Red blood cell indices like mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) provide information about the size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells to help diagnose types of anemia. The red cell distribution width (RDW) indicates variation in cell size. Together with red blood cell count and hematocrit, the indices help classify anemias as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic. Reticulocyte count reflects bone marrow activity and response to iron therapy. While useful, red blood cell indices have limitations as screening tests and can be affected by technical issues.
This presentation covers on complete blood cells count and it's differentials. Starting with RBC count, WBC count and Platelets interpretation as a whole.
This presentation covers on complete blood cells count and it's differentials. Starting with RBC count, WBC count and Platelets interpretation as a whole.
An immature red blood cell without a nucleus, having a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained.
Reticulocytes are the immature RBC that contain nucleus.
They are originally seen at the site of their formation i.e. bone marrow. They take 2-3 (lays for maturation only about 1-2% of circulating RBCs are Reticulocytes.
An immature red blood cell without a nucleus, having a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained.
Reticulocytes are the immature RBC that contain nucleus.
They are originally seen at the site of their formation i.e. bone marrow. They take 2-3 (lays for maturation only about 1-2% of circulating RBCs are Reticulocytes.
A presentation on RBC indices and their role in differential diagnosis of different types of anemias, presented by M. Mohsin, Ahsan Iqbal, Basit Ali, Muhammad Ali and Irfan Kaleem from 1st Year MBBS.
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
Some Basics of Veterinary Haematology examination. Includes most significant parameters for clinical diagnostics of veterinary cases.
Composed and Presented by Tean Zaheer.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. RBC COUNT
• It is total number of RBC per μL or a liter of blood.
• The test can help to diagnose anemia with low number of RBCs
and other conditions affecting red blood cells.
• Conditions require RBC count are:
Kidney diseases
Anemia
Bonemarrow disorder like mylofibrosis
3. • Mature RBC is a biconcave disc about 7-8 μ in diameter.
• Normal volume is 80-100 fl, normal haemoglobin content is 28-34
pg/dl.
• Normal RBC count
Male: 4.3 – 5.9 (x 10 12/l or 106/μl)
Female: 3.5 – 5.0 (x10 12/l or 106/μl)
4. • Higher numbers of RBCs may be due to:
Cigarette smoking
Failure of the right side of the heart (cor pulmonale)
Dehydration (for example, from severe diarrhea)
Kidney tumor (renal cell carcinoma)
Low blood oxygen level (hypoxia)
Bone marrow disease that causes abnormal increase in RBCs (polycythemia vera)
Drugs like gentamycin / methyldopa
5. • Low number of RBC may be due to:
Anemia
Bleeding
Bone marrow failure (for example, from radiation, toxins, or tumor)
Deficiency of a hormone called erythropoietin (due to kidney disease)
RBC destruction (hemolysis) due to transfusion, blood vessel injury, or other
cause
Malnutrition
Multiple myeloma
Deficiency of iron, copper, folic acid, vit B6, or vit B12 in the diet
Pregnancy
6. HEMATOCRIT
• Hematocrit measures the volume that the RBC occupy within
whole blood.
• It is expressed in percentage or L/L.
• In automated analyzer, the hematocrit is usually calculated by the
measured MCV and RBC count by using formula
• Hematocrit = MCV (fl) x RBC count (x10 12/l) /1000
7. • One should interprets accuracy of RBC count, hematocrit and hemoglobin value
using quick formula
• called the “RULE OF THREE”.
• RBC Count x 3 = hemoglobin x 3 = hematocrit(%)
• If error > 3% of the measured value, a measurement error or instrument
malfunction suspected.
DIURNAL VARIATION
RBC Count, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration shows diurnal variation
These values are higher in the morning
8. Red Blood Cell Indices
• Red blood cell indices : Are measurement that describe the size
and oxygen carrying protein (HB) content of red blood cells .
• The indices are used to help in the differential diagnosis of
anemia.
• They were first introduced by Wintrobe in 1929 to define the size
(MCV) and hemoglobin content (MCH & MCHC) of red blood cells.
9. DEFINITIONS:
Mean cell volume (MCV)
It is the measure of average volume of RBCs
Mean cell Hemoglobin (MCH)
It is a measurement of the average weight of hemoglobin in individual
erythrocytes.
Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
It is the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes
Red cell distribution width (RDW)
It is a measure of variability of erythrocyte size
10. WHY RBC INDICES REQUIRED ?
• To classify the erythrocytes by their volume and Hemoglobin
content.
• This indices suggest how the RBC’s appear microscopically and
provide significant information (most commonly for Anemia
diagnosis)
• Laboratory professionals correlate the indices with Hct, Hb and
RBC count to ensure that technical problems are identified when
they occur.
11. MEAN CELL VOLUME
• MCV = Hct (L/L) x 1000 / RBC count ( x 10 12 /L)
• Normocytic: 80-100 fL
• Microcytic: Red cells with reduced volume
• Macrocytic: Red cells with an increased volume
• Remember MCV is a measurement of volume whereas estimation
of size of flattened cells is a measurement of cell diameter. Cell
diameter and cell volume are not same
12. MEAN CELL HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION
• It is the average concentration of hemoglobin in a deciliter of
erythrocytes and expressed in g/dl
• It is the ratio of hemoglobin mass to volume in which it is
contained
• MCHC = Hb (g/dl) x 100 / Hct (L/L)
• Normochromic: 32-36g/dl
• Hypochromic: 32g/dl
• Hyperchromic: >36g/dl
13. MEAN CELL HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION
• Hypochromic: If the area of central pallor is >1/3rd of the cell size
• Hyperchromic: The only erythrocyte that is hyperchromic with an
MCHC of > 36g/dl is the spherocyte
• Apparent hyperchromasia ( high MCHC) is usually due to an
artifactual increase in the haemoglobin result, due to haemolysis,
lipaemia, or large numbers of Heinz bodies
14. MEAN CELL HEMOGLOBIN
• It is a measurement of the average weight (in picograms 10 -12 g)
of hemoglobin in individual erythrocytes.
• It is calculated by:
• MCH = Hb (g/dl) x 10 / RBC( x 10 12/L)
• MCH varies in direct linear relationship with the MCV. Cells with
less volume contain less Hb and vice versa.
• Normal value for the MCH : 28 to 34 pg
16. RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH
• RDW is used because MCV is less reliable in describing the
erythrocyte population when considerable variation in erythrocyte
size occurs.
• RDW is a coefficient of variation in size distribution of RBCs
• Measured as : RDW = Standard deviation of MCV × 100 / MCV
• Normal value:11.5-14.5%
• Increased value indicates ANISOCYTOSIS.
17. • RDW is increased in Iron deficiency anemia.
• While RDW is normal in Thalassaemia minor.
• Combination of low MCV and high RDW is one of the best screening
test for the Iron deficiency anemia.
19. RETCULOCYTES
• Premature RBC
• They contain remnants of Ribosomal RNA
• Number of reticulocytes in PBS is a fairly accurate reflaction of
erythropoietic activity
• It is most useful and cost effective test in monitoring and response
to iron therapy
20. RETCULOCYTES COUNT
• It can be done by two methods:
Manual method
Automated method
• Manual method-
Romanowsky stain can not stain reticulocytes effectively.
Suspect reticulocyte when Polychromatophilic cells on PBS with
Romanowsky stain seen (erythocyte with bluish tinge)
A supravital stain such as NEW METHYLENE BLUE, BRILLIANT
CRESYL BLUE must be used to identify reticulocytes.
21. LIMITATIONS OF RBC INDICES
• Though the test for RBC INDICES is cost effective and simple, it has its
own limitations. Such as,
It is a screening test not a diagnostic test
MCV is not reliable when Anisocytosis is present
In combine or dimorphic anemia again MCV is not reliable
MCV does not reflect the diameter of the RBC, It is a volume of RBC
False high or false low value, which should be evaluated further
Automated Reticulocyte count is not standardized yet. And manual
method has inter-observer bias.
22. SUMMARY
• RBC index (MCV, MCH, MCHC) and RBC count helps in diagnosis of
anemia
• Combination of various RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) especially
with RDW is useful in differential diagnosis of anemia
• Reticulocyte count is a important indicator of bone marrow
activity and it can also be useful in monitoring and response to
iron therapy