The document discusses computer graphics concepts including pixels, colors, shapes, text, and programming. It covers: 1) Pixels are the smallest controllable elements that make up a digital image. Each pixel has a location and color value. 2) Colors are used for backgrounds and foregrounds. There are predefined color codes for text and graphics. 3) Basic shapes include lines, rectangles, circles, ellipses, polygons, and pie slices. Functions like line(), rectangle(), and circle() are used to draw shapes. 4) Text functions allow setting font, size, color, and position in graphics mode. Outtext() displays text. 5) Example programs demonstrate drawing shapes and text

1. Computer Graphics Concepts
“The picture worth’s, thousand words” is very famous Chinese saying. Really, literate can read few
sequences of characters but all can read the picture. It is out of bondage of literacy. Almost of high level
language supports graphics and this facility of language is exploited in building of GUI (Graphical User
Interface).
The computer graphics is concern with generation, representation, manipulation and display of pictures
with the aid of computer. It may be divided into three broad area (a) generative graphics, (b) cognitive
graphics, and (c) Image processing. Any graphics package has to furnish above tasks.
C / C++ support graphics, sounds and all the features of high level languages. It works in two
modes: Text mode and Graphics mode. The text mode supports only text and color, but not
sophisticated graphics. In text mode, graphics are presented by ASCII characters and some special
characters. The Graphics mode supports colors and special statements for sophisticated graphics and
animation. The graphics are array of pixels or patterns of pixels.
Pixel
The picture element is called pixels. It is a unit of presentation. Each pixel occupies some bits in memory.
We have listened the term raster or bitmap image. These images are composed by two- dimensional
array of pixels. Each pixel has horizontal and vertical location in image.
The horizontal scan lines are formed on CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) when the drawing cuts the horizontal
scan lines, cutting point is termed as pixels.
COLOR
The concept of background and foreground color is necessary for presentation of graphics. The success
of graphics designer depends on suitable combination of background and foreground colors. The color
of canvas is called background and color of text and graphics is called foreground color. For example, the
color of blackboard is a background and the color of written text or drawing is a foreground color. The
color is supported by both the modes.
Color Code Comments
BLACK 0 Background/ Background
BLUE 1 Background/ Background
GREEN 2 Background/ Background
CYAN 3 Background/ Background
RED 4 Background/ Background
MAGENTA 5 Background/ Background
BROWN 6 Background/ Background
LIGHTGRAY 7 Background/ Background

2. DRARKGRAY 8 Foreground
LIGHTBLUE 9 Foreground
LIGHTGREEN 10 Foreground
LIGHTCYAN 11 Foreground
LIGHTRED 12 Foreground
LIGHTMAGENTA 13 Foreground
YELLOW 14 Foreground
WHITE 15 Foreground
(a) void textcolor(int color);
From 0 to 15 colors, numbers or constants are used to set text colors.
Example:
textcolor (RED);
textcolor(4);
The blinking effect is added by adding 128 in color code or adding BLINK with color constant.
Example:
textcolor(RED+BLINK);
textcolor(132);
The code 4 is for RED color and 128 for BLINK.
(b) void textbackground(int color);
From 0 to 7, numbers or constants are used for colors. It is used to set background color of text.
Example:
textbackground(BLUE);
textbackground(1);
(c) gotoxy(col, row): It is used to place cursor at specified column and row. It contains integer as column and row
data type. In graphics, y-axis goes from top to bottom, not from left to right like as mathematics.
Example:
int col=50;
int row=45;
gotoxy(col, row); // it places cursor at column number 50 of rows 45.
Cputs(“BUDDHA”);
gotoxy(col, row);

3. (d) delay(int time): The function is supported by header file dos.h. it is used to delay next display.
Example:
Gotoxy(29, 10);
Cputs(“Department of computer Science”);
Delay(1000);
Gotoxy(29, 11);
Cputs(“Kashmir University”);
Program:
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
crscr();
textcolor(RED);
gotoxy(27, 10);
cputs(“Welcome ”);
gotoxy(25, 11);
cputs(“ Iqbal Institute Of Technology And Management”);
gotoxy(25, 12);
getch();
}
Text in Graphics Mode
(a) Specify Text Font, Orientation and size:
Settextstyle(int font, int direction, int size)
Font //name of font
Direction //Horizontal or Vertical
Size // Size of Character
Font in standard library:
Value Constants File Comment
0 DEFAULT_FONT Compiler automatic Bit-mapped, 8×8
1 TRIPLEX_FONT Trip.chr Times-roman styles
2 SMALL_FONT Litt.chr For small letters
3 SANS_SERIF_FONT Sans.chr Heavy sans-serif
4 GOTHIC_FONT Gothic.chr Gothic
5 SCRIPT_FONT Scri.chr Script
6 SIMPLEX_FONT Simp.chr Light sans-serif
7 TRIPLEX_SRC_FONT Tscp.chr Italic
8 COMPLEX_FONT Lcom.chr Heavy times Roman
9 EUROPEAN_FONT Euro.chr Square letter
10 BOLD_FONT Bold.chr Thick letters

