Compressors increase air pressure by reducing volume. There are positive displacement compressors, which use mechanical linkages to reduce volume, and rotary compressors, which use rotating parts like screws or vanes. Reciprocating compressors are positive displacement types that use pistons in cylinders and are suitable for high pressures but require multiple machines. Screw compressors use intermeshing rotors to compress air into a continuous flow and are used for large industrial applications. Centrifugal compressors use impellers to accelerate air and convert velocity to pressure.
A compressor is a type of machine that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors helps to transport the fluid through a pipe maintaining the high pressure conditions. It is convers power (using and electrical motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air. The main and important types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below.
A compressor is a type of machine that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors helps to transport the fluid through a pipe maintaining the high pressure conditions. It is convers power (using and electrical motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air. The main and important types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below.
Delivery volume is the quantity of air that a compressor delivers to a system.
It is specified in terms of air at normal atmospheric conditions.
There are two types of delivery volumes
Ex:
For a reciprocating compressor, the theoretical delivery volume is the product of volume of air swept in one revolution of its rotating element and the number of revolutions per unit time.
Effective delivery volume
Depends on the type of compressor.
To pneumatic personnel, only the effective delivery volume is of interest as this air volume is available for driving and controlling pneumatic equipment.
When air is compressed, work is done, and a part of this work
appears as heat in the compressed air.
The heat produced must be removed by cooling the air. Good cooling extends the life of the compressor.
Cooling methods
Selection of a suitable cooling system depends on the amount of heat produced.
Cooling fins on smaller air-cooled compressors permit the heat to be
removed by radiation.
A large compressor is usually equipped with an additional fan to take away the heat. In the case of a compressors with a drive power in excess of 30 kw are equipped with a water circulation cooling system.
To match the delivery volume of the compressor with the fluctuating air consumption and as a safety measure, it is necessary to regulate the pressure developed by the compressor.
Various methods of regulation are employed for this purpose.
Start/Stop (On-off Regulation)
Pressure (switching) limits Pmax and Pmin that can be set on a regulator. The drive motor is switched off on reaching a preset maximum pressure, Pmax The motor is switched on again when the pressure has dropped to a preset minimum pressure, Pmin.
Start/Stop (On-off Regulation)
It keeps the motor running continuously, but unloads compressor when the discharge pressure is adequate.
Unloaded rotary screw compressors typically consume 15-35% of their full load power demand, while producing no useful compressed air output.
Optional unload timers are available that will save energy by automatically turning off the compressor and placing it in standby if the unit runs unloaded for a period of time (usually 15 minutes).
Regulation methods
Modulating Control
This mode of control varies the compressor output to meet flow requirements by adjusting the inlet valve, resulting in air restrictions to the compressor.
Variable Displacement
Some lubricated rotary screw compressors vary their output capacity using special capacity control valves, also called spiral, turn or poppet valves.
With a variable displacement control scheme, the output pressure and compressor power consumption can be closely controlled without having to start/stop or load/unload the compressor.
Regulation methods
Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
This control method varies the speed of the compressor to respond to changes in air demand.
Both lubricated and oil free screw compressors can be purchased equipped with variable speed drive controls that c
DETAIL STUDY ON TYPES OF AIR COMPRESSOR (POSITIVE & DYNAMIC ) WITH ITS WORKING PRINCIPLE AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE. ADVANTAGE OF DYNAMIC COMPRESSURE, ADVANTAGE OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR,DRAWBACK OF SINGLE STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR OVER MULTISTAGE COMPRESSOR
Delivery volume is the quantity of air that a compressor delivers to a system.
It is specified in terms of air at normal atmospheric conditions.
There are two types of delivery volumes
Ex:
For a reciprocating compressor, the theoretical delivery volume is the product of volume of air swept in one revolution of its rotating element and the number of revolutions per unit time.
Effective delivery volume
Depends on the type of compressor.
To pneumatic personnel, only the effective delivery volume is of interest as this air volume is available for driving and controlling pneumatic equipment.
When air is compressed, work is done, and a part of this work
appears as heat in the compressed air.
The heat produced must be removed by cooling the air. Good cooling extends the life of the compressor.
Cooling methods
Selection of a suitable cooling system depends on the amount of heat produced.
Cooling fins on smaller air-cooled compressors permit the heat to be
removed by radiation.
A large compressor is usually equipped with an additional fan to take away the heat. In the case of a compressors with a drive power in excess of 30 kw are equipped with a water circulation cooling system.
To match the delivery volume of the compressor with the fluctuating air consumption and as a safety measure, it is necessary to regulate the pressure developed by the compressor.
Various methods of regulation are employed for this purpose.
Start/Stop (On-off Regulation)
Pressure (switching) limits Pmax and Pmin that can be set on a regulator. The drive motor is switched off on reaching a preset maximum pressure, Pmax The motor is switched on again when the pressure has dropped to a preset minimum pressure, Pmin.
Start/Stop (On-off Regulation)
It keeps the motor running continuously, but unloads compressor when the discharge pressure is adequate.
Unloaded rotary screw compressors typically consume 15-35% of their full load power demand, while producing no useful compressed air output.
Optional unload timers are available that will save energy by automatically turning off the compressor and placing it in standby if the unit runs unloaded for a period of time (usually 15 minutes).
