CPDS FUNDAMENTALS.pptx

C-PROGRAMMING &
DATA STRUCTURES
(21A050302)
J.MADHURI
CSE DEPARTMENT

C-PROGRAMMING & DATA STRUCTURES
(21A050302)
Unit-I:
 Computer Fundamentals, Algorithm, Flowchart.
 Introduction to C Language: Characteristics, Identifiers, Constants, Data types, Keywords, Basic I/O
statements, Structure of a C program.
 Operators and Expressions: Operators classification, Assignment operator, Arithmetic operators,
Relational and Logical operators, Increment and decrement operators, Conditional operator, Bitwise
operators, Operator precedence and associativity, Type casting.
 Statements: Simple and compound statements, Control statements – Selection, Loop and Branch
control statements.

Definition of Computer
COMPUTER :
Computer is an electronic device that takes data as input from input devices,
processes the instructions, and produces information as output on output
devices.
DATA PROCESS INFORMATION

Definition of Computer
Difference Between Electrical and Electronic Devices
 electrical devices convert the electrical energy into the other form of
energy like heat, light, sound, etc.
 electronic device controls the flow of electrons for performing the particular
task.
 Electronics deals with circuit boards and small components resistors, capacitors,
transistors and so forth.

INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT
STORAGE

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
 In computer language”GENERATION “ is a set of technologies provide a frame of growth in technology.
 First generation:1942-1955(duration)
Vaccume tube(technology)
 Second generation:1955 – 1964 (Duration)
Transistor(technology)
 Third generation:1965-1975
IC chip
 Fourth generation:1975-1989
Microprocessor chip
 Fifth generation:1989-present
VLSI Microprocessor chip

ANATOMY / FUNTIONAL PARTS / BLOCK DIAGRAM
OF A COMPUTER
1. Computer Hardware
2. Computer Software

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
CONTROLL
UNIT
ALU
MEMORY UNIT
INPUT
DEVICES
OUTPUT
DEVICES
RAM ROM
Central processing unit
Controll flow
Data flow

Computer Hardware :-
components which are visible and touchable are called as Hardware.
There are different types of Hardware components.
Some of them are input devices, output devices , processing devices,
memory devices ,...etc.

18
1. Input devices :-
Input devices are used to store the data into
the computer.
They are different types of input devices .
some of them are keyboard ,mouse
,scanner, microphone .
A)keyboard:-
keyboard is used to enter some textual data
into the computer.
A keyboard contains different types of
keys.
some of them are Alpha numerical
( alphabet and digits), special symbols, functional keys(F1
to F12).

B)Mouse :-
Mouse is an input device that allows users to select elements on the
screen.
Generally a Mouse contains left button, right button and a wheel
between two buttons.
Left button is used to select an element.
Right button specifies different operations that can perform on a
element.
Wheel is used to scroll the screen

C)Scanner :-
scanner is used to store textual data and images into computer
understandable format called " digitalized images ".
By using the digitalized images data can be transferred very fastly
from one computer to another computer by using internet .
D)Microphone :-
microphone is used to store data into the computer in the form of
audible format. microphone converts sound signals into electrical
signals .

2. Output devices :-
output devices are used to display the output of a computer after
performing the process .
They are different types of output devices some of them are
a)Monitor
b) Printer.
c) Projector
d) Speakers
e) Plotters

a)Monitor :-
Monitor user to display the output of the computer within
itself.
Generally these are called as visible display unit (or) video
display unit.
There are different types of monitors. Some of them are:-
1. CRT: - cathode ray tube.
2. LCD: - liquid crystal display
3. LED: - light emitting diode.
b)Printer's:-
printer are used to display the output of a computer on to
the paper.
There are different types of printers. Some of them are
1. Dot matrix printers
2. Inkjet printers
3. Laser printers

c)projectors :-
projectors are used to display the output of a computer
on to a screen or on to a wall.
d)speakers:-
speaker are used to view the output of a computer in the
form of a audible format. They are used to convert
electrical signals into sound signals.
e)plotters :-
plotters are used to display the output of a computer in
the form of Banner or Flex.
Note:
The output of a computer can be either in the form of
audible or visible. It depends upon the output device used.

3.processing devices :-
processing devices are used to process the given
data.
CPU is one of the important processing devices.
CPU:- ( processor or microprocessor or computer processor ) :-
The full form of CPU is central processing unit .
A processor is an integrated circuit made up of silicon
which are mounted on a small square plastic stable
surrounded by metal pins.
CPU contains different types of flow control units. Some
of them are:-
1. ALU (Arithmetical and logical unit)
2. CU (control unit)
3. RU (register unit)

1. ALU:-
The full form of ALU is arithmetical and logical unit.
All the arithmetic operations
(Addition,subtraction,multiplication,Division and remainder) and
comparison operations are performed under ALU.

