This document discusses competency-based curriculum. It begins with defining competency-based curriculum as a curriculum focused on measuring students' demonstration of specific skills and abilities, rather than solely on subject content. It then outlines the characteristics of competency-based curriculum, including measuring learning through performance and allowing self-paced progression. Finally, it discusses implementing competency-based curriculum through school reform, including modernizing management and teachers to adapt to challenges like rapid technological changes.
The document discusses test development and evaluation reporting for a B.Ed program. It covers principles of reporting test results to parents, including using clear language and explaining scores. The purposes of reporting are to recognize student achievement, assist in identifying student potential, enable parental support, and help parents understand student strengths and weaknesses. Reporting methods can include parent-teacher conferences, written reports, parent meetings, and newsletters.
This document discusses different approaches to improving teaching skills, including workshops, seminars, journal writing, teacher support groups, critical incident analysis, action research mentoring, classroom observations, and supervision. Workshops involve groups of 10-25 people meeting to improve skills through discussion and practice. Seminars are shorter discussions led by experts. Journal writing allows teachers to reflect and improve writing. Support groups let teachers share problems and ideas. Critical incident analysis and action research mentoring help teachers evaluate their own practices. Classroom observations and supervision provide feedback to help teachers develop.
The document discusses different modalities of teaching: conditioning, training, instruction, and indoctrination. It provides definitions and comparisons of each:
1) Conditioning is the lowest level and involves establishing automatic responses through reinforcement. It is not considered teaching.
2) Training focuses on developing skills through practice and is a higher level than conditioning. It can overlap with teaching when developing understanding.
3) Instruction imparts knowledge but only affects the cognitive domain, while teaching aims to develop the whole person. Instruction is part of teaching.
4) Indoctrination uncritically teaches a fixed set of beliefs through repetition without questioning. It aims to promote actions rather than independent thought, unlike educ
Assessment Approaches: Quantitative and Qualitative AssessmentKiranMalik37
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative assessment approaches. Quantitative assessment expresses learning outcomes in numerical form using tools like tests. It is objective, easy to administer and summarize but does not provide rich details. Qualitative assessment collects non-numerical data using methods like interviews and observations. It provides more in-depth descriptions of students' thoughts and experiences, but takes more time and is more subjective. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages for assessing student learning.
This document discusses curriculum evaluation. It defines curriculum evaluation as determining the worth of an educational program by obtaining information. There are two main types of curriculum evaluation - formative evaluation during development to improve the program, and summative evaluation after completion to determine if the program should continue. Curriculum evaluation provides information to make decisions about students, such as placement, and about the curriculum, such as determining if it should continue. It evaluates programs based on criteria like subjects, experiences, skills, and developing student attitudes and values.
The document discusses the phases and stages of teaching according to Dr. Jackson. It divides the teaching process into 3 phases:
1. Pre-active phase (planning stage) which involves tasks like lesson planning, preparing materials, and assessing students.
2. Interactive phase (implementation stage) which is the actual classroom teaching and involves strategies and spontaneous responses.
3. Post-active phase (evaluation stage) which provides feedback to improve teacher and student performance through assessment of learning objectives and instructional methods.
The document discusses test development and evaluation reporting for a B.Ed program. It covers principles of reporting test results to parents, including using clear language and explaining scores. The purposes of reporting are to recognize student achievement, assist in identifying student potential, enable parental support, and help parents understand student strengths and weaknesses. Reporting methods can include parent-teacher conferences, written reports, parent meetings, and newsletters.
This document discusses different approaches to improving teaching skills, including workshops, seminars, journal writing, teacher support groups, critical incident analysis, action research mentoring, classroom observations, and supervision. Workshops involve groups of 10-25 people meeting to improve skills through discussion and practice. Seminars are shorter discussions led by experts. Journal writing allows teachers to reflect and improve writing. Support groups let teachers share problems and ideas. Critical incident analysis and action research mentoring help teachers evaluate their own practices. Classroom observations and supervision provide feedback to help teachers develop.
The document discusses different modalities of teaching: conditioning, training, instruction, and indoctrination. It provides definitions and comparisons of each:
1) Conditioning is the lowest level and involves establishing automatic responses through reinforcement. It is not considered teaching.
2) Training focuses on developing skills through practice and is a higher level than conditioning. It can overlap with teaching when developing understanding.
3) Instruction imparts knowledge but only affects the cognitive domain, while teaching aims to develop the whole person. Instruction is part of teaching.
4) Indoctrination uncritically teaches a fixed set of beliefs through repetition without questioning. It aims to promote actions rather than independent thought, unlike educ
Assessment Approaches: Quantitative and Qualitative AssessmentKiranMalik37
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative assessment approaches. Quantitative assessment expresses learning outcomes in numerical form using tools like tests. It is objective, easy to administer and summarize but does not provide rich details. Qualitative assessment collects non-numerical data using methods like interviews and observations. It provides more in-depth descriptions of students' thoughts and experiences, but takes more time and is more subjective. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages for assessing student learning.
