The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES IN KENYA - A JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATIONJames M
A SHORT PRESENTATION ON CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES . ANCHORED ON A RESEARCH PAPER BY DR A. ODHIAMBO. THIS WAS PRESENTED IN A JOURNAL CLUB MEETING OF THE ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY RESIDENTS AT THE FACULTY OF DENTAL SCIENCES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI.
SYNDROME,
SYN= TOGETHER ,DROMOS= A RUNNING
“The aggregate of signs & symptoms associated with any morbid process & constituting together the picture of the disease and related to each other anatomically, biochemically or physiologically”
A group of deformations and malformation sequences, etc. that occur together due to some identifiable underlying cause.
Syndromes can be caused by chromosomes anomalies, single genes mutations, teratogens, or other causes.
CLASSIFICATION OF SYNDROME
Etiologic classification
Embryologic or Histologic classification
Syndrome prototypes
Polythetic classification
Monothetic classification
Mixed classification
Morphogenetic classification
ETIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION
Syndromes can be classified according to broad etiologic categories such as
Monogenic
Chromosomal
Environmentally induced
Such classifications usually requires supplementary categories such as
Multifactorial
Disruptive
Unknown
Fibroosseous lesions 8/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES IN KENYA - A JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATIONJames M
A SHORT PRESENTATION ON CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES . ANCHORED ON A RESEARCH PAPER BY DR A. ODHIAMBO. THIS WAS PRESENTED IN A JOURNAL CLUB MEETING OF THE ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY RESIDENTS AT THE FACULTY OF DENTAL SCIENCES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI.
SYNDROME,
SYN= TOGETHER ,DROMOS= A RUNNING
“The aggregate of signs & symptoms associated with any morbid process & constituting together the picture of the disease and related to each other anatomically, biochemically or physiologically”
A group of deformations and malformation sequences, etc. that occur together due to some identifiable underlying cause.
Syndromes can be caused by chromosomes anomalies, single genes mutations, teratogens, or other causes.
CLASSIFICATION OF SYNDROME
Etiologic classification
Embryologic or Histologic classification
Syndrome prototypes
Polythetic classification
Monothetic classification
Mixed classification
Morphogenetic classification
ETIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION
Syndromes can be classified according to broad etiologic categories such as
Monogenic
Chromosomal
Environmentally induced
Such classifications usually requires supplementary categories such as
Multifactorial
Disruptive
Unknown
Fibroosseous lesions 8/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Syndromes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Anomalies in development of face {pre and post} /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Crouzon Syndrome.
Primarily characterized by premature closure of the fibrous joints (cranial sutures) between certain bones in the skull (craniosynostosis) and distinctive facial abnormalities
SYN= TOGETHER ,DROMOS= A RUNNING
“The aggregate of signs & symptoms associated with any morbid process & constituting together the picture of the disease and related to each other anatomically, biochemically or physiologically”
A group of deformations and malformation sequences, etc. that occur together due to some identifiable underlying cause.
Syndromes can be caused by chromosomes anomalies, single genes mutations, teratogens, or other causes.
Temporomandibular Disorders and SymptomsBlaine Cusack
Blaine Cusack studied biology at Illinois Benedictine College, after which he attended Loyola University School of Dentistry. He works at LaGrange Jaw Pain Management, where he treats head, neck, facial pain connected to temporomandibular diseases. Blaine Cusack is a member of the American Academy of Craniofacial Pain (AAC).
The American Academy of Craniofacial Pain promotes the advancement of knowledge in craniofacial pain, dental sleep medicine, and temporomandibular disorders through research and the dissemination of information. On its website, AACP provides resources on various problems related to dental health, including temporomandibular disorders (TMDs).
Temporomandibular disorders are a group of maladies that affect the temporomandibular joints, which are jaw joints located immediately in front of your ears. TMDs are associated muscles of the jaw, face, neck, and related neurological and vascular structures. Symptoms of TMDs include frequent headaches, pain when chewing or yawning, neck/shoulder pain, worn teeth, and clenching or grinding your teeth.
Genetic irregularities actually lay at the root of most types of hearing loss. Additionally, developmental experts consider genetic hearing loss to be the most common birth defect in developed countries.
Craniofacial syndromes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Syndromes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Anomalies in development of face {pre and post} /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Crouzon Syndrome.