2.CU:-
The full form of CU is control unit . It controls the flow of execution
within a system.
Flow of execution means verifying whether the data is transferring
from one location to another location .
In generally data will be transferred from:-
 Memory to input and output devices.
 ALU to registers, ... etc.

3. RU:-
The full form of RU is register unit. It is used
to store data temporarily.
RU executes the data very fastly.
There will be a limited number of registers
within a computer.
Some of the registers are:-
1. Instruction Counter
2.Program Counter
1.Instruction Counter:- it stores the address
of the present instruction.
2. Program Counter:- it stores the address
of the next instruction to be executed.

Memory Unit:-
Memory unit is used to store data into the computer.
Memory unit is an ordered collection of sequence of memory cells.
Each memory cell can store one byte of information “one byte = 8
bits”.
A bit is information represented with either “1 (or) 0”.
Different types of memory sizes are:-

TERM ABBREVIATION MEMORY SIZE VALUE
Byte B 8 Bits
Kilo Byte KB 1024 B(210)
Mega Byte MB 1024 KB(210)
Giga Byte GB 1024 MB(210)
Tera Byte TB 1024 GB(210)
Peta Byte PB 1024 TB(210)
Exa Byte EB 1024 PB(210)

Memory is mainly classified into two types those are:-
 Primary memory
 Secondary memory
Primary Memory(or)Main Memory:-
Primary memory is used to store data , programs and results.
Primary memory is mainly classified into two types .Those are
a) RAM b) ROM
a)RAM:-
The fullform of RAM is Random Access Memory . It stores data
temporarily.
Read and Write operations can be performed on RAM. RAM is also
called volatile Memory (Data will be deleted when switch off the
systems).

b)ROM:-
The fullform of ROM is Read Only Memory .
It stores data permanently.
Only Read operations can be performed on ROM.
ROM is also called non-volatile Memory (Data will be exist even we
switch off the systems).
DISADVANTAGES:-
 Only small amount of data can be stored.
 Cost is very high.

Secondary Memory:-
secondary storage devices are used to store the large amount of data
permanently with low cost.
Some of the examples of secondary storage devices are:-
HDD(Hard Disc Drive)
Pendrive
CD(Compact Disc)
DVD(Digital Video Disc)
Floppy Disc

Computer Software: -
Collection of programs is called as software.
Program:- A program is a set of instructions which completes a
specific task.
Computer software is mainly classified into four types. Those are:-
1. Operating system (or) system software
2. Application software
3. Software Packages
4. Software utilities

1. Operating system (or) system software:-
operating system contains collection of programmes which are used
interact with the hardware components.
Some of the examples are DOS, Windows, Linux,.etc.
Some of the responsibilities of the Operating system are:-
1.Managing the memory allocation.
2.Collecting input from the input devices.
3.Writing data to the secondary storage devices...etc.

2. Application software:-
Application software contains collection of programs which are
to complete a specific task some of the examples of application
software are web browsers, computer games, .etc
3.Software packages:-
software packages contains the collection of programs which are
used to complete a particular task .some of the software packages
are Word processor ,DBMS,……etc.
4.Software utilities:-
software utilities contains collection of programs which are used to
protect our computer. Antivirus and Firewalls are used to protect
computer. Some of the examples are Norton, MacAfee,……etc.

40 Central Processing Unit
Memory Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Control Unit
Register Unit
Input
Devices
Output
Devices
ROM RAM

41
Advantages of computers:
1. High speed
2. Accuracy
3. Storage
4. Diligence
5. Versatile

Programming Languages
A program is a set of logically related
instructions that are placed in a sequence
solve a problem using the computer.
To write a computer program there are
different types of programming languages.
Programming languages are mainly
into 2 types. Those are
1.Low Level Languages (LLL)
2. High Level Languages (HLL)

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
 As a programmer when we required to interact with a computer we need a communication channel
called programming language.
COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
PL BINARY
PROGRAMME
R
COMPUTER
BINAR
Y
PROGRAMME
R
TRANSLATOR COMPUTER SOFTWARE
USER

A)Low Level Languages (LLL) :-
Machine level language and assembly level languages are called as
low level languages.
Machine Level Languages:-
In Machine level language instructions of a program are written by
using machine codes.
1 (or) 0 are called as machine codes.
Machine language is also called as binary language. Because,
instructions are written using binary digits (1 (or) 0).
”1” represents “on” and “0” represents “off”.
Machine language is considered as first generation language.
 Example:1001 0001 0010 1100
 0010 1111 0101 0011