This document discusses curriculum evaluation. It defines curriculum evaluation as determining the worth of an educational program by obtaining information. There are two main types of curriculum evaluation - formative evaluation during development to improve the program, and summative evaluation after completion to determine if the program should continue. Curriculum evaluation provides information to make decisions about students, such as placement, and about the curriculum, such as determining if it should continue. It evaluates programs based on criteria like subjects, experiences, skills, and developing student attitudes and values.
The document discusses the phases and stages of teaching according to Dr. Jackson. It divides the teaching process into 3 phases:
1. Pre-active phase (planning stage) which involves tasks like lesson planning, preparing materials, and assessing students.
2. Interactive phase (implementation stage) which is the actual classroom teaching and involves strategies and spontaneous responses.
3. Post-active phase (evaluation stage) which provides feedback to improve teacher and student performance through assessment of learning objectives and instructional methods.
Structure of teacher education in India || structure of Teacher Education pro...Samir (G. Husain)
The document discusses the structure of teacher education in India, including its merits and limitations. It outlines the following key points:
1. The structure includes pre-service programs like DPSE, D.El.Ed, B.Ed, M.Ed, and Integrated B.Ed as well as in-service programs like induction courses, workshops, and seminars.
2. The merits are that it provides teachers with subject knowledge, pedagogical skills, understanding of child psychology, and the ability to use instructional facilities.
3. However, the structure also has limitations like a lack of uniformity across programs, inadequate facilities and funding, and insufficient emphasis on in-service training.
This document discusses and compares quantitative and qualitative assessment tools used to evaluate learning outcomes. Quantitative tools like tests, surveys, checklists and questionnaires focus on measurable data presented numerically. They are more objective but require statistical analysis expertise. Qualitative tools like interviews, observations, and focus groups provide descriptive data to understand experiences and meanings at a nominal level. They require skilled administration but provide depth, context, and insight not obtainable through quantitative methods alone. Both approaches have advantages and limitations depending on the assessment needs.
The document compares standard tests to teacher-made tests in 10 points:
1. Standard tests are prepared by testing specialists using accepted principles, while teacher-made tests may not be as rigorous.
2. Standard tests have strict guidelines but teacher-made tests can be rushed.
3. Standard tests are given to large populations, while teacher tests are just for their class.
4. Standard tests are validated but teacher tests are not statistically analyzed.
In summary, the document outlines how standard tests are more rigorous and validated than teacher-made tests which can be less standardized.
Teacher-made tests are tests created and administered by classroom teachers to evaluate student achievement and the effectiveness of teaching methods. When developing teacher-made tests, teachers should consider the purpose of the test, how it will impact instruction, whether it validly measures the intended concepts, if it is fair to all students, and if scoring will be consistent. While teacher-made tests are better aligned with classroom objectives, some teachers may lack the skills to properly design reliable evaluations. It is important that tests match course content and that questions evaluate student mastery of objectives without clues giving away answers.
Achievement test - Teacher Made Test and Standardized Test - Characteristics,...Suresh Babu
Achievement test - Teacher Made Test and Standardized Test - Characteristics, Steps in Construction (blueprint) and Standardization, Types of Test Items - objective, short answer and long answer- its merits and demerits.
Teacher-made tests are used by teachers to evaluate student progress and understand strengths and weaknesses, while standardized tests are more carefully constructed and scientifically validated to allow student comparison. Some key differences are that teacher-made tests provide immediate feedback but are less reliable, while standardized tests are more valid for comparisons but involve more rigorous development and analysis. Both types of tests have purposes in placement, evaluation, and diagnosing student needs.
The document discusses key concepts related to educational assessment including tests, measurement, evaluation, and different types of assessment. It defines tests as instruments used to measure student performance or traits, and measurement as collecting test score data. Evaluation is interpreting and analyzing measurement data to make judgments. Assessment can be formative (assessment for learning) or summative (assessment of learning) and teachers have different roles in each. Standardized tests differ from teacher-made tests, and assessment serves various instructional purposes like identifying student needs and progress.
This document provides an introduction to educational research. It defines educational research as a formal, systematic process to solve problems related to education through careful investigation. The characteristics of educational research include investigating both the science and art of education through testing hypotheses, correcting errors, and suggesting improvements. Educational research has historically developed in four phases from before 1900 to the present day. The document outlines different types of research such as basic research, applied research, and action research. It also discusses the need for educational research and some limitations to educational research, such as the complexity of studying human behavior and difficulties in observation, replication, and measurement.