Primarily characterized by premature closure of the fibrous joints (cranial sutures) between certain bones in the skull (craniosynostosis) and distinctive facial abnormalities
SYN= TOGETHER ,DROMOS= A RUNNING
“The aggregate of signs & symptoms associated with any morbid process & constituting together the picture of the disease and related to each other anatomically, biochemically or physiologically”
A group of deformations and malformation sequences, etc. that occur together due to some identifiable underlying cause.
Syndromes can be caused by chromosomes anomalies, single genes mutations, teratogens, or other causes.
Temporomandibular Disorders and SymptomsBlaine Cusack
Blaine Cusack studied biology at Illinois Benedictine College, after which he attended Loyola University School of Dentistry. He works at LaGrange Jaw Pain Management, where he treats head, neck, facial pain connected to temporomandibular diseases. Blaine Cusack is a member of the American Academy of Craniofacial Pain (AAC).
The American Academy of Craniofacial Pain promotes the advancement of knowledge in craniofacial pain, dental sleep medicine, and temporomandibular disorders through research and the dissemination of information. On its website, AACP provides resources on various problems related to dental health, including temporomandibular disorders (TMDs).
Temporomandibular disorders are a group of maladies that affect the temporomandibular joints, which are jaw joints located immediately in front of your ears. TMDs are associated muscles of the jaw, face, neck, and related neurological and vascular structures. Symptoms of TMDs include frequent headaches, pain when chewing or yawning, neck/shoulder pain, worn teeth, and clenching or grinding your teeth.
Genetic irregularities actually lay at the root of most types of hearing loss. Additionally, developmental experts consider genetic hearing loss to be the most common birth defect in developed countries.
Craniofacial syndromes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
DEVELOPMENTAL DISTURBANCES OF JAWS & DENTAL ARCH / oral surgery courses Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Actinic keratoses: Erythematous scaly lesions on sun-damaged skin & considered “precancerous” lesions that have the potential to progress into invasive SCC.
Bowen’s disease: SCC in situ It has the potential to progress to invasive SCC.
Leukoplakia: Leukoplakia refers to a white patch or plaque on the oral mucosa that cannot be wiped off and cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease.
5: The Etiology of Orthodontic Problems
Chapter 5
The Etiology of Orthodontic Problems
Outline
SPECIFIC CAUSES OF MALOCCLUSION
Disturbances in Embryologic Development
Growth Disturbances in the Fetal and Perinatal Period
Progressive Deformities in Childhood
Disturbances Arising in Adolescence or Early Adult Life
Disturbances of Dental Development
GENETIC INFLUENCES
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
Equilibrium Considerations
Masticatory Function
Sucking and Other Habits
Tongue Thrusting
Respiratory Pattern
ETIOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE
Malocclusion is a developmental condition. In most instances, malocclusion and dentofacial deformity are caused, not by some pathologic process, but by moderate (occasionally severe) distortions of normal development. Occasionally, a single specific cause is apparent, for example, in mandibular deficiency secondary to a childhood fracture of the jaw or the characteristic malocclusion that accompanies some genetic syndromes. More often, these problems result from a complex interaction among multiple factors that influence growth and development, and it is impossible to describe a specific etiologic factor .Although it is difficult to know the precise cause of most malocclusions, we do know in general what the possibilities are, and these must be considered when treatment is considered. In this chapter, we examine etiologic factors for malocclusion under three major headings: specific causes, hereditary influences, and environmental influences. The chapter concludes with a perspective on the interaction of hereditary and environmental influences in the development of the major types of malocclusion.
etiology of malocclusion for general practitioners.docxDr.Mohammed Alruby
Etiology of Malocclusion
For general practitioners
Prepared by
Dr. M Alruby
Etiology in orthodontics is the study of actual causes of dento – facial abnormalities.
Malocclusion is the condition where there is a deviation from the usual or accepted relationship, dental malocclusion exists when the individual teeth within one or both jaws are abnormally related to each other, this condition may be limited to a couple of teeth or involving the majority of teeth present.
Development of normal dentition and occlusion depends on a number of interrelated factors that include the dento alveolar, skeletal and the neuromuscular factors. Thus localization of the possible etiology may be a very difficult task.
A- Extrinsic factors:
1- Evolution:
With evolution, the jaws become smaller, reduction in the number and size of teeth and diminution of jaw projection together with increased in vertical height of the face and there is retrognathic tendency in man as he ascends the evolutionary scale.