45
ADVANTAGES:-
1.It makes fast and efficient use of computer.
2. No translator is required to execute the
program.
DIS-ADVANTAGES:-
1. Difficult to remember all the operations.
2. All memory addresses have to be remembered.
ASSEMBLY LEVEL LANGUAGE:-
In Assembly level language instructions of
the program are written using mnemonic codes.
A mnemonic code means using simple English
words.
Some of the examples are ADD, SUB ,MUL ,DIV
,MOVE,…...etc

Example: DATA SEGMENT
- - -
- - -
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
- - -
- - -
MOV AX, N1
MOV BX, N2
ADD AX, BX
- - -
- - -
CODE ENDS
Assembly level language can be considered as second generation
language.

ADVANTAGES:-
1. Easy to understand when compared to machine language.
2. Errors can easily detected and removed.
DIS-ADVANTAGES:-
1. Assembly level language program are machine dependent program.
2. Programming is difficult and time consuming.

B)High Level Languages (HLL) :-
High-level languages programs are formed with the combination of
simple English sentences.
High-level languages are easier to design programs compared to
machine language and assembly language.
High-level languages are also called third generation languages (3GL).

Examples:
Pascal, FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++, Java etc.,
Advantages:
Readability
Portability
Easy debugging
Ease in the development of software
High-level languages are further classified into 3different types such
as:
1.Procedural languages
2. Structured programming languages
3. Object-oriented languages

 a) Procedural languages:

Program is divided into number of procedures and data can be moved from
one place to another place.
Examples: FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL etc.,
b) Structured programming languages:
Program is divided into number of functions and data can be moved
from one function to another function.
User-defined functions are introduced.
 Examples: PASCAL, C etc.,
 c) Object-oriented languages:
 Program is divided into number of objects.
 Objects can communicate with each other through functions.
 Data can be accessed only by the specified object.
 Data security constraints are added.
 Examples: C++ , JAVA etc.,

ADVANTAGES:-
1. Programs written in HLL are more reliable than assembly level
and machine level language.
2. Portability – HLL programs can execute on different machines with
or no modifications.
3. Errors can easily detect and corrected.
DIS-ADVANTAGES:-
Translators are required to convert the program from one language
another language .

52
TRANSLATORS
A translator is a program that converts the
given programming language from one type to
machine codes and vice-versa. The process of
conversion is known as Compilation.
(Source program) (Object Program)

53
Different types of translators are:
Assembler
Compiler
Interpreter

54
Assembler
It is a translator used to convert the
assembly language programs into machine code
and vice versa.
Assembly
Language
Program
Assembler
Machine
Language
Program

55
Compiler
It is a translator used to convert
the high-level language programs into
machine code and vice-versa.
High-level
Language
Program
Compiler
Machine
Language
Program

56
Interpreter
It is also used as a translator for high-
level language programs. It accepts source
program line by line and translates it into
machine language, which is immediately
executed.
High-level
Language
Program
Interpreter
loaded
system
Results
Data

57
ALGORITHMS
An algorithm is a step-by-step
procedure of solving the given problem
statement.
In general, algorithms are designed by
using pseudo code.
Pseudo code is a language
independent code.

58
Algorithms may be represented in
4 different ways. Those are:
1.Step-form
2.Pseudo-code
3.Flowchart
4.Nassi-Shneiderman Diagram

Step form :-
In Step form representation the normal language is used to represent
the statements.
Pseudo code:-
It uses vocabulary to define the statements of an algorithm.
Flow Chart:-
It uses specific symbols to represent each statement.
NASSI SCHNELDERMANN:-
It uses specific symbols to represent each statement.

All algorithms must satisfy the
following 5 characteristics.
1.Input
2.Output
3.Definiteness
4.Finiteness
5. Effectiveness

Input:-
Values required to execute the statements of an algorithm are called as
input.
Zero (or) more values required to solve the problem.
Output:-
The values that are obtained after execution of statements of an
algorithm are called as output.
Atleast one value will come as output.
Finiteness: -
The algorithm must terminates after some finite sequence of steps.

Definiteness:-
Each statement of an algorithm must be in a clear format.
Ex:- 1. Add 10 to y (Clear format)
2. Add 10 (or) 20 to y (not in a clear format)
Effectiveness: -
Each statement is must be in simple basic format.

