Complement fixation test.ppt
•Download as PPT, PDF•
0 likes•22 views
The complement fixation test detects antibodies in serum samples. It works by measuring the ability of antibodies bound to an antigen to fix and deplete complement from a serum sample. If complement is depleted, it cannot lyse sensitized red blood cells in an indicator system, indicating the presence of antibodies against the antigen. The test involves mixing antigen with the serum sample, then adding complement and incubating. An indicator system is then added and hemolysis is observed - no hemolysis indicates antibodies were present and fixed complement. The test can detect low antibody levels and is used to screen for various infections and antigens.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Complement fixation test (CFT)
The complement fixation test is a traditional test used to detect the presence of specific antigens or antibodies. It involves incubating a patient's serum sample with a known antigen, then checking if any complement was activated and "fixed" or bound by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. If complexes formed, the complement is fixed and will not react with indicator cells, showing a positive result. If no complexes formed, free complement will react with the indicators, showing a negative result. While economical for screening multiple infections, it is not very sensitive and can produce non-specific results.
Complement fixation
The complement fixation test detects antibodies in patient serum. It requires several components mixed at optimal concentrations, including sheep red blood cells bound to anti-sheep immunoglobulin G. The test consists of an indicator system using these red blood cells and an exogenous complement source. When the patient's serum contains a complement-fixing antibody, it will bind antigens and fix the complement, preventing lysis of the indicator red blood cells and yielding a positive result. While more demanding than other detection methods, complement fixation was commonly used but has been replaced by more sensitive techniques.
Imselab cft (1)
The complement fixation test is a classical diagnostic test that detects IgM antibodies to detect recent infections. It involves mixing a patient's serum with an antigen and adding complement. If antigen-antibody complexes form, the complement will bind and be "fixed," unable to lyse indicator red blood cells. A positive result occurs when there is no hemolysis, meaning the complement was consumed in the antigen-antibody reaction. A negative result shows hemolysis, as the patient lacks antibodies to form complexes and fix the complement. The complement fixation test can screen for multiple infections at once but is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and results can be non-specific.
Complement fixation tests
Complement fixation tests (CFT) detect antibodies that do not agglutinate or precipitate by measuring their ability to fix complement. CFT involves incubating patient serum with antigen and complement, then determining if complement is still available to lyse indicator cells. If complement is fixed in the antigen-antibody complex, it cannot lyse the indicator cells, indicating antibody presence. CFT can detect antibody levels below 1 microgram/mL, but it is time-consuming and not sensitive enough for immunity screening due to occasional nonspecific reactions. Interpretation involves whether indicator cell lysis occurs, indicating the absence or presence of antibodies in the patient serum.
Some Clinical Laboratory Measurement of Immune Functions
This document describes several clinical laboratory techniques for measuring immune functions, including antibody-based assays that detect antigens or quantify them. It discusses methods like agglutination assays, precipitation assays, immunoassays using radioisotopes, enzymes or fluorescence to label antibodies or antigens. It also summarizes techniques like immunofluorescence and flow cytometry to detect epitopes on or within cells, assays to assess immune functions like phagocytosis and proliferation, and methods for evaluating hypersensitivity reactions.
Serological tests
This document describes various serological tests used to detect antigens and antibodies. It discusses primary tests like ELISA, IFAT, and RIA. Secondary tests include agglutination, complement fixation, precipitation, and neutralization tests. Tertiary tests determine antibody protective value. Agglutination tests can qualitatively and quantitatively detect particulate antigens. Coombs tests detect non-agglutinating antibodies. ELISA is then explained in detail, including indirect, sandwich, and competitive formats. ELISA is widely used to detect antigens and antibodies in applications like HIV and food allergen testing.
