
Still Point
Rate of
Induction
Method Effects/Results
Biosonic Otto
128Hz, 64Hz,
32Hz tuning fork
Yes Immediate Kinesthetic Spikes NO cycle; boosts to immune function; spikes
endogenous morphine; eliminates NO flatlining.
Biosonic Otto
128Hz, 64Hz,
32Hz tuning fork
Yes Immediate Auditory
Sound Waves
Spikes NO cycle; eliminates NO flatlining; boosts to immune
function; spikes endogenous morphine.
Open Focus
Technique
Yes Over Time as
Proficiency is
Achieved
Auditory
Verbal
Objectless awareness in all sensory modalities, attending
simultaneous to background and foreground globally; extreme
mental clarity.
Brain Pattern
Interrupt
Technique
Yes Over Time as
Proficiency is
Achieved
Olfactory
Memory
Resultant emotional and physical release phenomena disrupt
negative valance memory patterns. Shift to positive energy
valance can occur instantaneously or over time with repetition.
Gamma
Brainwave
Holosync
Yes Over Time as
Proficiency is
Achieved
Auditory
Sound Waves
Attentional shift to states of self compassion and compassion
for others: Sense of unity, oneness of being, transcendence;
enhanced sense of Being.
Standard
Hypnosis
Yes After Trance
Induction
Verbal Resultant reframing of negative memories into new behavioral
flexibility; extinguishment of phobias or unwanted habits.
Ericksonian
Hypnosis
Yes After Trance
Induction
Verbal
Auditory
Use of nonspecific and indirect metaphors results in reframe of
negative memories into new behavioral patterns;
extinguishment of unwanted behaviors; installation of new and
desired behaviors and habits.
Halpern
Music
Yes Repeated
Listening
Auditory
Music
Calming of sympathetic nervous system; boost to
parasympathetic nervous system; state of relaxed reverie.
Relaxation response induced.
81. Comparative Still Point Induction Techniques
“Chaotic Attractor”
Technique Induces
Still
Point
Rate of
Induction
Method Effects/Results
Meditation Yes Over Time as
Proficiency is
Achieved
Chant, Mantra,
or Silence
Long-term meditators report heightened mental and
emotional clarity, sense of oneness, unity of Being,
extreme states of compassion and transcendence.
Flotation Tank Yes Over Time as
Proficiency is
Achieved
Weight-
lessness
Systemic boost to HPA axis and simultaneous
calming of SAM axis; expansive awareness of space,
silence, and timelessness.
Anechoic
Chamber
Yes Over Time as
Proficiency is
Achieved
Complete
Silence
Long term users report awareness of nervous system
sounds and induction of relaxation response
phenomena.
Focusing Yes After Repeated
Use
Bodily Felt
Sense/Verbal
Instructions
Shift in Awareness Caused by consciously and
conscientiously connecting with bodily Felt Sense
Alternate Nostril
Breathing
Yes Immediate Modulation of
Breath
Immediate state change caused by deep
diaphragmatic breathing.
Biofeedback Yes Immediate Physiological
Body Feedback
Increased awareness and ability to modulate aspects
of autonomic functions; with practice clients learn to
volitionally make beneficial autonomic changes
without equipment.
Neurofeedback Yes Immediate Brainwave
Feedback
Increased awareness of brainwave patterns
connected to thoughts; with practice clients learn to
flexibly modulate brain wave patterns and
volitionally modify internal processes without
equipment.
Holotrophic
Breathwork
Yes Immediate Modulation of
Breath
Wide range of breath techniques engenders
rebirthing effect; including increased awareness of
pre-natal and post-natal birth experiences.
82. Comparative Still Point Induction Techniques
“Chaotic Attractor”
Technique Induces
Still Point
Rate of
Induction
Method Effects/Results
Meditation Yes Over Time as
Proficiency is
Achieved
Chant, Mantra,
or Silence
Long-term meditators report heightened mental and
emotional clarity, sense of oneness, unity of Being,
extreme states of compassion and transcendence.
Flotation Tank Yes Over Time as
Proficiency is
Achieved
Weight-
lessness
Systemic boost to HPA axis and simultaneous
calming of SAM axis; expansive awareness of
space, silence, and timelessness.
Anechoic
Chamber
Yes Over Time as
Proficiency is
Achieved
Complete
Silence
Long term users report awareness of nervous system
sounds and induction of relaxation response
phenomena.
Focusing Yes After Repeated
Use
Bodily Felt
Sense/Verbal
Instructions
Shift in Awareness Caused by consciously and
conscientiously connecting with bodily Felt Sense
Alternate Nostril
Breathing
Yes Immediate Modulation of
Breath
Immediate state change caused by deep
diaphragmatic breathing.
Biofeedback Yes Immediate Physiological
Body Feedback
Increased awareness and ability to modulate aspects
of autonomic functions; with practice clients learn
to volitionally make beneficial autonomic changes
without equipment.
Neurofeedback Yes Immediate Brainwave
Feedback
Increased awareness of brainwave patterns
connected to thoughts; with practice clients learn to
flexibly modulate brain wave patterns and
volitionally modify internal processes without
equipment.
Holotrophic
Breathwork
Yes Immediate Modulation of
Breath
Wide range of breath techniques engenders
rebirthing effect; including increased awareness of
pre-natal and post-natal birth experiences.
83. Stress-Anxiety-Physical Pain Scale
Rate your current state on a scale from “0” to “10”
“0” you feel great, have no pain, have no distress
“10” you have unbearable pain and are in distress
Category Stress Anxiety Physical
Pain
Mental
Clarity
Before
After
84. Benefits of Epigenetic Alterations
of Mind-Body Equation
Even if we have been set on high-reactive mode for decades
or a lifetime, we can still dial it down. We can respond to life’s
inevitable stressors more appropriately and shift away from
an overactive inflammatory response. We can become
neurobiologically resilient. We can turn bad epigenetics into
good epigenetics and rescue ourselves. We have the capacity,
within ourselves, to create better health. We might call this
brave undertaking ‘the neurobiology of awakening’
(Nakazawa, 2015).
http://aeon.co/magazine/psychology/how-childhood-
biography-shapes-adult-biology/
85. Benefits of Epigenetic Alterations
of Mind-Body Equation
Today, scientists recognise a range of promising approaches to
help create new neurons (known as neurogenesis), make new
synaptic connections between those neurons (known as
synaptogenesis), promote new patterns of thoughts and
reactions, bring underconnected areas of the brain back online –
and reset our stress response so that we decrease the
inflammation that makes us ill (Nakazawa, 2015).
http://aeon.co/magazine/psychology/how-childhood-biography-
shapes-adult-biology/
86. Azam, M., Katz, J., Fashler, S., et al. (2015). Heart rate
variability is enhanced in controls but not maladaptive
perfectionists during brief mindfulness following stress
induction: A stratified-randomized trial. International Journal
of Psychophysiology, 96(3). Retrieved from internet:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167876015
002159 and doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.06.005
Banth S, Ardebil, M. (2015). Effectiveness of mindfulness
meditation on pain and quality of life of patients with chronic
low back pain. Int J Yoga, 8, 128-33. Retrieved from
Internet: http://www.ijoy.org.in/text.asp?2015/8/2/128/1584
76
Barušs, I., van Lier, C., & Ali, D. (2014). Alterations of
consciousness at a self-development. seminar: A Matrix
Energetics seminar survey. Journal of Consciousness
Exploration & Research, 5(11), 1064-1086.
References
87. Bawa, F., Mercer, S. Atherton, R., et al. (2015). Does mindfulness
improve outcomes in chronic pain patients?: Systemic review
and meta-analysis. The British Journal of General Practice,
65(635), e387-400. DOI: 10.3399/bjgp15X685297. Retrieved
from Internet:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26009534
Beary, J., & Benson, H. (1974). A simple psychophysiologic
technique which elicits the hypometabolic changes of the
relaxation response. Psychsom Med, 36, 115-120.
