Condctrometric investigation of solvent solvent interactions of transition metal electrolyte (cocl2.6h2o) in neat water and methanol in presence of added electrolyte (nacl)presentation1
Conductometric techniques were used to investigate solvent-solvent interactions of CoCl2 solutions with varying methanol/water compositions with and without added NaCl electrolyte. CoCl2 dissolved more in pure water, showing greater ion dissociation, while in pure methanol it formed less dissociated organo-complexes. Addition of NaCl increased conductance more as ions dissociated before complexing. More dissociation and complex formation occurred with increasing water content. Concentration, density, and viscosity were also influenced.
Bio-Molecular Engineering is the Future of Molecular BiologyBob Eisenberg
Bio-Molecular Engineering is the Future of Molecular Biology: Now that we have large numbers of excellent structures, we molecular biologists must turn to studying how they work. That is the task of BioMolecular Engineering that uses almost the same tools as classical membrane biophysics. Both treat systems as devices, with inputs, outputs and power supplies, that ONLY function with flow, away from equilibrium.
Saturation of ions in channels and solutions a Fermi-Poisson treatment 11-23-...Bob Eisenberg
Ions in water, and in and near channels, proteins, nucleic acids, and electrodes are difficult to analyze, because everything interacts with everything else through the electric field and through the steric exclusion of ions and water. Ions and water have their own space and cannot overlap significantly. Excluded volume has almost always been treated by enforcing force laws that prevent overlap. Such treatments are difficult to compute because of the singularity of the forces and the need for three dimensions. Here we take a different approach and enforce a Fermi like distribution of the entropy of mixtures of spheres of any size, derived by J.-L. Liu. We show that this approach fits the complex properties of calcium channels, and the properties of gramicdin channels, computed from their full three dimensional structure. Using the simplest shell treatment of hydration, we successfully compute the activity (free energy per mole) curves of pure calcium and sodium chloride solutions. The Fermi-Poisson approach uses the full consistency of its mathematics to replace the computation of repulsive forces. It may prove to be good enough to detail with experimental data in three dimensions difficult to deal with accurately in any other way.
Bio-Molecular Engineering is the Future of Molecular BiologyBob Eisenberg
Bio-Molecular Engineering is the Future of Molecular Biology: Now that we have large numbers of excellent structures, we molecular biologists must turn to studying how they work. That is the task of BioMolecular Engineering that uses almost the same tools as classical membrane biophysics. Both treat systems as devices, with inputs, outputs and power supplies, that ONLY function with flow, away from equilibrium.
Saturation of ions in channels and solutions a Fermi-Poisson treatment 11-23-...Bob Eisenberg
Ions in water, and in and near channels, proteins, nucleic acids, and electrodes are difficult to analyze, because everything interacts with everything else through the electric field and through the steric exclusion of ions and water. Ions and water have their own space and cannot overlap significantly. Excluded volume has almost always been treated by enforcing force laws that prevent overlap. Such treatments are difficult to compute because of the singularity of the forces and the need for three dimensions. Here we take a different approach and enforce a Fermi like distribution of the entropy of mixtures of spheres of any size, derived by J.-L. Liu. We show that this approach fits the complex properties of calcium channels, and the properties of gramicdin channels, computed from their full three dimensional structure. Using the simplest shell treatment of hydration, we successfully compute the activity (free energy per mole) curves of pure calcium and sodium chloride solutions. The Fermi-Poisson approach uses the full consistency of its mathematics to replace the computation of repulsive forces. It may prove to be good enough to detail with experimental data in three dimensions difficult to deal with accurately in any other way.
Complex-formation reactions are widely used in analytical chemistry. One of the first uses of these reagents was for titrating cations. In addition, many complexes are colored or absorb ultraviolet radiation; the formation of these complexes is often the basis for spectrophotometric determinations. Some complexes are sparingly soluble and can be used in gravimetric analysis. Complexes are also widely used for extracting cations from one solvent to another and for dissolving insoluble precipitates. The most useful complex forming reagents are organic compounds that contain several electron donor groups that form multiple covalent bonds with metal ions.
FORMING COMPLEXES
Most metal ions react with electron-pair donors to form coordination compounds or complexes. The donor species, or ligand is an ion or a molecule that forms a covalent bond with a cation or a neutral metal atom by donating a pair of electrons that are then shared by the two.
The number of covalent bonds that a cation tends to form with electron donors is its coordination number. Typical values for coordination numbers are two, four, and six. The species formed as a result of coordination can be electrically positive, neutral, or negative.