Special Investigations
Special Investigations With;
Complement Fixation Test
Haemagglutination Inhibition Test
PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction
Western Blot
Coomb’s Test
Ag Ab Reaction Ii Final
The document describes the complement fixation test (CFT), a serological test used to detect antibodies. It involves two steps - in the first step, complement is fixed to an antigen-antibody complex. In the second step, free complement is detected using a hemolytic system containing sheep red blood cells, which will cause lysis in the absence of fixed complement, indicating a negative test result. The CFT requires five reagents - antigen, antibody, complement, red blood cells, and amboceptor antibody against red blood cells. A positive test shows no lysis, while a negative test shows lysis.
Recommended
Complement fixation test (CFT)
The complement fixation test is a traditional test used to detect the presence of specific antigens or antibodies. It involves incubating a patient's serum sample with a known antigen, then checking if any complement was activated and "fixed" or bound by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. If complexes formed, the complement is fixed and will not react with indicator cells, showing a positive result. If no complexes formed, free complement will react with the indicators, showing a negative result. While economical for screening multiple infections, it is not very sensitive and can produce non-specific results.
Complement fixation
The complement fixation test detects antibodies in patient serum. It requires several components mixed at optimal concentrations, including sheep red blood cells bound to anti-sheep immunoglobulin G. The test consists of an indicator system using these red blood cells and an exogenous complement source. When the patient's serum contains a complement-fixing antibody, it will bind antigens and fix the complement, preventing lysis of the indicator red blood cells and yielding a positive result. While more demanding than other detection methods, complement fixation was commonly used but has been replaced by more sensitive techniques.
Imselab cft (1)
The complement fixation test is a classical diagnostic test that detects IgM antibodies to detect recent infections. It involves mixing a patient's serum with an antigen and adding complement. If antigen-antibody complexes form, the complement will bind and be "fixed," unable to lyse indicator red blood cells. A positive result occurs when there is no hemolysis, meaning the complement was consumed in the antigen-antibody reaction. A negative result shows hemolysis, as the patient lacks antibodies to form complexes and fix the complement. The complement fixation test can screen for multiple infections at once but is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and results can be non-specific.
Complement fixation tests
Complement fixation tests (CFT) detect antibodies that do not agglutinate or precipitate by measuring their ability to fix complement. CFT involves incubating patient serum with antigen and complement, then determining if complement is still available to lyse indicator cells. If complement is fixed in the antigen-antibody complex, it cannot lyse the indicator cells, indicating antibody presence. CFT can detect antibody levels below 1 microgram/mL, but it is time-consuming and not sensitive enough for immunity screening due to occasional nonspecific reactions. Interpretation involves whether indicator cell lysis occurs, indicating the absence or presence of antibodies in the patient serum.
Some Clinical Laboratory Measurement of Immune Functions
This document describes several clinical laboratory techniques for measuring immune functions, including antibody-based assays that detect antigens or quantify them. It discusses methods like agglutination assays, precipitation assays, immunoassays using radioisotopes, enzymes or fluorescence to label antibodies or antigens. It also summarizes techniques like immunofluorescence and flow cytometry to detect epitopes on or within cells, assays to assess immune functions like phagocytosis and proliferation, and methods for evaluating hypersensitivity reactions.
Serological tests
This document describes various serological tests used to detect antigens and antibodies. It discusses primary tests like ELISA, IFAT, and RIA. Secondary tests include agglutination, complement fixation, precipitation, and neutralization tests. Tertiary tests determine antibody protective value. Agglutination tests can qualitatively and quantitatively detect particulate antigens. Coombs tests detect non-agglutinating antibodies. ELISA is then explained in detail, including indirect, sandwich, and competitive formats. ELISA is widely used to detect antigens and antibodies in applications like HIV and food allergen testing.
Special Investigations
Special Investigations With;
Complement Fixation Test
Haemagglutination Inhibition Test
PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction
Western Blot
Coomb’s Test
Ag Ab Reaction Ii Final
The document describes the complement fixation test (CFT), a serological test used to detect antibodies. It involves two steps - in the first step, complement is fixed to an antigen-antibody complex. In the second step, free complement is detected using a hemolytic system containing sheep red blood cells, which will cause lysis in the absence of fixed complement, indicating a negative test result. The CFT requires five reagents - antigen, antibody, complement, red blood cells, and amboceptor antibody against red blood cells. A positive test shows no lysis, while a negative test shows lysis.