Beaulieu, J. (1987). Music and sound in the healing arts.
Barrytown, NY: Stanton Hill Press, Inc.
Beaulieu, J. (2005). The rhythm of nitric oxide: How a tiny
molecule determines your overall health. Kingston, NY:
EnRhythm, LLC.
Beaulieu, J. (2009). BioSonics, stress science, and nitric oxide
literature review. Stone Ridge, NY: BioSonic Enterprises, Ltd.
88. Beaulieu, J. (2010). Human tuning: Sound healing with tuning
forks. Stone Ridge, NY: BioSonics Enterprises, Ltd.
Behrmann, M., Geng, J., & Shomstein, S. (2004). Parietal cortex
and attention. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 212-217.
Belluscio, M., Mizuseki, K., Schmidt, R., Kempter, R., & Buzsaki,
S. (2012). Cross-frequency phase-phase coupling between
theta and gamma oscillations in the hippocampus. J Neurosci,
32(2), 423-435.
Benson, H. (1983). The relaxation response: Its subjective and
objective historical precedents and physiology. TINS, 6, 281-
284.
Benson H. (1997). The relaxation response: Therapeutic effect.
Science, 278, 1694-1695.
89. Benson, H., & Proctor, W. (2011). Relaxation revolution: The
science and genetics of mind body healing. New York, NY:
Scribner.
Benz, D., Cadet, P., Mantione, K., et al. (2002a). Tonal nitric
oxide and health: A free radical and scavenger of free radicals.
Med Sci Monit, 8(1), RA1-RA4.
Benz, D., Cadet, P., Mantione, et al. (2002b). Tonal nitric oxide
and health: Anti-bacterial and viral actions and implications for
HIV. Med Sci Monit, 8(2), RA:27-31.
Bergaust, L., Van Spanning, R., Frostegard, A., & Bakken, L.
(2011). Expression of nitrous oxide reductase in Parracoccus
denitrifications is regulated by oxygen and nitric oxide through
FnrP and NNR. Microbiology, 158(Pt 3), 826-834.
Bhatnagar, S., & Dallman, M. (1998). Neuroanatomical basis for
facilitation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to a
novel stressor after chronic stress. Neurosci, 84, 1025-1039.
90. Biofeedback, (2011). What is biofeedback? Baltimore, MD:
University of Maryland Medical Center. Retrieved from
http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/biofeedback-
000349.htm.
Biosonics, Inc. (2010). Tuning forks and miscellaneous
information on nitric oxide spiking. Retrieved from
http://www.biosonics.com.
Bird, B., Newton, F., Sheer, D., & Ford, M. (1978a). Biofeedback
training of 40 Hz. EEG in humans. Biofeedback & Self-
Regulation, 3(1), 1-12.
Bird, B., Newton, F., Sheer, D., & Ford, M. (1978b). Behavioral
and electroencephalographic correlates of 40-Hz. EEG
biofeedback training in humans. Biofeedback & Self-Regulation,
3(1), 13-28.
91. Blakeslee, S., & Blakeslee, M. (2008). The body has a mind of its
own: How body maps in your brain help you do almost
everything better. New York, NY: Random House.
Blood, A., & Zatorre, R. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses
to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in
reward and emotion. PNAS, 98(20), 11818-11823.
Blood, A., Zatorre, R., Bermudez, P., & Evans, A. (1999).
Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant music
correlate with activity in paralimbic brain regions. Nat.
Neurosci., 2, 382-387.
Brown, R., & Gerbarg, P. (2005). Yogic breathing and meditation:
When the thalamus quiets the cortex and rouses the limbic
system. Art of Living Foundation. Retrieved from
http://www.aolresearch.org/other_research.html.
92. Brownley, K., McMurray, R., & Hackney, A. (1995). Effects of
music on physiological and affective responses to graded
treadmill exercise in trained and untrained runners.
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 19(3), 193-201.
Burkeman, O. (2015, Jan. 21). Why can’t the world’s greatest
minds solve the mystery of consciousness? TheGuardian.com.
Retrieved from Internet:
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jan/21/-sp-why-
cant-worlds-greatest-minds-solve-mystery-consciousness.
Busch, N., Debener, S., Kranczioch, C., Engel, A., & Herrmann, C.
(2004). Size matters: Effects of stimulus size, duration and
eccentricity on the visual gamma-band response. Clinical
Neurophysiology, 115(8), 1810-1820.
93. Buttagat, V., Eungpinichpong, W., Chatchawan, U., & Kharmwan,
S. (2011). The immediate effects of traditional Thai massage
on heart rate variability and stress-related parameters in
patients with back pain associated with myofascial trigger
points. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 15(1),
15-23.
Buzsaki, G. (2006). Rhythms in the brain. New York, NY: Oxford
University Press.
Cicconi, R., Mariani, F., Cavone, A., Persichini, T., Venturini, G.,
Ongini, E., Colizzi, V., & Colasanti, M. (2004). Inhibitory effects
of NO-releasing ciprofloxacin (NCX976) on mycobacterium
tuberculosis survival. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 48(1),
368.
Clark, A. (1985). Psychological causation and the concept of
psychosomatic disease. In D. Stalker & C. Glymour. (Eds.).
Examining holistic medicine (p. 67-106). Buffalo, NY:
Prometheus Press.
94. Campisi, J., Leem, T., & Fleshner, M. (2002). Acute stress
decreases inflammation at the site of infection: A role for nitric
oxide. Physiology and Behavior, 77, 291-299.
Cardeña, E. (2011). On wolverines and epistemological
totalitarianism. J Sci Explor, 25, 539-551.
Cardeña, E. (2014). A call for an open, informed study of all
aspects of consciousness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,
8(17), 1-4.
Centonze, D., Bracci, E., Pisani, A., Gubellini, P., Bernardi, C., &
Calabresi, P. (2002). Activation of dopamine D1-like receptors
excites LTS interneurons of the striatum. Eur J Neurosci, 15,
2049-2052.
Collins, H. (2010). Tacit and explicit knowledge. Chicago, IL:
University of Chicago Press.
95. Combs, A. (2002). Radiance of being: Understanding the grand
integral vision: Living the integral life. (2nd ed.). St. Paul, MN:
Paragon House.
Combs, A. (2009). Consciousness explained better: Towards an
integral understanding of the multifaceted nature of
consciousness. St. Paul, MN: Paragon House.
Cotman, C., & Berchtold, N. (2002). Exercise: A behavioral
intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends
Neurosci, 25, 295-301.
Craqq, S. (2006). Meaningful silence: How dopamine listens to
Ach pause. Trends Neurosci. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16443285
Crone, N., Sinai, A., & Korzeniewska, A. (2006). A high-
frequency gamma oscillations and human brain mapping with
electrocorticography. Prog Brain Res, 159, 275-95.
96. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Flow: The psychology of optimal
experience. (1st ed.). New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Creativity: Flow and the psychology
of discovery and invention. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Flow: The psychology of optimal
experience. (1st ed.). New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Creativity: Flow and the psychology
of discovery and invention. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
Czachesz, I. (2008). Firewalking and the brain: The physiology of
high-arousal rituals. In Bulbulia, J., Sosis, R., Harris, E., Genet,
R., Genet, C., & Wyman, K. (Eds.). Evolution of religion:
Studies, theories, and critiques (p. 189-195). Santa Monica,
CA: Collins Foundation Press.
97. Damasio, A. (1990). Synchronous activation in multiple cortical
regions: A mechanism for recall. Seminars in the
Neurosciences, 2, 287-296.
Damasio, A. (1999). The feeling of what happens: Body and
emotion in the making of consciousness. New York, NY:
Harcourt Press.