A ligand that has a single donor group, such as ammonia, is called unidentate(single-toothed), whereas one such as glycine, which has two groups available for covalent bonding, is called bidenate. Tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate, and hexadentate chelating agents are also known.
Another important type of complex, a macrocycle, is formed between a metal ion and a cyclic organic compound. The selectivity of a ligand for one metal ion over another relates to the stability of the complexes formed. The higher the formation constant of a metal-ligand complex, the better the selectivity of the ligand for the metal relative to similar complexes formed with other metals.
11.2 Types of chemical reactions By Hamdy KarimHamdy Karim
Students will study the different types of chemical reactions; also will classify them according to their properties. They will be able to balance and state the properties of the chemical equations at both sides of the reactants and products as well!
This portion of power point presentation on electrochemistry includes, electrolytic conduction, conductivity, cell constant, molar conductivity, variation with concentration & temperature, Debye Huckel Onsager equation, Limiting molar conductivity, Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions, its application & numerical problems.
• Electrolytes : Definition, Strong and weak electrolytes and their conductance measurement, Ions and electrical conductivity by ions
• Kohlrausch law of Independent Migration of Ions
• Applications of Kohlrausch law
• Transference No. and its determination using Moving Boundary Method
• Factors affecting transport number
Complex-formation reactions are widely used in analytical chemistry. One of the first uses of these reagents was for titrating cations. In addition, many complexes are colored or absorb ultraviolet radiation; the formation of these complexes is often the basis for spectrophotometric determinations. Some complexes are sparingly soluble and can be used in gravimetric analysis. Complexes are also widely used for extracting cations from one solvent to another and for dissolving insoluble precipitates. The most useful complex forming reagents are organic compounds that contain several electron donor groups that form multiple covalent bonds with metal ions.
FORMING COMPLEXES
Most metal ions react with electron-pair donors to form coordination compounds or complexes. The donor species, or ligand is an ion or a molecule that forms a covalent bond with a cation or a neutral metal atom by donating a pair of electrons that are then shared by the two.
The number of covalent bonds that a cation tends to form with electron donors is its coordination number. Typical values for coordination numbers are two, four, and six. The species formed as a result of coordination can be electrically positive, neutral, or negative.
A ligand that has a single donor group, such as ammonia, is called unidentate(single-toothed), whereas one such as glycine, which has two groups available for covalent bonding, is called bidenate. Tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate, and hexadentate chelating agents are also known.
Another important type of complex, a macrocycle, is formed between a metal ion and a cyclic organic compound. The selectivity of a ligand for one metal ion over another relates to the stability of the complexes formed. The higher the formation constant of a metal-ligand complex, the better the selectivity of the ligand for the metal relative to similar complexes formed with other metals.
11.2 Types of chemical reactions By Hamdy KarimHamdy Karim
Students will study the different types of chemical reactions; also will classify them according to their properties. They will be able to balance and state the properties of the chemical equations at both sides of the reactants and products as well!
This portion of power point presentation on electrochemistry includes, electrolytic conduction, conductivity, cell constant, molar conductivity, variation with concentration & temperature, Debye Huckel Onsager equation, Limiting molar conductivity, Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions, its application & numerical problems.
F.Sc. Part 1 Chemistry Paper Faisalabad Board 2012 (Malik Xufyan)
Similar to Condctrometric investigation of solvent solvent interactions of transition metal electrolyte (cocl2.6h2o) in neat water and methanol in presence of added electrolyte (nacl)presentation1
• Electrolytes : Definition, Strong and weak electrolytes and their conductance measurement, Ions and electrical conductivity by ions
• Kohlrausch law of Independent Migration of Ions
• Applications of Kohlrausch law
• Transference No. and its determination using Moving Boundary Method
• Factors affecting transport number
This presentation consists of three topics that are:
1. conductance of electrolytic solution
2. Specific Conductance, Molar Conductance & Equivalent Conductance
3. Kohlrausch's Law
Distribution Law
What is Distribution law?
Immiscible liquids
Explanation
APPLICATION OF DISTRIBUTION LAW
Limitations of Distribution Law
Contrast and Comparison between separation through Separating funnel and Fractional Distillation
Similar to Condctrometric investigation of solvent solvent interactions of transition metal electrolyte (cocl2.6h2o) in neat water and methanol in presence of added electrolyte (nacl)presentation1 (20)
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Condctrometric investigation of solvent solvent interactions of transition metal electrolyte (cocl2.6h2o) in neat water and methanol in presence of added electrolyte (nacl)presentation1
3. Condctrometric Investigation Of Solvent- Solvent
Interactions Of Transition Metal Electrolyte
(Cocl2.6h2o) In Neat Water And Methanol In
Presence Of Added Electrolyte (Nacl)
4.