63
Basic rules followed while designing
algorithms are:
1. Each algorithm will be logically enclosed between two
statements i.e start and stop.
2. To accept data from the user input (or) read statement is
used.
3. To display data as output. Write (or) print statements are
used.
4. “ ““(Left arrow) mark is used to assign a value to a
variable.
5. +, -, *, /, % are used to perform arithmetic operations on
two values.
6. AND, OR, NOT are used for conjunction, disjunction,
negative operations.

64
Example:
Algorithm for addition of given two values using
step-form representation.
Step 1: START
Step 2: Read two input values as x and y
Step 3: Add x and y values and store the
result value in z
Step 4: Print addition result value as z
Step 5: STOP

65
Algorithm for addition of given two values
using pseudo-code representation.
Step 1: START
Step 2: INPUT x , y
Step 3: z ← x + y
Step 4: PRINT z
Step 5: STOP

66
ALGORITHM TYPES
In general, the steps in an algorithm can be
divided into three basic categories as:
1. Sequence algorithm
2. Selection algorithm
3. Iteration algorithm
a) Sequence algorithm:
A sequence algorithm is a series of
steps in sequential order without any
break.
Instructions are executed from top to

67
Example:
Write an algorithm to perform Average of
three numbers
Step 1: START
Step 2: Read 3 values as A,B and C
Step 3: AVERAGE ← ( (A+B+C) / 3 )
Step 4: PRINT AVERAGE
Step 5: STOP

68
2. Selection algorithm
Steps of an algorithm are designed by selecting
appropriate condition checking is called as selection
algorithms.
Selection algorithms are designed using selection
control statements such as IF, IF-ELSE, Nested IF-ELSE,
ELSE-IF and SWITCH statements.

69
Example: Write an algorithm to whether a
person is eligible to vote or not.
1) Start
2) Read age value
3) If (age >= 18)
3.1) write “ eligible to vote”
Else
3.2) write age is not eligible to vote
4) Stop

70
c) Iteration algorithm:
Steps of an algorithm are designed
based on certain conditions and repeatedly
processed the same statements until the
specified condition becomes false is called
as iteration algorithms.
Iteration algorithms are designed using
iterative control statements such as WHILE,
D0-WHILE and FOR statements.

71
Example:Algorithm for sum of individual digits of
given number
Step 1: START
Step 2: INPUT n value
Step 3: sum ← 0
Step 4: Repeat WHILE n > 0
k ← n MOD 10
sum ← sum+ k
n ← n / 10
End Repeat
Step 5: PRINT sum
Step 6: STOP

72
FLOWCHARTS
Pictorial / Graphical / Diagrammatic
representation of an algorithm is called as a
flowchart.
Flowcharts are usually drawn using standard
symbols.

73
START / STOP STATEMENETS
The symbol used to represent START /
STOP statements is “Oval”.
Symbol:
Example: STOP
START

74
INPUT / OUTPUT STATEMENETS
The symbol used to represent input
statements and output statements is
“Parallelogram”.
Symbol:
Example: INPUT x,y
values
PRINT z
value

75
FLOW LINE STATEMENETS
The symbol used to represent data
flow from one place to another place is
“Arrow”. Arrow symbols are also used to
connect every two symbols in the flowchart.
Symbol:

76
Example:
START
STOP
READ x value
PRINT x value

77
PROCESS STATEMENETS
The symbol used to represent processing
instructions is “Rectangle”. Assignment
statements and calculation statements are placed
inside the rectangle symbol.
Symbol:
Example: Z ← X + Y

78
CONNECTOR STATEMENET
The symbol used to connect every two
parts of the program flow is “Circle”.
Symbol:
Example: START
A
A
STOP

79
DECISION MAKING STATEMENET
The symbol used for representing decision
parts of the program is “Diamond/Rhombus”.
Symbol:
Example:

80
Additional symbols used for designing complex flowcharts are:
SYMBOL
DESCRIPTION
DATA BASE
SUB ROUTINE
MULTIDOCUMENTS
IDEL OR WAITING STATE
EXTRACTS INDIVIDUAL SETS OF DATA
ITEMS
MERGE

81
Example: Draw a flowchart to find reverse of a given value.

82
Program Development Steps:
The main important phases while
developing a Program are:
1. Analysis
2. Algorithm & Flowchart
3. Program Design
4. Compilation
5. Program Execution
6. Testing & Validation

83
1. Analysis:
Analysis phase is also referred as
specification requirement analysis.
In this phase, analyze the given
problem to determine the input
requirements and the expected output.

84
Example:
Problem Statement :
Addition of given two values
Input requirements : Two numbers as x and y
Expected output : Addition Value of x and y

85
2. Algorithm & Flowchart:
Solution of the given problem
statement is represented in terms of a step-
by-step procedure is known as an
algorithm.
The steps of the algorithm is
represented in the form of a pictorial
representation is called as a flowchart.