Darling, C. (1935). Firewalking. Nature, 136, 152.
Diederich, N., & Goetz, C. (2008). The placebo treatments in
neurosciences: New insights from clinical and neuroimaging
studies. Neurology, 71(9), 677-684.
Doidge, N. (2007). The brain that changes itself: Stories of
triumph from the frontiers of brain science. New York: Penguin
Books.
98. Draganski B, Gaser C, Kempermann G, Kuhn, G., Winkler, J.,
Büchel, C., & May, A. (2006). Temporal and spatial dynamics
of brain structure changes during extensive learning. J
Neurosci, 26, 6314–6317.
Driver, J., & Spence, C. (1998). Cross-modal links in spatial
attention. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London, B, 353, 1319-1331.
Drohan, M. (1999). From myth to reality: How music changes
matter. Complementary Health Practices Review, 5, 25-33.
Duke University Medical Center. (2008, May 23). Major ‘missed’
biochemical pathway emerges as important in virtually all cells.
Science Daily. Retrieved from internet:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/08052214520
9.htm.
99. Dusek, J., Chang, B., Zaki, J., Lazar, S., Deykin, A., Stefano, G.,
Wohlhueter, A., Hibberd, P., & Benson, H. (2006). Association
between oxygen consumption and nitric oxide production
during the relaxation response. Med Sci Monit, 12(1), CR1-
CR10.
Dusek, J., Hibberd, P., Buczynski, B., Chang, B., Dusek, K.,
Johnson, J., Wohlhueter, A., Benson, H., & Zusman, R. (2008).
Stress management versus lifestyle modification on systolic
hypertension and medication elimination: A randomized trial. J
Altern Complement Med, 14(2), 129-138.
Dusek, J., Otu, H., Wohlhueter, A., Bhasin, M., Zerbini, L. Joseph,
M., Benson, H., & Liberman, T. (2008). Genomic counter-stress
changes induced by the relaxation response. PLoS One, 3(7),
e2576.
Eccleston, C., & Crombez, G. (1999). Pain demand attention: A
cognitive affective model of the interruptive function of pain.
Psychological Bulletin, 125, 356-366.
100. Elam, R., et al. (1989). Effects of arginine and ornithine on
strength, lean body mass and urinary hydroxyproline in adult
males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 29(1), 52-56.
Epel, E., Blackburn, E., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F., & Adler, N. (2004).
Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 17312-17315.
Erez, A., et al. (2011). Requirement of argininosuccinate lyase for
systemic nitric oxide production. Nature Medicine, 17, 1619–
1626.
Esch, T., Guarna, M., Bianchi, E., Zhu, W., & Stefano, G. (2004).
Commonalities in the central nervous system’s involvement
with complementary medical therapies: Limbic morphinergic
processes. Med Sci Monit, 10(6), MS6-17. PMID: 15173679.
Esch, T., & Stefano, G. (2004). The neurobiology of pleasure,
reward processes, addiction and their health implications.
Neuroendocrinol Lett, 25(4), 235-251.
101. Esch, T., & Stefano, G. (2005). The neurobiology of love.
Neuroendocrinol Lett, 26(3), 175-192.
Esch, T., & Stefano, G. (2010). The neurobiology of stress
management. Neuro Endocrinol Lett, 31(1), 19-39.
Esch, T., Fricchione, G., Stefano, G. (2003). The therapeutic use
of the relaxation response in stress related diseases. Med Sci
Monit, 9(2), RA23-RA34.
Esch, T., Stefano, G., Fricchione, G., & Benson, H. (2002). Stress-
related diseases: A potential role for nitric oxide. Med Sci
Monit, 8(6), RA103-RA118.
Farrer, C., & Frith, C. (2002). Experiencing oneself vs. another
person as being the cause of action: The neural correlates of
the experience of agency. Neuroimage, 15, 596-603.
102. Fehmi, L., & Robbins, J. (2007). The open focus brain: Harnessing
the power of attention to heal mind and body. Boston, MA:
Trumpeter.
Fehmi, L., & Robbins, J. (2010). Dissolving pain: Simple brain-
training exercises for overcoming chronic pain. (Includes
Dissolving Pain CD). Boston, MA: Trumpeter.
Fisher, R. (1971). A cartography of ecstatic and meditative states.
Science, 174, 897-904.
Fisher, R. (1973). A cartography of the ecstatic and meditative
states. Leonardo, 6(1), 59-66.
Field, P. (1972). A quantitative ultra structural analysis of the
distribution of amygdaloid fibers in the preoptic area and the
ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Experimental Brain
Research, 14(5), 527-538.
Fields, C. (2013). A whole box of Pandoras: Systems, boundaries
and free will in quantum theory. Journal of Experimental &
Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 25(3), 291-302. Retrieved
from Internet: DOI: 10.1080/0952813X.2013.782981.
103. Fields, H., & Levine, J. (1984). Placebo analgesia: A role for
endorphins? Trends in Neuroscience, Aug., 27-29.
Fleshner, M., & Laudenslager, M. (2004).
Psychoneuroimmunology: Then and now. Behav Cogn Neurosci
Rev, 3(2), 114-130.
Foote, S., Bloom, F., Aston-Jones. G. (1983). Nucleus locus
coeruleus: New evidence of anatomical and physiological
specificity. Physiol Rev, 63, 844–914.
Ford, M., Bird, B., Newton, F., & Sheer, D. (1980). Maintenance
and generalization of 40-Hz EEG biofeedback effects.
Biofeedback & Self-Regulation, 5(2), 193-205.
Fricchione, G., & Stefano, G. (2005). Placebo neural systems:
nitric oxide, morphine and the dopamine brain reward and
motivation circuitries. Medical Science Monitor, 11(5), MS54-
MS65.
104. Fujisawa, S., & Busaki, G. (2011). A 4Hz oscillation adaptively
synchronizes prefrontal, VTA, and hippocampal activities.
Neuron, 72(1), 153-165.
Genz, H. (1999). Nothingness: The science of empty space.
(Karin Heusch, Trans.). Reading, MA: Perseus Books.
Firewalking: Scientific tests. (1937). Nature, 139, 660.
Fischl, B., & Dale, A. (2000). Measuring the thickness of the
human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, 11050–5.
Funderbank, J. (1977). Science studies of yoga: A review of the
physiological data. Glenview, IL: Himalayan International
Institute.
Gelhorn, E. (1970). The emotions and ergotropic and trophotropic
systems. Psychologische Forsching, 34, 68-94.
105. Gendlin, E. (1981). Focusing. (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Bantam
Books.
Geneeskd, N. (1998). Nobel prize in Medicine and Physiology
1998 for the discovery of the role of nitric oxide as a signaling
molecule. Pub Med, 142(52), 2828-2830. Retrieved from
internet: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10065255.
Geraskov, E. (1994). The internal contradiction and the
unconscious sources of activity. Journal of Psychology:
Interdisciplinary and Applied, 128(6), 625-634.
Gerber, R. (1988). Vibrational medicine: New choices for healing
ourselves. Santa Fe, NM: Bear & Company.
Giorgi, A. (1997). The theory, practice, and evaluation of the
phenomenological method as a qualitative research procedure.
Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 28(2), 235-260.
106. Glaser, J., Brind, J., Vogelman, J., Eisner, M., Dillbeck, M.,
Wallace, R., Chopra, D., & Orentreich, N. (1992). Elevated
serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in practitioners of
the transcendental meditation (TM) and TM-Sidhi programs. J
Behav Med, 15, 327–341.
Gold I. (1999). Does 40-Hz oscillation play a role in visual
consciousness? Conscious Cogn, 8, 186–95.
Goleman, D. (1988). The Meditative Mind. Los Angeles, CA:
Jeremy Tarcher.