5. During the conductrometric investigation of solvent-solvent
interaction metal Co+2 electrolyte used, NaCl and Methanol used
as solvent. In this method salvation behaviorof Co+2 in the
presence of added electrolyte (NaCl) is investigated in pure
water, in pure methanol and then different mole percentages of
Methanol. As Methanol and water both posses OH group so they
have resemblance in many physical properties. Hence increase in
conductance in pure water show great dissociation constant then
Methanol. When Electrolyte is added in CoCl2 solution of pure
water, ion salvation of Co+2 start. The ion salvations continue
until the complex formation completed. In the case of CoCl2
solution in pure Methanol, after adding electrolyte show less
degree of dissociation and complex formation. As the amount of
water increases, ion dissociates more frequently. Concentration
also effect density and viscosity values, as concentration
increases both increases (density & viscosity).
6. The objective of the study is the conduct metric
investigation of solution containing two electrolytes in
the solvent system and comparing them with those
measured in the neat solvent containing one electrolyte.
Variation in conduction may be carried out in the
solution where the concentration of the transition metal
and the electrolyte are changed symmetrically which
leads to draw useful conclusion about ion-solvent
interactions.
7. Definition
Measurement of the electrical conductivity of a
solution during the course of a chemical reaction. It is
the determination of the quantity of a material present
in a mixture by measurement of its effect on the
electrical conductivity of the mixture.
9. Definition:
The word "viscosity" is derived from the Latin
"viscum", meaning mistletoe. A viscous glue called
birdlime was made from mistletoe berries and was used
for lime-twigs to catch birds.
10. Definition :
The mass density or density of a material is
its mass per unit volume. The symbol most
often used for density is ρ (the lower case
Greek letter rho). Mathematically, density is
defined as mass divided by volume:
11. Nature of electrolyte:
The conductance of an electrolyte depends upon the
number of ions present in the solution. Therefore, the
greater the number of ions in the solution the greater is
the conductance.
Concentration of the solution:
The molar conductance of electrolytic solution varies
with the concentration of the electrolyte. In general, the
molar conductance of an electrolyte increases with
decrease in concentration or increase in dilution.
Temperature: The conductivity of an electrolyte depends
upon the temperature. With increase in temperature, the
conductivity of an electrolyte increases.
12. Solubility of Sparingly Soluble Salts
Hydrolysis of Salts
Rates of Reaction Solution, Diffusion
Conductmetric Titrations
26. CO+2 has d7 configuration and a radius of
72pm.
Cobalt is fairly soluble in neat water with
resulting light pink to rosy red color of
solution conductance measured over an
entered CoCl2 concentration range from
0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.1M.
27. Effect of Electrolyte
When NaCl is added in Solution individually increase in
conductance show increase in ion dissociation of electrolyte.
Solution of CoCl2 in 80% CH3OH:
Effect of Electrolyte
When electrolyte is added in solution firstly dissociation of
ions takes place which cause increase in conductance then
equilibrium is establish.
28. Solution of CoCl2 in 50% CH3OH:
Effect of Electrolyte
When electrolyte NaCl is added to solution it is observed
that both aqua and organo-complex is formed after
dissociation of CoCl2 into its respective ions.
Solution of CoCl2 in 20% CH3OH:
Effect of Electrolyte
When electrolyte NaCl is added to solution it show similar
behavior as complex formation takes place and after
complex formation equilibrium is established.
29. Solution of CoCl2
Is prepared in pure water and pure methanol along with different
concentrations of methanol as 100%, 80%, 50% and 20% to check
conductance before and after indication of electrolyte (NaCl). It is conclude
that:
Ion dissociation takes place more in solution of CoCl2 in water.
Co+2 form aqua-complex with water which is octahedral and it form
organo-complex with methanol which is tetrahedral.
After addition of NaCl as electrolyte conductance increases more vigorously.
Ions of electrolyte and methanol both solvates Co+2 but it form complex
with that legend which is stronger or greater in concentration.
When there is no increase in conductance, it means complex formation is
completed.
Concentration also effects viscosity and density. As concentration increases
viscosity and density also increases.