2- Heredity:
Transmission of dento facial characteristic through generation by genes. The child is a product of parents who have dissimilar genetic material. Thus the child may inherit conflicting traits from both the parents resulting in abnormalities of the dentofacial region. Another reason attributed for genetically determined malocclusion is the racial, ethnic and regional intermixer, which might have led to uncoordinated inheritance of teeth and jaws.
There are three types of transmission of malocclusion from the stand point of genetics:
1- Repetitive: the recurrence of single dentofacial deviation within the immediate family.
2- Discontinuous: a tendency for a malocclusion trait to reappear within the family over several generations.
3- Variable: the occurrence of different but related types of malocclusion within several generation of the same family.
Dental defect of genetic origin include the following:
= Crowding and spacing of teeth.
= Size and characteristic of soft tissue including muscles and frenum.
= Macrognathia and micrognathia.
= Macrodontia and microdontia.
= Oligodontia.
= Tooth shape variations.
= Median diastemas.
= upper face height, nose height, and bigonial width.
= Bimaxillary protrusion.
4- Congenital:
Those are deformities of hereditary or non-hereditary origin but exciting at birth.
The congenital abnormalities that cause malocclusion:
= Cleft lip and palate:
lack of fusion between the two palatal processes to each other. From one third to one half of all cleft palate children have familial history of this deformity.
As with the non-cleft child, palatal, pharyngeal and perioral musculature is well developed at birth to meet the demand of suckling, deglutition and mastication. While the complete unilateral or complete bilateral cleft break the continuity of the upper lip and disturbs the functional pattern and significantly reduce the restraining effect of the buccinators mechanism that pro
Primary etiologic sites:
1- Neuromuscular system:
The muscle group that serve most frequently as primary etiologic sites are:
== muscles of mastication
== muscles of facial expression
== tongue
The neuromuscular system plays its primary role in the etiology of dentofacial deformity by the effect of abnormal contraction of bony skeleton and the dentition. Both bones and teeth are affected by the many functional activities of orofacial region
2- Bone:
Since the bone pf maxilla and mandible serve as bases of dental arches, changes in dental arches growth may alter the occlusal and functional relationship.
3- Teeth;
The teeth may be primary sites in the etiology of dentofacial deformity in many ways
Gross variation in size and shape are encountered frequently and always are of concern
Decrease or increase in the regular number of teeth will give rise malocclusion
Etiologic factors:
A- Extrinsic factors:
1- Evolution:
With evolution, the jaws become smaller, reduction in number and size of teeth and diminution of jaw projections together with increased in vertical height of the face and there is a retrognathic tendency in mans as he ascends the evolutionary scale
2- Heredity:
Transmission of dentofacial characteristics through generations by genes. Most authors between 1900-- 1920 did not completely determine the role of inheritance in determination of the form, size and proportion of dentofacial skeleton, but they stress their work upon the effect of the environmental factors, and at this time they were hardly belief that the effect of local lack of function is more important.
Bennet statement: the size, form and density of bones such as maxilla and mandible varies according to the extent to which these structure are used during period of growth – (function stimulate growth)
Walk Joff statement: the form and degree of development of maxilla and mandible depends upon the magnitude of functional stimuli of muscles acting upon these structures.
Baker: his study was performed on animals by unilateral amputation of muscles of mastication, he found lack of growth on the affected side.
Brash: studied the facial form and the dental development in twins on genetic bases, he also emphasized the genetic facial pattern of some royal families in Europe where they had been inter-marriage, his studies gave the best evidence to support the role of inheritance
Axel Lundstorm:1925 showed that, the form and size of dental bases and the teeth are genetically determined, when the size of the teeth and their basal arches are not correlated, problems of crowding or spacing will be arising.
Broadbent and Hofrath 1931: developed standardized cephalometric x-ray technique which permit serial longitudinal studies of facial growth, by this studies the concept of inheritance growth pattern arises
There are three types of transmission of malocclusion from the standpoint of genetics:
a- Repetitive: the recurrence of single dentofacial deviation within the immediate famil
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
UNIT-5: CONGENITAL MALFORMATION IN PAEDIATRICSANJAY SIR
THIS PRESENTATION IS UPLOADED TO CREATE AWARENESS ABOUT COMMON CONGENITAL PROBLEMS AMONG CHILDRENS. IT IS ALSO HELPFULL TO THE EDUCATORS OF MEDICAL, DENTAL, NURSING AND HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONS TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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