PRACTICAL 18: COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST.ppt
The complement fixation test is used to identify specific antibodies. It works by detecting whether an antigen-antibody complex fixes complement or leaves it available. Complement is a protein in serum that lyses red blood cells. In the test, complement is incubated with a potential antigen-antibody complex. Then a hemolytic system containing sheep red blood cells and antibody is added. If complement is fixed to the antigen-antibody complex, it will not lyse the red blood cells, indicating a positive result. If complement remains unfixed, it will lyse the red blood cells, showing a negative result. The test requires antigen, antibody, complement, red blood cells, and amboceptor antibody to perform.
PRACTICAL 18: COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST.ppt
The complement fixation test is a serological test that detects antibodies by measuring the ability of antigen-antibody complexes to fix complement. It involves two steps - in the first step, complement is incubated with antigen and test serum, and in the second step, residual complement is measured by its ability to lyse red blood cells. If complement is fixed in the first step, lysis will not occur in the second step, indicating a positive result for antibodies against the antigen. A negative result occurs when complement remains unfixed and is able to lyse red blood cells. The test relies on five key reagents: antigen, antibody, complement, red blood cells, and amboceptor.
Serological tests
This document summarizes various serological tests used to detect antigens and antibodies. It describes primary, secondary and tertiary serological tests including ELISA, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay and more. It also details different types of agglutination tests like qualitative and quantitative tests. Additional tests covered are precipitation tests, complement fixation tests, passive hemagglutination and sandwich ELISA. The document provides information on applications and procedures for many antibody and antigen detection techniques.
Serological tests ppt2
This document summarizes various serological tests used to detect antigens and antibodies, including:
- Primary tests like ELISA, IFAT, RIA that detect markers
- Secondary tests like agglutination, complement fixation, precipitation that detect interactions
- Tertiary tests that assess protective value of antiserum in animals
It then provides details on specific tests like agglutination, Coombs test, hemagglutination inhibition, precipitation, complement fixation, ELISA and their applications in medicine, food/plant pathology, and quality control.
Virological Techniques for Virology
VIROLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
Introduction of Serology
Types of Serology
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Techniques
Enzyme Linked ImmunosorbentAssay (ELISA) Techn
Agglutination Techniques
Immunofluorescence techniques
Complement Fixation Techniques
Problems With Serology
Summary
Reference
Affinity maturation of antibodies
Subsequent library screening will fish out the antibody mutants that have high affinity. Two library screening strategies are available. In the first "surface-panning" strategy, decreasing concentrations of antigen is surface immobilized. In the second "solution-sorting" strategy, in which a labeled antigen in solution is used, we have two approaches, selection based on the equilibrium constant (Kd) and selection based on binding kinetics. In the first approach, sub-library phage is incubated with biotinylated antigen at controlled concentrations and bound phages are captured by immobilized NeutrAvidin. Selection based on binding kinetics is also termed off-rate (Koff) selection, in which phage population is allowed to saturate the labeled antigen before a large molar excess of unlabeled antigen is added to the mix for controlled periods of time. This allows the selection of mutant antibodies that have slower off-rates. Since a reduction in Koff usually results in a higher affinity, this selection approach singles out antibody variants with improved Kd.
coombs test
The Coombs test, also known as the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) or indirect antiglobulin test (IAT), detects antibodies or complement coating red blood cells. It involves sensitizing RBCs with patient serum, washing unbound antibodies, then adding anti-human globulin reagent to form a "bridge" and cause agglutination if antibodies or complement are present on the RBCs. Controls like Coombs control check cells are used to validate negative results and detect technical problems. The DAT detects in vivo coating while the IAT detects in vitro coating during antibody screening and identification.