4. Example:
Fontsize=6;
Settextstyle(GOTHIC_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, fontsize);
Outtext(“Computer Graphics”);
Settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, VERT_DIR, fontsize);
Outtext(“University”);
(b) Set Text Justification (Position Relative to Cursor Pointer, CP)
Settextjustify(int horizontal, int vertical)
Horizontal //horizontal justification constants
Vertical //vertical justification constants
Example:
Settextjustify(RIGHT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT);
Outtext(“IQBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT”);
Horizontal Justification:
Value Constants Comment
0 LEFT_TEXT CP at left of text (default justification)
1 CENTER_TEXT CP in horizontal center of text
2 RIGHT_TEXT CP at right of text
Vertical Justification:
Value Constants Comment
0 BOTTOM_TEXT CP at bottom of text
1 CENTER_TEXT CP in vertical center of text
(c) Change Character Size and Properties:
Setusercharsize(int multx, divx, multy, int divvy);
Multx //multiples with character
Divx //divides with character
Multy //multiplies height of character
Divvy //divides with character
Example:
Multx=1; divx=2;
Multy=1; divvy=2;
Setusercharsize(int multx, divx, multy, int divvy);
Outtext(“Happy New Year”);
(d) moveto(): The library function moveto() sets the location of CP, using two int arguments to indicate the X and Y
co-ordinates.
Syntax:
moveto(int column, int row);
(e) outtext(): Graphics text is displayed with the outtext() library.
Example:
Outtext(“University express”);

5. (f) Specifies Color:
Syntax:
setcolor(int color);
Shape
The concept of geometric shapes are described below. The library function line(0, rectangle(), circle() etc
are equipped with compiler for drawing purpose.
(a) Concept of Geometrical Shape:
Sn. Shape Comments
1. Line Line(x1, y1, x2, y2);
The first two arguments to the function
specify the X and Y co-ordinates of the
line’s starting points and the last two
arguments specify the end points.
Lineto(x, y);
This function draw a line from the CP
to (xCo-ordinate, yCo-ordinate)
2. Rectangle Rectangle(int left, int top, int right, int
bottom);
3. Bar3d Bar3d(int left, int top, int right, int
bottom, int depth, int topflag);
4. Circle Circle(int x, int y, int radius);
5. Eclipse Eclipse(int x, int y, startA, endA, int
xR1, inty R2);
6. Pieslice Pieslice(int x, int y, startA, endA, int
Radius);
7. Arc Arc(int x, int y, startA, endA, int
Radius);
8. Polygon Drawpoly(int side, int array);
(b) Specify Line Width and Style:
Setlinestyle9int style, unsigned pattern, int thickness);
Style //solid, dotted, dashed, etc
Pattern //user defined pattern when style is 4
Thickness //normal or thick
Style
Value Comment
0 SOLID_LINE
1 DOTTED_LINE
2 CENTER_LINE
3 DASHED_LINE
4 USERBIT_LINE
Thickness
Value Comment
0 NORM_WIDTH
1 THICK_WIDTH

6. (c) Specify Filling pattern and color:
Setfillstyle(int pattern, int color);
Pattern //pattern constants
Color //color constants
Fill patterns: Following fill patterns are available to fill in closed space. The concept of patterns is essential for
graphics designers.
Pattern Code Result
EMPTY_FILL 0 Solid Background
SOLID_FILL 1 Solid Color
LINE_FILL 2 Horizontal lines
LTSLASH_FILL 3 //// thin lines
SLASH_FILL 4 ////thick line
BKSLASH_FILL 5 thick lines
LTBSLASH_FILL 6 thin lines
HATCH_FILL 7 Light hatch
XHATCH_FILL 8 Heavy cross-hatch
INTERLEAVE_FILL 9 Interleaved lines
WIDE_DOT_FILL 10 Wide-spaced dot
CLOSE_DOT_FILL 11 Closed-spaced dots
USER_FILL 12 User-defined patterns
(d) Fill any Boundary Area:
Floodfill(int x, int y, int border);
X //x co-ordinate for fill start
Y //y co-ordinate for fill start
Border //color of border (fill stops here)
Example:
Flood(x, y, RED);
What is the seed point?
Seed point: A point for fill began is called seed point. The fill spreads outward from the seed point until it encounters
a boundary that has the color specified in the border parameter.
Program:
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int driver, mode;
driver=DETECT;
initgraph(&driver, &mode, tcbgi);
setcolor(GREEN);

7. rectangle(50, 10, 300, 200);
floodfill(250, 150, green);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Program:
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int driver, mode;
driver=DETECT;
initgraph(&driver, &mode, tcbgi);
setcolor(RED);
setfillstyle(1, RED);
bar3d(250, 10, 400, 50, 10, 1);
floodfill(255, 10, RED);
moveto(290, 24);
setcolor(BLUE);
outtext(“UNIVERSITY”);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Program:
/* Circle Programming */
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int driver, mode;
driver=DETECT;
initgraph(&driver, &mode, tcbgi);
setcolor(RED);
setfillstyle(2, 4);
circle(250, 150, 100);
floodfill(250, 150, 4);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Program:
/ * Circle */
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define R 50
void main()
{
int x;
int driver, mode;
driver=DETECT;

8. initgraph(&driver, &mode, tcbgi);
setcolor(RED);
for(x=50; x<=20; x=x+30)
circle(x, x+10, R);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Program:
/* Pieslice Programming */
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int driver, mode;
driver=DETECT;
initgraph(&driver, &mode, tcbgi);
setcolor(RED);
setfillstyle(5, RED);
pieslice(250, 100, 0, 270, 100);
floodfill(255, 10, RED);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Program:
/ * The following program generates ellipse */
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int driver, mode;
driver=DETECT;
initgraph(&driver, &mode, tcbgi);
setcolor(BLUE);
setfillstyle(7, BLUE);
ellipse(250, 100, 0, 360, 100, 50);
floodfill(250, 110, BLUE);
getch();
closegraph();
}