Regulation methods
Modulating Control
This mode of control varies the compressor output to meet flow requirements by adjusting the inlet valve, resulting in air restrictions to the compressor.
Variable Displacement
Some lubricated rotary screw compressors vary their output capacity using special capacity control valves, also called spiral, turn or poppet valves.
With a variable displacement control scheme, the output pressure and compressor power consumption can be closely controlled without having to start/stop or load/unload the compressor.
Regulation methods
Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
This control method varies the speed of the compressor to respond to changes in air demand.
Both lubricated and oil free screw compressors can be purchased equipped with variable speed drive controls that c
DETAIL STUDY ON TYPES OF AIR COMPRESSOR (POSITIVE & DYNAMIC ) WITH ITS WORKING PRINCIPLE AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE. ADVANTAGE OF DYNAMIC COMPRESSURE, ADVANTAGE OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR,DRAWBACK OF SINGLE STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR OVER MULTISTAGE COMPRESSOR
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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1. Compressor
Compressor is the mechanical equipment which is used to
increase the pressure of the air by reducing its volume. They
are somehow similar to the pumps both increase the
pressure and both transport the fluid through their pipes.
4. Reciprocating Compressor
These compressors use the piston driven by the crankshaft. They can be
either stationary or portable. It can be single staged or multistage and can
be driven by the electric motors or internal combustion engines as well.
They are made for intermittent duty.
6. Double Acting Compressor:
It also has just one cylinder but is pipe up such way that its capable of taking
in discharging fluids from both ends and hence increases the efficiency
9. Pressure as per Stages of Compressor
Single Stage Compressor : Low delivery pressure(< or = 10 bar)
Multistage Compressor : Low delivery pressure(> or = 10 bar)
Pressure as per final delivery of gas
Low pressure compressors(final pressure <10 bar)
Medium pressure compressors(final pressure b/w 10 bar to 80 bar)
High pressure compressors(final pressure b/w 80 bar to 1000 bar)
10. Advantages and Disadvantages of Reciprocating
Compressors
Advantage:
• Suitable for high pressure ratios
• Easy maintenance
• Easy to operate
• Relatively cheap
Disadvantage:
• Multiple Machines are required
• Maintenance prone
• Sounds too much
• High outlet temperature of compressed air
11. Cooling Methods
Heat dissipation is happened with the help of fins over the
cylinder. Air blows across the fins and hence decreasing the
effect of heat during pistons movement is created .
Efficiency
• Reciprocating compressor with double or more acting
piston is very efficient
• These compressors are more efficient when not running at
full load while running on full load screw compressors are
more suitable.
12. Rotary Compressors
These compressors does not have any reciprocating motion in fact it has
rotating motion with screws, scrolls, and vanes rotating along side a shaft
(1):Screw compressors
A type of gas compressor that uses a rotary type positive displacement.
They are used in place of piston comp where large volume of air
compression is needed and without intermittence. It has a pair of helical
rotors where it traps air, as the rotor rotates in the cylinder. The male
rotor and female rotor are being built inside the cylinder for compression.
They are generally used in large industrial areas.
Applications
• They are used for larger industrial units
• Where continuous supply is required
• They are commonly seen at construction sites and with road repair crew
throughout the world
14. (2):Scroll/Spiral Compressors
A scroll compressor has one fixed scroll which remains stationary all the
time with another orbiting scroll which rotates through the use of swing
link. When this happens, the pockets of the air are pushed slowly to the
center of scrolls due to the movement of the rotating scroll causing the
reduction of the volume and hence increase in the pressure.
16. Vane Compressor
Rotary vane compressor consists of a rotor with a number of blades inserted in
radial slots in the rotor. As the rotor turns, blades slide in and out of the slots
keeping contact with the outer wall of the housing. Thus, a series of increasing and
decreasing volumes is created by the rotating blades. They can be either stationary
or portable , can be single staged or multistage driven by electric motors or I.C
engines.
Pressure
Dry vane machines are used at relatively low pressures(e.g., 2bar or 29 psi) for
bulk material movement while oil injected machines have the necessary
volumetric efficiency to achieve pressures up to about 13 bar or 190 psi in a single
stage. A vane compressor is comparatively quieter in operation than piston
compressor.
They can have mechanical efficiency of about 90%
18. Roto Dynamic Compressors
Compression is carried out by a rotating element which is imparting
velocity to the flowing air or gas and hence developed desired
pressure, and compression is achieved by the dynamic action of rotor.
Two major types of dynamic compressors
– Centrifugal Compressors
– Axial compressors
19. Centrifugal Compressors
They use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas
to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity. A diffuser or divergent
duct converts the velocity energy to pressure energy.
Application:
Used in stationary service in industries such as oil refineries, chemical and
natural gas processing plants, small gas turbine engines also can be used
in I.C engines as supercharger and turbocharger
Pressure:
Their application can be from 100 horsepower(75 kw) to thousands of
horsepower with multiple staging, they can achieve high output pressures
greater than 10,000 psi
20.
21. Axial Flow Compressors
Axial flow compressors are dynamic compression that use arrays of fan
like airfoils to progressively compress a fluid. They are used where high
flow rates or a compact designs are required.
The arrays of airfoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one
stationary. These rotating airfoils are known as blades transport and
compress the fluid
These compressors can have high efficiency of up to 90%