Antigen antibody reaction (part: 2)
This document discusses various types of antigen-antibody reactions including precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, and immunodiffusion. It then focuses on the complement fixation test (CFT), providing details on its principle, components, procedure, advantages, and disadvantages. CFT detects antibodies that fix complement by inhibiting lysis of red blood cells. The document also covers immunodiffusion techniques like single and double diffusion involving the movement of antigens and antibodies in gel mediums, forming visible precipitation lines. Related techniques involving an electric field like immunoelectrophoresis and rocket electrophoresis are also summarized.
Ag ab reaction ii final
This document provides information on various serological tests used in microbiology. It begins by describing the complement fixation test (CFT), noting that it was originally used for syphilis testing. It explains the principles of CFT, listing the required components. It then describes the steps and interpretations for positive and negative CFT results. The document continues by discussing other complement-dependent tests and techniques such as immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence, immunoelectroblot, immunochromatography, and immunoelectron microscopy. It concludes by summarizing various agglutination and precipitation reactions commonly used in serological testing.
ELISA and RIA
1. ELISA and RIA are plate-based assay techniques used to detect and quantify peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones using the principle of antigen-antibody binding.
2. ELISA is most commonly performed in 96-well polystyrene plates where antibodies or antigens are immobilized, and detection involves an enzyme-linked secondary antibody binding which produces a measurable color change.
3. RIA uses radioactive labeling of antigens or antibodies, and detection involves measuring unbound radioactive material after competition between labeled and unlabeled antigens or antibodies for antibody binding sites.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST - CFT
The complement fixation test (CFT) involves mixing antigen, antibody, and complement. If the antibody is specific to the antigen, it will bind and "fix" the complement, preventing it from lysing red blood cells. In a positive test, lysis does not occur, while a negative test results in lysis. CFT is used to detect antibodies against pathogens like syphilis, and can detect antibody levels below 1 microgram/ml. It has limitations like being time-consuming and labor-intensive. Variations involve using different complement sources or detection methods depending on the pathogen.
Clinical Microbiology - Serology
Since antigen and antibody reactions are specific, they can be used to identify each other.
These diagnostic tests are particularly useful in diagnosing for examples: infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and in typing of blood and tissues prior to transplantation.
Antigen ab reactions
Antigen-antibody interactions can be quantified using various serological tests. Common types include precipitation tests like immunodiffusion that form visible precipitate lines, agglutination tests where antigens clump together, neutralization tests using viruses and complement fixation assays. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are now widely used as they are sensitive, specific and can be quantitative or qualitative. Fluorescent antibody techniques use fluorescent dyes to label antibodies or cells for detection under a microscope.
Serology ppt by shery
Serology is the study of blood serum and the detection of antibodies and antigens. Key events in the history of serology include Karl Landsteiner's 1901 discovery of the A, B, and O blood groups. Serological tests can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on their level of sensitivity and directness of measurement. Common serological techniques include ELISA, immunofluorescence, agglutination tests, precipitation reactions, and complement fixation tests. These methods are used to detect infections and other medical conditions.
Immunological Assays;RIA and ELISA.pjsjsptx
The document discusses two types of immunological assays: radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RIA uses radioactively labeled antigens or antibodies to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies. It relies on competitive binding and can detect very low concentrations. ELISA uses enzymes to detect antigen-antibody binding and comes in indirect, sandwich, and competitive formats. Both techniques are sensitive and specific methods to detect proteins, hormones, drugs and other molecules through antibody-antigen reactions.
Antibody validation
This ppt file represents a simple overview on what is antibody validation & how to validate an antibody before performing any research.
Used references are also included.
RIA and ELISA-3 (1).pptx
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an immunoassay technique that uses radiolabeled molecules to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies. RIA involves attaching a radioactive isotope to an antigen or antibody, then measuring the unbound antigen after the labeled and unlabeled antigens compete for binding sites on antibodies. RIAs are highly sensitive and can detect very low concentrations of substances like hormones, drugs, and vitamins in samples. They have various applications in disease diagnosis, drug monitoring, and pharmaceutical research.