Goodman, F. (1990). Where the Spirits ride the wind: Trance
journeys and other Ecstatic experiences. (A Midland Book Ed.).
Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Goodman, F., & Nauwald, N. (2003). Ecstatic trance: New ritual
body postures. (Workbook Ed.). Havelte, Netherlands: Binkey
Kok.
107. Gopher, D. (1993). The skill of attentional control: Acquisition and
execution of attentional strategies. In S. Kornblum & D. E.
Meyer (Eds.). Attention and performance, XIV: Synergies in
experimental psychology, artificial intelligence and cognitive
neuroscience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gore, B. (1995). Ecstatic body postures: An alternate reality
workbook. (Workbook Ed.). Rochester, VT: Bear and Company.
Grof, S., & Grof, C. (2010). Holotropic breathwork: A new
approach to self-exploration and therapy. (SUNY Series in
Transpersonal and Humanistic Psychology). Albany, NY: State
University of New York Press.
Gruzelier, J., & Egner, T. (2005). Critical validation studies of
neurofeedback. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clinics N Am, 14(1),
83-104.
108. Gruzelier, J., Egner, T., & Vernon, C. (2006). Validating the
efficacy of neurofeedback for optimizing performance. Progress
in Brain Research, 159, 421-431.
Guastella, A., Mitchell, P., & Dads, M. (2008). Oxytocin increases
gaze to the eye region of human faces. Biological Psychiatry,
305, 3-5.
Guoyao, W., & Meininger, C. (2000). Arginine nutrition and
cardiovascular function. J Nutr, 130, 2626-2629.
Guoyao, W., & Morris, S. (1998). Arginine metabolism: Nitric
oxide and beyond. Biochem J, 336, 1-17.
Haig, A., De Pascalis V., & Gordon, E. (1999): Peak gamma
latency correlated with reaction time in conventional oddball
paradigm. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110 (1), 158-165.
109. Halpern, S., & Savary, L. (1985). Sound health: The music and
sounds that make us whole. (1st ed.). New York, NY:
Harpercollins.
Hammond, C. (2000). Clinical corner: The role of 40 hertz activity
and training. Journal of Neurotherapy, 4(2), 95-100.
Hanajima, R., Terao, Y., Hamada, M., Okabe, S., Nakatani-
Enomoto, S., Furubayashi, T., Yugeta, A., Inomata-Terada, S.,
& Ugawa, Y. (2009). Forty-hertz triple-pulse stimulation
induces motor cortical facilitation in humans. Brain Research,
1296, 15-23.
Halpern, S., & Savary, L. (1985). Sound health: The music and
sounds that make us whole. (1st ed.). New York, NY:
Harpercollins.
Hammond, C. (2000). Clinical corner: The role of 40 hertz activity
and training. Journal of Neurotherapy, 4(2), 95-100.
110. Hanajima, R., Terao, Y., Hamada, M., Okabe, S., Nakatani-
Enomoto, S., Furubayashi, T., Yugeta, A., Inomata-Terada, S.,
& Ugawa, Y. (2009). Forty-hertz triple-pulse stimulation
induces motor cortical facilitation in humans. Brain Research,
1296, 15-23.
Hedaya, R. (2011). Laughing gas (nitrous oxide) is no laughing
matter. Health Matters Blog. Retrieved from
http://www.wholepsych.com/blog/?tag=/nitrous+oxide.
Hays, J. (1998). How the brain talks to itself: A clinical primer of
psychotherapeutic neuroscience. New York, NY: The Haworth
Press.
Hilgard, E. (1986). Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in
human thought and action. (Expanded ed.). New York, NY:
Wiley.
111. Hinterberger, T., Zlabinger, M., & Blaser, K. (2014).
Neurophysiological correlates of various mental perspectives.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(637), 100-115.
Hirst, W. (1986). The psychology of attention. In J. E. LeDoux &
W. Hirst. (Eds.). Mind and brain: Dialogues in cognitive
neuroscience. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hutchison, M. (1996). Megabrain: New tools and techniques for
brain growth and mind expansion. New York, NY: Ballantine
Books.
Indian fire-walk. (1935). Lancet, 229, 750.
Iwanaga, M., & Tsukamoto, M. (1997). Effects of excitative and
sedative music on subjective and physiological relaxation.
Perception Motor Skills, 85(1), 287-296.
112. Jacobs, T., Epel, E., Lin, J., Blackburn, E., Wolkowitz, O, Bridwell,
D., Zanesco, A., Aichele, S., Sahdra, B., MacLean, K., King, B.,
Shaver, P., Rosenberg ,E., Ferrer, E., Wallace, B., & Saron, C.
(2011). Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase
activity and psychological mediators.
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 664–81.
Kal, J., Van Wezel, H., Porsius, M., Vergroesen, I., & Spaan, J.
(2000). Metabolic coronary-flow regulation and exogenous
nitric oxide in human coronary disease: Assessment by
intravenous administration of nitroglycerin. J Cardiovascular
Pharm, 35(1), 7-15.
Kemper, K., Mo, X.,, & Khayat, R. (2015). Are mindfulness and
self compassion associated with sleep and resilience in health
professionals? Journal of Alternative and Complementary
Medicine. Retrieved from Internet:
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/acm.2014.02
81
113. Kim, J., Koo, J., Lee, H., & Han, J. (2005). Amygdalar inactivation
blocks stress-induced impairments in hippocampal long term
potentiation and spatial memory. J Neurosci, 25, 1532-1539.
Kobasa, S., Maddi, S., & Puccetti, M. (1982). Personality and
exercise as buffers in the stress-illness relationship. Journal of
Behavioral Medicine, 5, 391-404.
Kobasa, S., Maddi, S., Puccetti, M., & Zola, M. (1985).
Effectiveness of hardiness, exercise, and social support as
resources against illness. J of Psychosomatic Research, 29,
525-533.
Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P., Fischbacher, & Fehr, E.
(2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435, 673-
676.
Kossak, M. (2007). Attunement: Embodied transcendent
experience explored through sound and rhythmic
improvisation. (Doctoral dissertation). ProQuest UMI
Dissertation Publishing. Retrieved from internet:
http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/304833022.html?FMT=AI
Kraus, N., & Nicol, T. (2005). Brainstem origins for cortical ‘what’
and ‘where’ pathways in the auditory system. Trends Neurosci,
28(4), 176–181.
114. Kraus, N., Strait, D., & Parbery-Clark, A. (2012). Cognitive factors
shape brain networks for auditory skills: Spotlight on auditory
working memory. Annals of the NY Academy of Science, 1252,
100-107.
Lawlis, G. (1996). Transpersonal medicine: The new approach to
healing body-mind-spirit. Boston, MA: Shambhala.
Lawlis, G., Selby, D., Hinnant, G., & McCoy, C. (1985). Reduction
of postoperative pain parameters by presurgical relaxation
instruction for spinal pain patients. Spine, 10, 163-171.
Lazar, S., Bush, G., Gollub, R., Fricchione, G., Khalsa, G., Benson,
H. (2000). Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response
and meditation. Neuroreport, 11(7), 1581-1585.
Lazar, S., Kerr, C., Wasserman, R., Gray, J., et al. (2005).
Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical
thickness. Neuroreport, 16, 1893–7.
115. Lebois, L., Papies, E., Gopinath, K., Cabanban, R., Quigley, K.,
Krishnamurthy, V., Barrett, L., & Barsalou, L. (2015). A Shift in
Perspective: Decentering through Mindful Attention to
Imagined Stressful Events. Neuropsychologia, Emory University
and Harvard Medical School. Retrieved from Internet:
http://psychology.emory.edu/cognition/barsalou/papers/Lebois
_et_al-Neuropsychologia_in_press-decentering_stress.pdf
Leiderman, P. (1964). Imagery and sensory deprivation.