Instructional technology is a subset of educational technology concerned with instruction and achieving specific learning objectives. It analyzes content by dividing it into elements that can be presented independently in a logical sequence with appropriate reinforcement. Instructional technology assumes content can be broken down, external learning conditions can be created, and students can learn at their own pace without a teacher. It helps teachers and learners by setting objectives, choosing instructional materials, media and methods, creating an optimal learning environment, and facilitating evaluation.
The document discusses India's national policies on teacher education from 1968 to 2020. It summarizes the key aspects of each national education policy, including the 1968 policy which aimed to provide compulsory education until age 14, the 1986 policy's emphasis on equalizing educational opportunities, and the 2020 policy's focus on reducing curriculum content to enhance critical thinking. It also outlines the approaches to teacher education recommended by each policy, such as establishing District Institutes of Education and Training, upgrading teacher qualifications to a 4-year integrated B.Ed. degree by 2030, and providing both pre-service and in-service training opportunities.
This document discusses hypothesis in educational research. It defines a hypothesis as an assumption made to solve a problem or predict the relationship between variables, which is then tested. It outlines the characteristics of a good hypothesis, including that it can be tested and proven true or false. The document also explains the importance of hypotheses in focusing research and deriving findings. It identifies three main types of hypotheses: declarative/research hypotheses made based on expectations, question hypotheses, and null hypotheses which assume no relationship or difference.
This document discusses the key characteristics of a good test: objectivity, reliability, validity, and usability. It defines each characteristic and provides examples from authors such as Gronlund and Linn (1995) and C.V. Good (1973). Objectivity refers to tests being free from personal bias. Reliability means tests produce consistent results. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. Usability considers ease of administration, duration, and interpretation. The document also compares tests and examinations, noting examinations are more formal, comprehensive assessments conducted less frequently than tests.
teacher made test Vs standardized testathiranandan
Standardized tests are more rigorous and scientifically developed than teacher-made tests. They require a panel of experts including content specialists, test designers, and teachers to plan the test, write items, test the items, and establish validity and reliability through field testing and statistical analysis. The process ensures the tests accurately measure what they aim to without bias. Teacher-made tests are simpler to create by individual teachers and better tied to local classroom needs, but are not as reliable or valid as standardized tests due to less rigorous development and analysis. Both have advantages for different assessment purposes.
Nature, scope and functions of secondary and senior secondary education in In...Dr. Shilna V.
Secondary education encompasses classes 10 and 12 and prepares students for higher education by broadening their knowledge and developing critical thinking skills. Senior secondary education includes classes 11 and 12 and allows for specialization in subjects like arts, commerce, or science. It further develops problem-solving abilities and prepares students for career opportunities or university. The important functions of secondary education are to help students adjust to social changes, integrate into society, differentiate according to their abilities, introduce topics covered in higher education, select appropriate career paths, and provide diagnostic and directive guidance.
Topic: Test, Testing and Evaluation
Student Name: Urooj Fatima
Class: B.Ed. (Hons) Elementary
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
This document describes the purpose and process of creating a question bank. It defines a question bank as a planned library of test items designed to assess predetermined objectives. The key points are:
- A question bank aims to improve the teaching and evaluation processes by providing a pool of validated questions that cover the entire curriculum.
- Developing a question bank involves planning, collecting questions, validating questions through analysis, and storing questions for future use in assessments.
- A question bank has several uses, including aiding instruction, preparing study materials, evaluating student progress, and setting exam papers.
The curriculum development process involves designing integrated teaching and learning plans, implementing them, and evaluating if learning objectives are achieved. A curriculum specialist was interviewed about their school district's process. The district determines curriculum needs, adopts materials through a committee process involving demonstrations from publishers, and supports teachers in effective implementation. Both benefits and potential issues with the curriculum adoption process were discussed.
Models of Teacher Education Some Reflectionsijtsrd
The education system has evolved from ancient to modern, adapting to global and local needs in Indian society. Indias future is shaping its classrooms as the rapidly growing population demands more qualified and professionally trained teachers. Teacher education needs significant transformation, investigation, digitalization, and universal changes that the world needs. They must possess investigative minds, adapt to transformations, and respond to universal needs to create understanding. The text emphasizes the importance of innovation and models in teacher education programs that can dynamically respond to new challenges in the education field, thereby aiding in national development and promoting the inclusion of various practices in these programs with digitalization and technology in education. Teacher education is crucial for fostering efficient and capable teachers, as they are the backbone of society. The article highlights the significance of best practices, new trends, and innovations in teacher education programs, as well as the significance of emerging trends in current teacher education, while also highlighting the importance of these elements in enhancing teaching effectiveness. Awal Saikh | Dibyendu Bhattacharyya "Models of Teacher Education: Some Reflections" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60047.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/60047/models-of-teacher-education-some-reflections/awal-saikh
Structure of teacher education in India || structure of Teacher Education pro...Samir (G. Husain)
The document discusses the structure of teacher education in India, including its merits and limitations. It outlines the following key points:
1. The structure includes pre-service programs like DPSE, D.El.Ed, B.Ed, M.Ed, and Integrated B.Ed as well as in-service programs like induction courses, workshops, and seminars.