Coombs test
This document provides information about the Coombs test, which is used to detect antibody or complement coating of red blood cells. It describes the history and principles of the test, as well as the direct and indirect Coombs test procedures. The direct Coombs test detects in vivo coating of red blood cells and is used to diagnose conditions like hemolytic disease of the newborn. The indirect Coombs test detects in vitro coating of red cells and is used for compatibility testing and antibody screening. Factors affecting the tests and causes of false positive and negative results are also outlined.
Immunodiagnostic methods for bacterial infection By Prabhat Dhakal
The slides describes about different techniques for bacterial infection based on serological analysis.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
More Related Content
Similar to Complement fixation test.ppt
PRACTICAL 18: COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST.ppt
The complement fixation test is used to identify specific antibodies. It works by detecting whether an antigen-antibody complex fixes complement or leaves it available. Complement is a protein in serum that lyses red blood cells. In the test, complement is incubated with a potential antigen-antibody complex. Then a hemolytic system containing sheep red blood cells and antibody is added. If complement is fixed to the antigen-antibody complex, it will not lyse the red blood cells, indicating a positive result. If complement remains unfixed, it will lyse the red blood cells, showing a negative result. The test requires antigen, antibody, complement, red blood cells, and amboceptor antibody to perform.
PRACTICAL 18: COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST.ppt
The complement fixation test is a serological test that detects antibodies by measuring the ability of antigen-antibody complexes to fix complement. It involves two steps - in the first step, complement is incubated with antigen and test serum, and in the second step, residual complement is measured by its ability to lyse red blood cells. If complement is fixed in the first step, lysis will not occur in the second step, indicating a positive result for antibodies against the antigen. A negative result occurs when complement remains unfixed and is able to lyse red blood cells. The test relies on five key reagents: antigen, antibody, complement, red blood cells, and amboceptor.
Serological tests
This document summarizes various serological tests used to detect antigens and antibodies. It describes primary, secondary and tertiary serological tests including ELISA, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay and more. It also details different types of agglutination tests like qualitative and quantitative tests. Additional tests covered are precipitation tests, complement fixation tests, passive hemagglutination and sandwich ELISA. The document provides information on applications and procedures for many antibody and antigen detection techniques.
Serological tests ppt2
This document summarizes various serological tests used to detect antigens and antibodies, including:
- Primary tests like ELISA, IFAT, RIA that detect markers
- Secondary tests like agglutination, complement fixation, precipitation that detect interactions
- Tertiary tests that assess protective value of antiserum in animals
It then provides details on specific tests like agglutination, Coombs test, hemagglutination inhibition, precipitation, complement fixation, ELISA and their applications in medicine, food/plant pathology, and quality control.
Virological Techniques for Virology
VIROLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
Introduction of Serology
Types of Serology
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Techniques
Enzyme Linked ImmunosorbentAssay (ELISA) Techn
Agglutination Techniques
Immunofluorescence techniques
Complement Fixation Techniques
Problems With Serology
Summary
Reference
Affinity maturation of antibodies
Subsequent library screening will fish out the antibody mutants that have high affinity. Two library screening strategies are available. In the first "surface-panning" strategy, decreasing concentrations of antigen is surface immobilized. In the second "solution-sorting" strategy, in which a labeled antigen in solution is used, we have two approaches, selection based on the equilibrium constant (Kd) and selection based on binding kinetics. In the first approach, sub-library phage is incubated with biotinylated antigen at controlled concentrations and bound phages are captured by immobilized NeutrAvidin. Selection based on binding kinetics is also termed off-rate (Koff) selection, in which phage population is allowed to saturate the labeled antigen before a large molar excess of unlabeled antigen is added to the mix for controlled periods of time. This allows the selection of mutant antibodies that have slower off-rates. Since a reduction in Koff usually results in a higher affinity, this selection approach singles out antibody variants with improved Kd.