Proceedings of the Third World Congress in Psychiatry, 227-
231.
LeShan, L. (1977). You can fight for your life: Emotional factors in
the causation of cancer. NY: Jove Publications, Inc.
Levine, P., et al. (1977). EEG coherence during the
Transcendental Meditation program. Vol. I. (p. 187-207).
Livingston Manor, NY: Maharishi European Research University
Press.
116. Li, Y., Field, M., & Raisman, G. (2005). Olfactory ensheathing
cells and olfactory nerve fibroblasts maintain continuous open
channels for regrowth of olfactory nerve fibers. Glia, 52(3),
245-251.
Li, Q., Li, P., Garcia, G., Johnson, R., & Feng, L. (2005). Genomic
profiling of neutophil transcripts in Asian Qigong practitioners:
A pilot study in gene regulation by mind-body interaction. J
Altern Complement Med, 11, 29-39.
Lilly, J. (1977). The deep self: Profound relaxation and the tank
isolation technique. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
Lipton, B. (2005). The biology of belief: Unleashing the power of
consciousness, matter and miracles. Santa Rosa, CA: Mountain
of Love/Elite Books.
117. Liu, D., Fernandez, B., Lang, N., et al. (2013). UVA lowers blood
pressure and vasodialates the systemic arterial vasculature by
mobilisation of cutaneous nitric oxide stores. Journal of
Investigative Dermatology, 133( S212), 1247.
Llinas, R., Ribary, U., Contreras, D., & Pedroarena, C. (1998). The
neuronal basis for consciousness. Philosophical Society of the
Royal Society of London B, 353, 1841-1849.
Loehr, J., & Schwartz, T. (2003). The power of full engagement:
Managing energy, not time, is the key to higher performance
and personal renewal. New York, NY: Free Press.
Long, R., Jones, R., Talbot, J., Mayers, I., Barrie, J., Hoskinson,
M., & Light, B. (2005). Inhaled nitric oxide treatment of
patients with pulmonary tuberculosis evidenced by positive
sputum smears. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49(3), 1209-
1212.
118. Long, R., Light, B., & Talbot, J. (1999). Mycobacteriocidal action
of exogenous nitric oxide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother,
43(2), 403-404.
Lowson, S. (2003). Nitric oxide signaling and clinical alternatives
to nitric oxide. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 7, 239-252.
Ludwig, A. (1966). The formal character of therapeutic insight.
American Journal of Psychotherapy, 20, 305-318.
Ludwig, K. (2007). The epistemology of thought experiment: First
person versus third person approaches. Midwest Studies in
Philosophy, XXXI, 128-159.
Lutz, A., Lachaux, J., Martinerie, J., & Varela, F. (2002). Guiding
the study of brain dynamics using first person data: Synchrony
patterns correlate with on-going conscious states during a
simple visual task. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the USA, 99, 1586-1591.
119. Lutz, A., Greischar, L.L., Rawlings, N., Ricard, M., & Davidson,
R.J. (2004): Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude
gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 101(46), 16369-16373.
Macaluso, E., Eimer, M., Firth, C., & Driver, J. (2003). Preparatory
states in cross-modal spatial attention: Spatial specificity and
possible control mechanisms. Experimental Brain Research,
149, 62-74.
MacMillan, L. (2012, Jan. 20th). Studies shed new light on how
nitric oxide is produced. Research News at Vanderbilt
University. Retrieved from Internet:
http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2012/01/nitric-oxide-productio/.
Maniscalco, M., Sofia, M., Weitzberg, E., De Laurentiis, G.,
Stanziola, A., Rossillo, V., Lundberg, J. (2004). Humming-
induced release of nasal nitric oxide for assessment of sinus
obstruction in allergic rhinitis: Pilot study. Eur J Clin Invest,
34(8), 555-560.
120. Mantione, K. Cadet, P., Zhu, W., Kream, R., Sheehan, M.,
Fricchione, G., Goumon, Y., Esch, T., & Stefano, G. (2008).
Endogenous morphine signaling via nitric oxide regulates the
expression of the CYP2D6 and COMT: Autocrine/paracrine
feedback inhibition. Addiction Biology, 13(1), 118-123.
Marks, D. (1986). Intentionality and autonomy of verbal imagery
in altered states of consciousness. Behavioral and Brain
Science, 9(3), 529-530.
Marsh, C. (1977). A framework for describing subjective states of
consciousness. In N. E. Zinberg. (Ed.). Alternate states of
consciousness (p. 124-144). New York, NY: MacMillan.
Martin, J. (2014). Clusters of Individual Experiences form a
Continuum of Persistent Non-Symbolic Experiences in Adults.
Center for the Study of Non-Symbolic Consciousness.
(Abstract, p. 1-37). Retrieved from Internet: www.Non-
Symbolic.org; www.DrJefferyMartin.com.
121. Martin, R. (2001). Humor, laughter, and physical health:
Methodological issues and research findings. Psychol Bull, 127,
504–519.
Maslow, A. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New
York, NY: Viking.
Mata-Greenwood, E., & Chen, D. (2008). Racial differences in
nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation. Reproductive Sciences,
15(1), 9-25.
Mattingley, J., Driver, J., Beschin, N., Robertson, I. (1997).
Attentional competition between modalities: Extinction
between touch and vision after right hemisphere damage.
Neuropsychologia, 35, 867-880.
McCelland, D., Ross, G., Patel, V. (1985). The effect of an
academic examination on salivary norepinephrine and
immunoglobulin levels. Journal of Human Stress, 11(2), 52-59.
122. McEwen, B. (1998a). Protective and damaging effects of stress
mediators. N Engl J Med, 338, 171-179.
McEwen, B. (1998b). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis
and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences, 840, 33-44.
McEwen, B. (2000). The neurobiology of stress: From serendipity
to clinical relevance. Brain Research, 866, 172-189.
McEwen, B. (2002). Sex, stress, and the hippocampus: Allostasis,
allostatic load, and the aging process. Neurobiology of Aging,
23, 921-939.
McEwen, B. (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and
adaption: Central role of the brain. Physiol Rev, 87, 873-904.
Retrieved from
http://physrev.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/87/3/873#BIBL.
123. McGaugh J. (2004). The amygdala modulates the consolidation of
memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Ann Rev
Neurosci, 27, 1–28.
McKinney, C., Antoni, M., Kumar, M., Tims, F., & McCabe, P.
(1997). Effects of guided imagery and music (GIM) therapy on
mood and cortisol in healthy adults. Health Psychology, 16(4),
390-400.
McKinney, C., Tims, F., Kumar, A, & Kumar, M. (1997). The effect
of selected classical music and spontaneous imagery on plasma
beta-endorphin. J of Behav Med, 29(1), 85-99.
McLean, J., Shipley, M., Nickell, W., Aston-Jones, G., & Reyher, C.
(1989). Chemoanatomical organization of the noradrenergic
input from locus coeruleus to the olfactory bulb of the adult
rat. J Comp Neurol, 285, 339-349.
Michelon, P. (2008). Brain plasticity: How learning changes your
brain. Retrieved from http://www.sharpbrains.com.
124. Miltner, W. H. R., Braun, C., Arnold, M., Witte, H., & Taub, E.
(1999). Coherence of gamma-band EEG activity as a basis for
associative learning. Nature, 397, 434-436.
Momen, M. (1984). The psychology of mysticism and its
relationship to the Baha’i Faith. Baha’i Studies Bulletin, 2, 4-
21. Retrieved from http://bahai-
library.org/articles/mysticism.momen.html.
Monroe, R. (1992). Journeys out of the body. New York, NY:
Broadway Books.
Montgomery, S., Sirota, A., & Buzsaki, G. (2008). Theta and
gamma coordination of hippocampal networks during waking
and rapid eye movement sleep. J Neurosci, 28(26), 6731-
6741.
