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Stress in crops refers to external factors that decrease crop yields from their maximum potential. There are two main types of stress: biotic stress caused by living organisms like diseases and pests, and abiotic stress imposed by environmental factors like temperature, rainfall, soil conditions. Stress can affect seedling establishment, plant growth, pollen development, biomass production, and grain or fruit development and quality. Common stress factors for crops include climatic conditions, soil properties, and crop management practices. Strategies to control stress include seed priming, adjusting sowing times and patterns, foliar spraying, soil management practices, and morphological adaptations by plants.
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of the Montreal Protocol—a global agreement to protect the ozone layer. The threats of soilborne
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This document discusses biological control of plant diseases. It describes biological control as using natural enemies like beneficial microorganisms to control pathogen populations. Mechanisms of biological control include competition, parasitism, predation, induced resistance, and antimicrobial production. While biological control shows promise, its use can be limited by environmental conditions. Integrated disease management is presented as a better approach, combining biological, cultural, and chemical controls tailored to each crop system. The disease triangle concept illustrates how a pathogen, susceptible host, and favorable environment must intersect for disease to occur.
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This document is an assignment submitted by Manohar Lal Meghwal to Dr. K. Ajith Kumar on the influence of climate on fruit crops. It discusses how various climate factors such as solar radiation, temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind impact fruit crop growth and development. Solar radiation affects photosynthesis and flowering. Temperature influences growth, flowering, and can cause heat stress issues. High humidity promotes growth but also disease. Precipitation provides water for growth but drought can stress plants. Wind impacts transpiration, photosynthesis, hormone balance, and can cause crop damage.
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Avs sustainable management of soil borne plant diseases
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Classification of Stress Caused in Plants.pptx
This document discusses stress in crops caused by both biotic and abiotic factors. It defines stress and provides classifications of stress. Biotic stress results from damage by living organisms like pathogens, insects and weeds. Abiotic stress is caused by non-living environmental factors like drought, salinity, temperature extremes. Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits crop yields globally. The effects of drought on crops are discussed along with mitigation strategies like mulching, fertilizer management and foliar sprays.
Biotic stress (mujahid hussain 127)
This document discusses different types of stress that plants experience and how they deal with it. It defines biotic stress as stress caused by other living organisms like pathogens, insects, weeds etc. and abiotic stress as stress from non-living environmental factors like drought, salinity, temperature etc. Plants have developed different resistance mechanisms to deal with stress, like avoidance through behaviors like ephemerality or deep roots, and tolerance through adaptations like drought-tolerant tissues or cold hardening. Pathogens can damage plants through necrosis or by remaining biotrophic. Plants defend against biotic stress through physical barriers and chemical defenses that can be constitutive or induced upon infection. Stress responses are important in agriculture, ecology and physiology.
Selection of Fruit genotype for abiotic stress condition
Stress, its types, different rootstock of temperate fruits for stress condition, fruit species, stress induction mechanism
contact: dhota3@gmail.com
Unit-3-crop-protection.pptx
This document discusses plant pathology, which is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. It addresses the causes of plant diseases, including living organisms like fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes, as well as non-living factors. The disease cycle and factors affecting disease development are also examined. Plant diseases can cause significant economic losses by reducing crop yields and quality. Understanding plant pathology is important for preventing diseases and maintaining food supply.
Unit-2-crop-protection.pptx
Pests are organisms that compete with or damage crops, reducing yields. The main categories of pests are vertebrates, invertebrates, weeds, and diseases. Pests globally reduce crop yields by 42% and cause major economic losses for farmers. Crop protection manages these threats through disciplines like entomology, plant pathology, weed science, and integrated pest management, which uses natural controls and minimizes pesticide use for sustainable agriculture.
Expression analysis of water stress related genes in tomato plant 2019
“Expression analysis of water stress related genes in Tomato
plants” submitted to the CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat and is a record of an original work done by
me under the guidance of Dr Ratul Saikia, Sr. Principal Scientist of Biological Sciences
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Role of Phylloplane Bacteria in plant disease management
Phylloplane bacteria inhabit plant leaf surfaces and play various roles in plant health and disease management. These bacteria form complex communities on leaves alongside fungi, algae, and other microbes. Phylloplane microbes can protect plants by producing antimicrobial compounds that inhibit pathogenic fungi and bacteria, or by inducing systemic resistance in plants. They also promote plant growth through the production of plant hormones. However, phylloplane bacterial communities are influenced by environmental factors like temperature, humidity, light, and pollution as well as the plant leaf properties themselves.
Rice stress related gene expression analysis 2019
The study revealed that the proteins seem similar in structure but functionally they are much more diverse. This analysis can help to identify the molecular basis of phenotypic differences and select gene expression targets for in-depth study. The regulation of gene expression in plants, as in other higher eukaryotes, is a subject of daunting complexity.
intro plantpathology-.pptx
Plant pathology is the study of diseases that affect plants. The document outlines key concepts in plant pathology including definitions of plant disease, the disease triangle, classification of diseases, and causes of infectious and non-infectious diseases. It also discusses the objectives and importance of plant pathology, summarizing that plant pathology aims to study the causes and mechanisms of disease, epidemiology, and develop management strategies, in order to reduce losses from diseases and meet global food needs.
plant pathology
This document discusses plant pathology and the development of plant diseases. It introduces the disease triangle of pathogen, host, and environment and explains how the interaction of these three components can lead to disease. It also discusses Mazz's disease pyramid, which adds time and human factors. The document then examines host factors like genetic uniformity and age, pathogen factors like amount of inoculum and virulence, and environmental factors like moisture and temperature that influence disease development. Finally, it outlines the general sequential events required for an infectious disease to develop, including dispersal, penetration, infection, reproduction, and dispersal of the pathogen.