coombs test
The Coombs test, also known as the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) or indirect antiglobulin test (IAT), detects antibodies or complement coating red blood cells. It involves sensitizing RBCs with patient serum, washing unbound antibodies, then adding anti-human globulin reagent to form a "bridge" and cause agglutination if antibodies or complement are present on the RBCs. Controls like Coombs control check cells are used to validate negative results and detect technical problems. The DAT detects in vivo coating while the IAT detects in vitro coating during antibody screening and identification.
Antigen antibody reaction (part: 2)
This document discusses various types of antigen-antibody reactions including precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, and immunodiffusion. It then focuses on the complement fixation test (CFT), providing details on its principle, components, procedure, advantages, and disadvantages. CFT detects antibodies that fix complement by inhibiting lysis of red blood cells. The document also covers immunodiffusion techniques like single and double diffusion involving the movement of antigens and antibodies in gel mediums, forming visible precipitation lines. Related techniques involving an electric field like immunoelectrophoresis and rocket electrophoresis are also summarized.
Ag ab reaction ii final
This document provides information on various serological tests used in microbiology. It begins by describing the complement fixation test (CFT), noting that it was originally used for syphilis testing. It explains the principles of CFT, listing the required components. It then describes the steps and interpretations for positive and negative CFT results. The document continues by discussing other complement-dependent tests and techniques such as immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence, immunoelectroblot, immunochromatography, and immunoelectron microscopy. It concludes by summarizing various agglutination and precipitation reactions commonly used in serological testing.
ELISA and RIA
1. ELISA and RIA are plate-based assay techniques used to detect and quantify peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones using the principle of antigen-antibody binding.
2. ELISA is most commonly performed in 96-well polystyrene plates where antibodies or antigens are immobilized, and detection involves an enzyme-linked secondary antibody binding which produces a measurable color change.
3. RIA uses radioactive labeling of antigens or antibodies, and detection involves measuring unbound radioactive material after competition between labeled and unlabeled antigens or antibodies for antibody binding sites.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST - CFT
The complement fixation test (CFT) involves mixing antigen, antibody, and complement. If the antibody is specific to the antigen, it will bind and "fix" the complement, preventing it from lysing red blood cells. In a positive test, lysis does not occur, while a negative test results in lysis. CFT is used to detect antibodies against pathogens like syphilis, and can detect antibody levels below 1 microgram/ml. It has limitations like being time-consuming and labor-intensive. Variations involve using different complement sources or detection methods depending on the pathogen.
Clinical Microbiology - Serology
Since antigen and antibody reactions are specific, they can be used to identify each other.
These diagnostic tests are particularly useful in diagnosing for examples: infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and in typing of blood and tissues prior to transplantation.
Antigen ab reactions
Antigen-antibody interactions can be quantified using various serological tests. Common types include precipitation tests like immunodiffusion that form visible precipitate lines, agglutination tests where antigens clump together, neutralization tests using viruses and complement fixation assays. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are now widely used as they are sensitive, specific and can be quantitative or qualitative. Fluorescent antibody techniques use fluorescent dyes to label antibodies or cells for detection under a microscope.
Serology ppt by shery
Serology is the study of blood serum and the detection of antibodies and antigens. Key events in the history of serology include Karl Landsteiner's 1901 discovery of the A, B, and O blood groups. Serological tests can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on their level of sensitivity and directness of measurement. Common serological techniques include ELISA, immunofluorescence, agglutination tests, precipitation reactions, and complement fixation tests. These methods are used to detect infections and other medical conditions.
Immunological Assays;RIA and ELISA.pjsjsptx
The document discusses two types of immunological assays: radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RIA uses radioactively labeled antigens or antibodies to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies. It relies on competitive binding and can detect very low concentrations. ELISA uses enzymes to detect antigen-antibody binding and comes in indirect, sandwich, and competitive formats. Both techniques are sensitive and specific methods to detect proteins, hormones, drugs and other molecules through antibody-antigen reactions.