125. Morita, K., Saito, T., Ohta, M., Ohmori, T., Kawai, K., Teshima-
Kondo, S., &, Rokutan, K. (2005). Expression analysis of
psychological stress-associated genes in peripheral blood
leukocytes. Neurosci Lett, 381, 57-62.
Mullooly, V., Levin, R., & Feldman, H. (1988). Music for
postoperative pain and anxiety. Journal of New York State
Nurses Association, 19, 4-7.
Nakao, M., Myers, P., Fricchione, G., Zuttermeister, P., Barsky,
A., & Benson, H. (2001). Somatization and symptom reduction
through a behavioral medicine intervention in a mind/body
clinic. Behav Med, 26, 169-176.
Nakazawa, D. (2015). Childhood Disrupted: How Your Biography
Becomes Your Biology, and How You Can Heal. Adapted and
Reprinted abstract. London, UK: Aeon Media Ltd. Retrieved
from Internet:
http://aeon.co/magazine/psychology/how-childhood-biography-
shapes-adult-biology/
126. Narin, O., Pinar, L., Erbas, D., Ozturk, V., Idiman, F. (2003). The
effects of exercise and exercise-related changes in blood nitric
oxide level on migraine headache. Clin Rehabil, 17, 624-630.
Northrup, C. (2008). The secret pleasures of menopause.
Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, Inc.
Olson, K., & Kemper, K. (2014). Factors associated with well-
being and confidence in providing compassionate care. Journal
of Evidenced-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine,
19(4), 292-296. Retrieved from Internet: http://self-
compassion.org/wp-
content/uploads/2015/03/Olson.Kemper.pdf and DOI:
10.1177/2156587214539977.
Othmer, S. (2007/2003). Overview of neurofeedback
mechanisms. The EEG Institute. Retrieved from Internet:
http://www.eeginfo.com/research/research_text.html.
127. Overgaard, M., Gallagher, S., & Ramsoy, T. (2008). An
integration of first person methodologies in cognitive science.
Journal of Consciousness Studies, 15(5), 100-120.
Paller, K. & Sukuki, S. (2014). The source of consciousness.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(8), 387-389. Retrieved from
Internet: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.05.012
Palmer, H. (Ed.). (1998). Inner knowing: Consciousness,
creativity, insight, intuition. New York, NY: Penguin Putnam
Inc.
Peng, C., Henry, I., Mietus, J., Hausdorff, J., Khalsa, G., Benson,
H., & Goldberger, A. (2004). Heart rate dynamics during three
forms of meditation. Int J Cardiol, 95, 19-27.
Petrozzo, R., Mohr, J., Mantione, K., & Goldstein, L. (2014). The
role of endogenous morphine and nitric oxide in pain
management. Practical Pain Management, 14(9), 1-3.
128. Petrovic, P., Kalisch, R., Singer, T., & Dolan, R. (2008). Oxytocin
attenuates evaluations of conditioned faces and amygdala
activity. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 6607-6615.
Pillay, S. (2010). Life unlocked: 7 revolutionary lessons to
overcome fear. New York, NY: Rodale, Inc.
Pillay, S. (2011). Your brain and business: The neuroscience of
great leaders. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
Polanyi, M. (1964). Science, faith, and society: A searching
examination of the meaning and nature of scientific inquiry.
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Polanyi, M. (1969). Knowing and being. M. Greene. (Ed.).
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Polanyi, M. (1983). The tacit dimension. Glouster, MA: Peter
Smith.
129. Polanyi, M., & Prosch, H. (1977). Meaning. Chicago, IL: University
of Chicago Press.
Pribram, K. (1979). Holographic memory: An interview by Daniel
Goleman. Psychology Today, 12(9), 72.
Spreekmeester, E., & Rochford, J. (2000). Selective mu and
delta, but not kappa, opiate receptor antagonists inhibit the
habituation of novelty-induced hypoalgesia in the rat.
Psychopharmacology (Berl), 148(1), pp. 99-105.
Pryor, S., Zhu, W., Cadet, P., et al. (2005). Endogenous
morphine: Opening new doors for the treatment of pain and
addiction. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 5, 893-906.
Purves, D., Augustine, G., et al. (Eds.). (2001). Stages of sleep.
Neuroscience. (2nd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
130. Raghuraj, P., Ramakrishna, A., & Nagendra, H. (1998). Effect of
two related yogic breathing techniques on heart rate
variability. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 42(4), 467-472.
Raisman, G. (1972). An experimental study of the projection of
the amygdala to the accessory olfactory bulb and its
relationship to the concept of a dual olfactory system.
Experimental Brain Research, 14(4), 395-408.
Raudenbush, B. (2012). WJU professor and students find jasmine
odor leads to more restful sleep, decreased anxiety and greater
mental performance. Wheeling, VA: Wheeling Jesuit University.
Retrieved from Internet:
http://www.wju.edu/about/adm_news_story.asp?iNewsID=539
&strBack=/about/adm_news_archive.asp.
Rider, M., & Achterberg, J. (1989). Effect of music-assisted
imagery on neutrophils and lymphocytes. Biofeedback Self-
Regulation, 14(3), 247-257.
131. Rider, M., Achterberg, J., Lawlis, G., Goven, A., Toledo, R., &
Butler, J. (1990). Effects of immune systems on secretory IgA.
Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 15(4), 317-332.
River, C. (1998). Role of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in
modulating the ACTH response to immune and nonimmune
signals. Neuroimmunomodulation, 5(3-4), 203-213.
Rosen, J. (2004). The neurobiology of conditioned and
unconditioned fear: A neurobehavioral system analysis of the
amygdala. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev, 3(1), 23-41.
Rubik, B. (2011). Neurofeedback-enhanced gamma brainwaves
from the prefrontal cortical region of meditators and non-
meditators and associated subjective experiences. The Journal
of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17(2), 109-115.
Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2001). Effect of subjective perspective
taking during simulation of action: A PET investigation of
agency. Nature Neuroscience, 4(5), 546-550.
132. Sabolek, H., Penley, S., Hinman, J., Bunce, J., Markus, J., Escabi,
M. & Chrobak, J. (2009). Theta and gamma coherence along
the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus. J Neurophysiol,
101, 1192-1200.
Salamon, E., Esch, T., & Stefano, G. (2005). The role of the
amygdale in mediating sexual and emotional behavior via
coupled nitric oxide release. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 26,
389-395.
Salamon, E., Esch, T., & Stefano, G. (2006). Pain and relaxation:
A review. Int J Mol Med, 18(3), 465-470.
Salamon, E., Kim, M., Beaulieu, J., & Stefano, G. (2003). Sound
therapy induced relaxation: Down regulating stress processes
and pathologies. Med Sci Monit, 9(5), RA116-RA121.
133. Samuelson, M., Foret, M., Baim, M., Lerner, J., Fricchione, G.,
Benson, H., Dusek, J., & Yeung, A. (2010). Exploring the
effectiveness of a comprehensive mind-body intervention for
medical symptom relief. J Altern Complement Med, 16(2), 187-
192.
Sanella, L. (1976). Kundalini: Psychosis or transcendence? San
Francisco, CA: H. S. Dakin Company.
Sauvé, K. (1999). Gamma-band synchronous oscillations: Recent
evidence regarding their functional significance. Consciousness
and Cognition, 8(2), 213-224. Schacter, D. (1976). The
hypnagogic state: A critical review of the literature.
Psychological Bulletin, 83, 452-481.
Scheffzuk, C., Kukushka, V., Vyssotski, A., Draguhn, A., Tort, A.,
& Brankack, J. (2011). Selective coupling between theta phase
and neocortical fast gamma oscillations during REM sleep in
mice. PLoS One, 6(12), e28489.