86
Example:
Algorithm for addition of given two values
Step 1: START
Step 2: INPUT two values as x , y
Step 3: z ← x + y
Step 4: PRINT z value
Step 5: STOP

87
Example:
Flowchart for addition of given two values.
START
INPUT x,y values
z ← x + y
PRINT z
value
STOP

88
3. Program Design:
The flowchart and algorithm steps
developed in the previous phase is
converted into actual programs by
selecting any programming languages
like C, C++ etc.,

89
Example:
Program for addition of given two values in C language
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int x,y,sum;
clrscr();
printf(“nEnter Two Numbers =”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y);
sum = x+y;
printf(“n Addition Result = %d”,sum);
}

90
4. Compilation:
The process of converting the source
program from one language to machine
language is called as compilation process.
Typing and syntax errors are found at
the time of compilation process.

91
Example:
In C language, the above program is
compiled by pressing either
F9
(or)
Alt F9 keys

92
5. Program Execution:
In this phase, it may arise two types of
problems such as
Run-time errors and
Logical errors.

93
Run-Time Errors:
These errors may occur during the
execution of the programs even though the
program is successfully compiled. The most
common types of run time errors are:
Example:
Divide-By-Zero,
Array-Out-Of-Bounds etc.,

94
Logical Errors:
These errors may occur due to incorrect
usage of the instructions in the program.
These errors are neither detected during
compilation or execution nor cause any
stoppage to the program execution.

95
Example:
In C language, the above program is
executed by pressing
ctrl F9 keys

96
6. Testing & Validation:
In this phase, the program is tested by
submitting proper input values. And then
program is validated with different valid
inputs.

97
Example:
Input :
Enter Two Numbers =
10
20
Output:
Addition Result = 30

98
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT METHOD
Modern projects are built using a series
of interrelated phases commonly referred as
the Software Development Life Cycle
(SDLC).
It is also called as Software Development
Process.

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC):
 Following are the most important and popular SDLC models followed in
the industry −
 Waterfall Model
 Iterative Model
 Spiral Model
 V-Model
 Big Bang Model

100
The main important phases in software
development method are:
1. Requirement gathering & Analysis
2. System Design
3. Implementation (or) Coding
4. Testing
5. Deployment
6. Maintenance

Requirement gathering and
analysis:
 Requirements are gathered in this phase
 In this phase project managers and stack holders are
involved
 Meeting with managers, stake holders and users are
held in order to determine the requirements
· who is going to use the system
· how will they use the system
· what data should be input into the program
 After gathering requirements these requirements are
analyzed. Finally a requirement specification
is created, which serves guideline for the next
phase .

Requirement gathering and analysis:
Example:
Problem Statement : Addition of given two values
Input requirements : Read two numbers as A and B
Expected output : Addition Value as A+B

System design:
The following points should be consider in this phase:
1. What are the hardware components required to solve the problem.
2. Which type of programming language should be used to develop the
programs.
3. System Architecture is prepared.
4. Algorithms & flowcharts are prepared.

System design:
Algorithm:
 Solution of the given problem statement is represented interms of a step-by-step
procedure is known as an algorithm.
Flowchart:
 The steps of the algorithm is represented in the form of a pictorial representation
is called as a flowchart.

Algorithm:
 Step 1: START
 Step 2: READ A, B
 Step 3: sum ← A + B
 Step 4: WRITE sum
 Step 5: STOP
Flow Chart

Coding/Implementation:
The flowchart and algorithm steps developed in the previous phase is
converted into actual programs by selecting any programming languages
like C, C++ etc.,
This is the longest phase in software development method.

Program Design
(Code/Implementation):
Example: Program for addition of given two values in C
language.
#inlcude<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int x,y,sum;
clrscr();
pritnf(“nEnter Two Numbers:”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&A,&B);
sum = A+B;
printf(“nTotal:%d”,sum);
}

Testing & Validation:
 Verifying the software working according to user requirements (or)
not is called as testing.
 During this phase unit testing, integration testing, system testing
and acceptance testing are done.
 In this phase, the program is tested by submitting proper input
values.
 And then program is validated with different valid inputs.
Example:
Input : Enter Two numbers : 10 20
Output : Total : 30

Deploment:
After completing the testing process the developed product delivered to
the customer is called deployment.
Maintenance: when the customer starts using the developed system then the
actual problems comes up and needs to be solved from time to time. This
process whose take care by the developed product is known as

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