Antibody validation
This ppt file represents a simple overview on what is antibody validation & how to validate an antibody before performing any research.
Used references are also included.
RIA and ELISA-3 (1).pptx
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an immunoassay technique that uses radiolabeled molecules to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies. RIA involves attaching a radioactive isotope to an antigen or antibody, then measuring the unbound antigen after the labeled and unlabeled antigens compete for binding sites on antibodies. RIAs are highly sensitive and can detect very low concentrations of substances like hormones, drugs, and vitamins in samples. They have various applications in disease diagnosis, drug monitoring, and pharmaceutical research.
Coombs test
This document provides information about the Coombs test, which is used to detect antibody or complement coating of red blood cells. It describes the history and principles of the test, as well as the direct and indirect Coombs test procedures. The direct Coombs test detects in vivo coating of red blood cells and is used to diagnose conditions like hemolytic disease of the newborn. The indirect Coombs test detects in vitro coating of red cells and is used for compatibility testing and antibody screening. Factors affecting the tests and causes of false positive and negative results are also outlined.
Immunodiagnostic methods for bacterial infection By Prabhat Dhakal
The slides describes about different techniques for bacterial infection based on serological analysis.
Similar to Complement fixation test.ppt (20)
Immunodiagnostic methods for bacterial infection By Prabhat Dhakal
Immunodiagnostic methods for bacterial infection By Prabhat Dhakal
Recently uploaded
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Recently uploaded (20)
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Complement fixation test.ppt
- 1. Complement Fixation Test to detect the presence of specific antibodies in the sample serum.
- 2. Complement Fixation ? Complement: a Biologically labile serum factor that causes the immune cytolysis i.e. lysis of antibody coated cells. https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CFT- positive.jpg
- 3. Principle 1. Complement is irreversibly bound (fixed) by certain classes of antibody-antigen complexes. The degree of fixation is governed by the relative concentration of antibody or antigen 2. The lysis of RBC that have been sensibilized with RBC’s antibody is dependent upon the presence of unbound complement.
- 4. https://laboratoryinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/complement-fixation-test.jpg Method & Mechanism 1. A known antigen (cardiolipin/Viral Ag/sheep RBC) is mixed with inactivated patient’s serum 2. Add a measured amount of complement (Guineapig serum) in the test system 3. The test system is incubated at 37°C for about 1 hour. 4. After 1 hour an indicator system (sensitized RBC) is added to the test system and again incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes 5. If Ag and Ab matches, they form Ag-Ab complex and utilizes complement. 6. Observe the result
- 5. https://www.biotrend.com/en/upload/cft-tjkrma.gif Cytolysis / Hemolysis Results Hemolysis Observed Negative test No Hemolysis Positive test - - + + Observation & Results 1. If hemolysis is observed: it indicates the absence of specific antibody in patient serum, so that complement has not been used which lysed the sensitized RBC giving hemolysis. 2. If no hemolysis is observed: it indicates that the patient serum contains antibody which reacts with Ag to form Ag-Ab complex and then fix complement. so that no complement is available to hemolyse sensitized RBC.
- 6. Applications CFT is used to detect and quantify antibody that does not agglutinate or precipitate with its antigen. CFT can detect antibody at level less than 1 microgram per milliliter. CFT is also used to detect antigen CFT is Economical CFT can be used to screen large numbers of Limitations Non specific Time consuming Labour intense
- 7. Ref: 1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_fixation_test 2) https://laboratoryinfo.com/complement-fixation-test/ 3) https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/complement-fixation-test-principle-procedure-result-interpretation-applications-and- limitations/ 4) https://www.biotrend.com/en/read/serological-tests-in-mycology-1190/complement-fixation-test-cft-2094.html THANK YOU