134. Schneider, J. (1984). Imagery and disease. In J. Achterberg & G.
F. Lawlis. Imagery and disease (p. 144-154). Champaign, IL:
IPAT.
Schwartz, J. & Begley, S. (2002). The mind & the brain:
Neuroplasticity and the power of mental force. New York, NY:
Harper Perennial.
Segerstrom, S., & Miller, G. (2004). Psychological stress and the
human immune system: A meta-analytic study of 30 years of
inquiry. Psychol Bull, 130, 601–30.
Seidler, M., Uckert, S., Waldkirch E, Stief, C., Oelke, M., Tsikas,
D., Sohn, M., & Jonas, U. (2002). In vitro effects of a novel
class of nitric oxide (NO) donating compounds on isolated
human erectile tissue. Eur Urol, 42(5), 523-528.
Sela-Smith, S. (2003a). Finding the still point: Chapter one.
(February). Infinite Connections. Retrieved from
http://www.infiniteconnections.us/finding-the-still-point-
chapter-one-february-2003#more-233.
135. Seligman, M. (1998). Learned optimism: How to change your
mind and your life. New York, NY: Pocket Books.
Selye, H. (1946). The general adaptation syndrome and diseases
of adaptation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, 6, 111-230.
Selye, H. (1974). Stress without distress. (1st ed.). Baltimore,
MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkens.
Shapiro, D. (1977). A biofeedback strategy of consciousness. In
N. E. Zinberg. (Ed.). Alternate states of consciousness (p. 145-
157). New York, NY: Macmillan.
Shiffrin, R. (1988). Attention. In R. C. Atkinson, G. Lindzey, & R.
D. Lee. (Eds.). Stevens handbook of experimental psychology:
Learning and cognition. (2nd ed.). (p. 738-811). New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
136. Shinde, U., Mehta, A., & Goyal, R. (2000). Nitric oxide: A
molecule of the millennium. Indian J Exp Biol, 38(3), 201-210.
Siebert, A. (2005). The resiliency advantage: Master change,
thrive under pressure, and bounce back from setbacks. San
Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
Simpkiss, J., & Devine, D. (2002). Responses of the HPA axis
after chronic variable stress: Effects of novel and familiar
stressors. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 24(1-2), 97-103.
Simon, R., & Engstrom, M. (2015). The default mode network as
a biomarker for monitoring the therapeutic effects of
meditation. Frontiers in Psychology, June 9, Perspective Article.
Retrieved from Internet:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.0077
6/full and http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00776
137. Simpson, J., & Rholes, W. (1994). Stress and secure base
relationships in adulthood. In K. Bartholomew, & D. Perlman.
(Eds.). Advances in personal relationships: Attachment
processes in adulthood (p. 181-204). London, UK: Kingsley.
Singh, L., Lancioni, G., Karazsia, B., et al. (2015). Effects of
Samantha meditation on active academic engagement and
math performance of students with attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mindfulness. Retrieved from
Internet: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12671-
015-0424-5#page-1 and DOI: 10.1007/s12671-015-0424-5.
Slobada, J. (1999). The musical mind: The cognitive psychology
of music. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Spanos, N., Cross, W., Lepage, M, & Coristine, M. (1986).
Glossolalia as learned behavior: An experimental
demonstration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 21-23.
138. Spiro, S. (2012). Nitrous oxide production and consumption:
Regulation of gene expression by gas-sensitive transcription
factors. Phil Trans R Soc B, 367(1593), 1212-1225.
Srednicki, M. (2007). Quantum field theory. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Stanford Cognition Textbook. (2006). Chapter 3: Attention. Palo
Alto, CA: Stanford University. Retrieved from Internet:
http://www-
psych.stanford.edu/~ashas/Cognition%20Textbook/chapter3.p
df
Stanford University. (2011). Quantum approaches to
consciousness. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved
from Internet: http://www.plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-
consciousness.
Steelman, V. (1990). Interoperative music therapy effects on
anxiety, blood pressure. AORN Journal, 52, 1026-1034.
139. Stefano, G. (2003). Biomedical significance of nitric oxide. New
York, NY: Medical Science International.
Stefano, G., Benson, H., Frichionne, G., & Esch, T. (2005). The
stress response: Always good and when it is bad. New York,
NY: Medical Science International.
Stefano, G., & Magazine, H. (2001). Nitric oxide autoregulation
and its significance. Modern Aspects of Immunobiology, 1, 182-
186.
Stefano, G., Salzet, M., & Magazine, H. (2003). Cyclic nitric oxide
release by human granulocytes, and invertebrate ganglia and
immunocytes: Nano-technological enhancement of
amperometric nitric oxide determination. Med Sci Monit, 8(6),
BR199-204. PMID: 12070423. Retrieved from Internet:
http://www.biosonics.com/uploads2011/CyclicNitricOxide.pdf
140. Stein, M., Schiavi, R., Camerino, M. (1976). Influence of brain
and behavior on the immune system. Science, 191, 435-440.
Steiner, R. (2009). How to know higher worlds. Radford, VA:
Wilder Publications.
Sterling, P., & Eyer, J. (1988). Allostasis: A new paradigm to
explain arousal pathology. In S. Fisher, & J. Reason. (Eds.).
Handbook of Life Stress, Cognition and Health (p. 629-649).
New York, NY: Wiley.
Stoff, J. (1992). Chronic fatigue syndrome: The hidden epidemic.
(2nd revised ed.) New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
Stone, A., Cox, D., Valdimarsdottir, H., Jandorf, L., & Neale, J.
(1987). Evidence the secretory IgA antibody is associated with
daily mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52,
988-993.
141. Styles, E. (2005). Attention perception and memory: An
integrated introduction. London, UK: Routledge.
Styles, E. (2006). The psychology of attention. (2nd ed.). Hove,
UK: Psychology Press.
Sui-Kok, C. (1991). Pranic healing. York Beach, ME: Samuel
Weiser, Inc.
Surani, M. (2001). Reprogramming of genome function through
epigenetic inheritance. Nature, 414, 122-123.
Taddei, S., Virdis, A., Ghiadoni, L., Salvetti, G., Bernini, G.,
Magagna, A., & Salvetti, A. Age-related reduction of NO
availability and oxidative stress in humans. Hypertension,
38(2), 274-279.
Tan, C., & Bullock, D. (2008). A dopamine-acetylcholine cascade:
Simulating learned and lesion-induced behavior of striatal
cholinergic interneurons. J Neurophysiol, 100(4), 2409-2421.
142. Taren, A., Gianaros, P., Greco, C., et al. (2015). Mindfulness
Meditation Training Alters Stress-Related Amygdala Resting
State Functional Connectivity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Social and Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, Advance Access.
Retrieved from Internet:
http://scan.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/06/05/scan.
nsv066.abstract and DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv066
Taub, M., Murad, F., & Oliphant, D. (2006). The wellness solution.
Cleveland, OH: World Almanac Library.
Taylor, J. (2008). My stroke of insight: A brain scientist’s personal
journey. New York, NY: Viking.
Taylor, S., Klien, C., Lewis, B., Gruenewald, T., Gurung, R., &
Updegraff, J. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in
females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological
Review, 107, 411-429.
143. Tedeschi, R., & Calhoun, L. (1995). Trauma and transformation:
Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Tedeschi, R., Park, C., & Calhoun, L. (Eds.). (1998).
Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of
crisis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Tegmark, M. (2015). Consciousness as a state of matter.
Quantum Physics, Vol 3, Cornell University Library. Retrieved
from Internet: arxiv.org/pdf/1401.1219v3.pdf
Tervaniemi, M., IIvonen, T. Karma, K., Albo, K, & Naatanen, R.
(1997). The musical brain: Brain waves reveal the
neurophysiological basis of musicality in human subjects.
Neuroscience Letter, 226(1), 1-4.