Introduction to plant pathology
This document discusses plant pathology and the development of plant diseases. It explains that plant diseases result from pathogens or environmental factors that interfere with plant physiology. The plant disease triangle identifies the three main factors for disease development - a susceptible host, a virulent pathogen, and a favorable environment. It also discusses Mazz's disease pyramid, which expands on these factors and includes time and human involvement. Key aspects that influence disease development are described, including host factors, pathogen factors, environmental factors, and the general stages of disease progression.
pathology of fruits; fruit conservation causes of fruits disease; biotic and ...
pathology of fruits; fruit conservation causes of fruits disease; biotic and ...Faith Dumebi Chukwudi
This document discusses fruit pathology, which is the study of diseases that affect fruits. It defines fruits and pathology, and explains that fruit pathology strives to understand the nature and causes of diseases in fruits. The document outlines the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods in fruit production and describes common biological and physical agents that can cause fruit diseases, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, pests, temperature, and humidity. It also discusses the impacts of fruit diseases, which include quality and storage life reductions and economic losses.what is Significance_of_Plant_disease.pptx
Plant diseases significantly impact humans by damaging crops and other plants we rely on for food, clothing, shelter and the environment. They can reduce crop yields and quality, limit what plants can grow in certain areas, make plants unfit for consumption, and cause financial losses. Major diseases have even changed human history, like the Irish potato famine caused by late blight that led to widespread starvation and migration. Plant diseases are typically caused by living organisms like fungi, bacteria and nematodes, non-living environmental factors, or viruses and viroids. Common symptoms include spots, scabs and blotches on plants, while signs are the visible presence of the causal organism itself.
Urban forestry issues
This document discusses urban forestry issues and tree stress. It describes different types of stress including acute, chronic, biotic, and abiotic stress. Soil and site problems, physiological disorders, physical and mechanical injuries, insects, and diseases are provided as examples of stresses. The document recommends developing integrated pest management strategies to address stresses and selecting a diverse range of tree species to manage risks from pests. Proper planting, pruning, watering, and nutrition are advised to reduce plant stress.
Introduction to plant pathology
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Trichoderma fungi can enhance drought tolerance in crops through several mechanisms. It colonizes plant roots and produces antioxidants like catalase that reduce reactive oxygen species caused by drought stress. It also produces plant hormones like cytokinins and abscisic acid that regulate stomatal closure and accumulation of solutes to adjust osmotic levels under drought. Studies have shown Trichoderma inoculation improves drought tolerance in various crops like wheat, rice and maize by maintaining higher chlorophyll levels and reducing hydrogen peroxide accumulation compared to non-inoculated plants. The fungi also induce systemic tolerance in plants through increased nutrient uptake and synthesis of growth-promoting substances.SMNAssign.pptx
The disease which develops on harvested parts of the plants like seeds, fruits and also in vegetables are called post-harvest disease. It leads to measurable qualitative and quantitative food loss along the supply chain, starting at the time of harvest till its
consumption or other end uses. In Nepal, different studies have shown the postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables are 20-50% (Gautam and Bhattarai, 2012) and 6-12% losses in worldwide.
Post Harvest Diseases.pptx
This slide tries to address status of Postharvest diseases of different vegetables, fruits, cereals and legumes, their symptoms, losses and
integrated management .
The disease which develops on harvested parts of the plants like seeds, fruits and also in vegetables are called post-harvest disease. It leads to measurable qualitative and quantitative food loss along the supply chain, starting at the time of harvest till its consumption or other end uses. In Nepal, different studies have shown the postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables are 20-50% (Gautam and Bhattarai, 2012) and 6-12% losses in worldwide.
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
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We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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concept of stress
- 1. Submitted to Prof.Dr Amanullah Sir Submitted by ikramullah Class nob. 115 Course: crops management under stress Presentation topic: concept of stress Bs(Agron) 7th semester department of Agronomy , Agriculture university Peshawar
- 2. STRESS A stress in crop production is considered as something that decrease yield. Stress is an external factor that decreases crop yields from yield maximum to a lower level. Eg disease, insect, salinity etc. It inhibits normal functioning in plants. About 50% yield losses in agricultural crops are caused by abiotic factors.
- 3. Types of stress 1. Biotic stress (living) Is caused by living organisms eg bacteria, viruses, nematodes,disease,birds,animals etc 2. Abiotic stress (non living) Imposed on plants by environment eg temperature, rainfall, etc
- 5. Stress factor 1. Climatic factor Include Environmental factor eg water, temperature, humidity etc 2. Soil factor Include soil factor eg organic matter, ph, texture etc 3. Crop factor Species, varities,planting dates, seed rate etc
- 6. EFFECTs of stress Seedling establishment is hampered Drying of leaf margins. Reduction in plant growth Pollen development is affected Alteration in PS Total biomass is reduced Spikelet sterility Grain and fruit development and quality is affected Wilting of the leaf Abscission of the leaf Decrease leaf region and decrease water loss through transpiration
- 9. How to control stress The following strategies can be apply to reduce stress • Seed priming • Clumping • Change sowing time and pattern • Application of foliar spray • Deep tillage to conserve moisture • application of symbiotic bacteria • Mulching • Application of Chemical which remain the stomata close • Agroforestry application • Application of organic matter • Morphological change undergo by plant