Thomas, E. (1934). The fire walk. Proceedings of the Society for
Psychological Research, 42, 292-309.
144. Tomasian, D., Keaney, J., & Vita, J. (2000). Antioxidants and the
bioactivity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Cardiovasc Res,
47(3), 426-435.
Tseng, L., Mazella, J., Goligorsky, M., Riaias, C., & Stefano, G.
(2000). Dopamine and morphine stimulate nitric oxide release
in human endometrial glandular epithelial cells. J of the Society
for Gynecologic Investigation, 7, 343-347.
Van Diest, I., Proot, P., Van De Woestijne, K., Han, J., Devriese,
S., Winters, W., Van, D., & Bergh, O. (2001). Critical
conditions for hyperventilation responses: The role of
autonomic response propositions during emotional imagery.
Behav Modif, 25(4), 621-639.
Van Pragg, H., Shubert, T., Zhao, C., & Gage, F. (2005). Exercise
enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged
mice. J Neurosci, 25, 8680-8685.
145. van der Zwan, J., de Vente, W., Huizink, A., Bögels, S., & de
Bruin, E. (2015). Physical Activity, Mindfulness Meditation, or
Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback for Stress Reduction: A
Randomized Controlled Trial. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback.
Jun 26. [Epub ahead of print]. Retrieved from Internet:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26111942
VanderArk, S., & Ely, D. (1992). Biochemical and galvanic skin
responses to music stimuli by college students in biology and
music. Perceptual Motor Skills, 74, 1079-1090.
VanDyche, D. (2015). Speaking in tongues (Glossolalia): A theory
of hemispheric proportion. Kindle Edition. Seattle, WA:
VanDyche Publishing.
Varela, F. (1996). Neurophenomenology. Journal of
Consciousness Studies, 3(4), 330-348.
146. Varela, F., & Shear, J. (1999). First-person methodologies: What,
why, how? Retrieved from Internet:
http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/VFW_introduc.pdf.
Villoldo, A., & Krippner, S. (1987). Healing states: A journey into
the world of spiritual healing and Shamanism. New York, NY:
Touchstone.
Wade, J. (1996). Changes of mind: A holonomic theory of the
evolution of consciousness. Albany, NY: State University of
New York Press.
Walston, R. (2003). The speaking in tongues controversy: The
initial, physical evidence of the Baptism in the Holy Spirit
debate. Maitland, FL: Xulon Press.
147. Watkins, L., & Mayer, D. (1986). Multiple endogenous opiate and
nonopiate analgesia systems: Evidence of their existence and
clinical implications. In D. Kelly. (Ed.). Stress-induced
analgesia (p. 273-299). New York, NY: New York Academy of
Sciences.
Weiser-Cornell, A. (1996). The power of focusing: A practical
guide to emotional self-healing. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger
Publications, Inc.
Weitzberg, E., & Lundberg, J. (2002). Humming greatly increases
nasal nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166, 144-145.
Wilber, K. (2002). The spectrum of consciousness. Boston, MA:
Shambhala Press.
Wilber, K. (2004). The simple feeling of being: Embracing your
true nature. Boston, MA: Shambhala Press.
148. Willet, W. (2002). Balancing life-style and genomics research for
disease prevention. Science, 296, 695-698.
Wilson, D., & Yan, X. (2010). Sleep-like states modulate
functional connectivity in the rat olfactory system. J.
Neurophysiol, 104(6), 3231-3239.
Wilson, M. (2002). Six views of embodied cognition. Psychonomic
Bulletin Review, 9, 625-636.
Wollin, S., & Jones, P. (2003). Alpha-lipoic acid and
cardiovascular disease. J Nutr, 133(11), 3327-3330.
Women’s Health Encyclopedia. (2012, Nov.12). Best foods
containing nitric oxide. Women’s Health Topics. Retrieved from
Internet: http://womenshealthency.com/articles/best-foods-
containing-nitric-oxide/
Wright, P. (1994). A psychobiological approach to shamanic
altered states of consciousness. ReVision, 16(4), 164-172.
149. Wright, R. (2007). Stress related health disparities in African
American communities: Can Open Focus provide a modicum of
ameliorative stress relief? (Unpublished Master’s Thesis).
Montpelier, VT: Union Institute & University.
Wright, R. (2012). The role of endogenous cyclic nitric oxide
spiking in Motherloss and Existential grief recovery: A modified
neuropsychological and psychophysiological Heuristic Self
Search Inquiry approach to stress reduction, homeostasis and
healing. (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest:
http://gradworks.umi.com/35/39/3539752.html
Wright, R. (2013). Orgasmic relaxation: Unleash the power of
your mind to relax using the Tension Relieving Technique
(TRT). Sunrise, FL: Quiet Lake International, LLC.
Wright, R. (2014). 7 steps for avoiding stress burnout for busy
entrepreneurs. Sunrise, FL: Quiet Lake International, LLC.
150. Wynn-Williams, G. (1992). The fullness of space. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Young, L., Chen, Q., & Weis, M. (2011). Direct measurement of
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or nitric oxide (NO) release: A
powerful tool to assess real-time free radical production in
biological models. American Journal of Biomedical Sciences,
3(1), 40-48.
Zicker, J., Zicker, D., Jatzko, A., Dietzsch, J., & Nieselt, K.,
Schmitt, A., Bertsch, T., Fassbender, K., Spanagel, R.,
Northoff, H., & Gebicke-Haerter, P. (2007). Differentiated gene
expression in peripheral blood of patients suffering from post-
traumatic stress disorder. Mol Psychiatry, 12, 116-118.
Zusne, L., & Jones, W. (1989). Anomalistic psychology: A study of
magical thinking. (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.
151. Nitric Oxide Spiking and Consciousness
A Presentation
by
Robert Wright, Jr., Ph.D, COFT
Consciousness Society Conference
Yale University
New Haven, CT
June 5, 2015
152. Although nitric oxide (NO) has been researched
intensively by the scientific community, a little
known aspect is that NO spiking underlies shifts in
Consciousness. Since ancient times, men and
women have sought to achieve what we refer to as
altered states of consciousness (ASC) to access,
explore, and experience multiple realms of
awareness and statebound knowledge including
Stillpoints, self and other compassion, as well as
states of illumination, transcendence, “Oneness” or
“Unity.”
153. A little studied feature of nitric oxide spiking is that
it occurs co-terminously with whole brain
synchronous states and whenever a Relaxation
Response is generated. Although typically
measured quantitatively, NO can also be
experienced qualitatively, as bodily feltsense
phenomena. The Biosonic Otto 128 Hertz
kinesthetic tuning fork has demonstrated its ability
to consistently spike nitric oxide, subsequently
creating a Relaxation Response and corresponding
potentials for Whole Brain Synchrony.
154. In this presentation, Dr. Wright will share his views
on how tuning forks and other qualitative methods
work to directly and indirectly spike NO for healthy
well being. Learn how you can become more
qualitatively aware of ASC shifts in your own
Consciousness and flexibly modify your attentional
focus via tuning into your bodily feltsense by
achieving a consistently beneficial elevated
Relaxation Response that also dissolves stress,
anxiety and chronic pain.
156. www.StressFreeNow.info
Robert Wright, Jr., Ph.D., COFT is an author, speaker, and
Stress Management Wellness Coach. His passionate goal is
translating the significance and implications of scholarly
stress and nitric oxide spiking research into language and
practical techniques which can improve the healthy well-
being of the general public.
Dr. Wright's most recent book is entitled 7 Tips for
Avoiding Stress burnout for Busy Entrepreneurs and he is
the author of the forthcoming book Nitric Oxide Spiking:
Your Key to Well Being. You can learn more about how to
reduce your stress by listening to his popular podcast
series at www.StressFreeNow.info/category/podcasts/