2. The merits are that it provides teachers with subject knowledge, pedagogical skills, understanding of child psychology, and the ability to use instructional facilities.
3. However, the structure also has limitations like a lack of uniformity across programs, inadequate facilities and funding, and insufficient emphasis on in-service training.
This document discusses and compares quantitative and qualitative assessment tools used to evaluate learning outcomes. Quantitative tools like tests, surveys, checklists and questionnaires focus on measurable data presented numerically. They are more objective but require statistical analysis expertise. Qualitative tools like interviews, observations, and focus groups provide descriptive data to understand experiences and meanings at a nominal level. They require skilled administration but provide depth, context, and insight not obtainable through quantitative methods alone. Both approaches have advantages and limitations depending on the assessment needs.
The document compares standard tests to teacher-made tests in 10 points:
1. Standard tests are prepared by testing specialists using accepted principles, while teacher-made tests may not be as rigorous.
2. Standard tests have strict guidelines but teacher-made tests can be rushed.
3. Standard tests are given to large populations, while teacher tests are just for their class.
4. Standard tests are validated but teacher tests are not statistically analyzed.
In summary, the document outlines how standard tests are more rigorous and validated than teacher-made tests which can be less standardized.
Teacher-made tests are tests created and administered by classroom teachers to evaluate student achievement and the effectiveness of teaching methods. When developing teacher-made tests, teachers should consider the purpose of the test, how it will impact instruction, whether it validly measures the intended concepts, if it is fair to all students, and if scoring will be consistent. While teacher-made tests are better aligned with classroom objectives, some teachers may lack the skills to properly design reliable evaluations. It is important that tests match course content and that questions evaluate student mastery of objectives without clues giving away answers.
Achievement test - Teacher Made Test and Standardized Test - Characteristics,...Suresh Babu
Achievement test - Teacher Made Test and Standardized Test - Characteristics, Steps in Construction (blueprint) and Standardization, Types of Test Items - objective, short answer and long answer- its merits and demerits.
Teacher-made tests are used by teachers to evaluate student progress and understand strengths and weaknesses, while standardized tests are more carefully constructed and scientifically validated to allow student comparison. Some key differences are that teacher-made tests provide immediate feedback but are less reliable, while standardized tests are more valid for comparisons but involve more rigorous development and analysis. Both types of tests have purposes in placement, evaluation, and diagnosing student needs.
The document discusses key concepts related to educational assessment including tests, measurement, evaluation, and different types of assessment. It defines tests as instruments used to measure student performance or traits, and measurement as collecting test score data. Evaluation is interpreting and analyzing measurement data to make judgments. Assessment can be formative (assessment for learning) or summative (assessment of learning) and teachers have different roles in each. Standardized tests differ from teacher-made tests, and assessment serves various instructional purposes like identifying student needs and progress.
This document provides an introduction to educational research. It defines educational research as a formal, systematic process to solve problems related to education through careful investigation. The characteristics of educational research include investigating both the science and art of education through testing hypotheses, correcting errors, and suggesting improvements. Educational research has historically developed in four phases from before 1900 to the present day. The document outlines different types of research such as basic research, applied research, and action research. It also discusses the need for educational research and some limitations to educational research, such as the complexity of studying human behavior and difficulties in observation, replication, and measurement.
Instructional technology is a subset of educational technology concerned with instruction and achieving specific learning objectives. It analyzes content by dividing it into elements that can be presented independently in a logical sequence with appropriate reinforcement. Instructional technology assumes content can be broken down, external learning conditions can be created, and students can learn at their own pace without a teacher. It helps teachers and learners by setting objectives, choosing instructional materials, media and methods, creating an optimal learning environment, and facilitating evaluation.
The document discusses India's national policies on teacher education from 1968 to 2020. It summarizes the key aspects of each national education policy, including the 1968 policy which aimed to provide compulsory education until age 14, the 1986 policy's emphasis on equalizing educational opportunities, and the 2020 policy's focus on reducing curriculum content to enhance critical thinking. It also outlines the approaches to teacher education recommended by each policy, such as establishing District Institutes of Education and Training, upgrading teacher qualifications to a 4-year integrated B.Ed. degree by 2030, and providing both pre-service and in-service training opportunities.
This document discusses hypothesis in educational research. It defines a hypothesis as an assumption made to solve a problem or predict the relationship between variables, which is then tested. It outlines the characteristics of a good hypothesis, including that it can be tested and proven true or false. The document also explains the importance of hypotheses in focusing research and deriving findings. It identifies three main types of hypotheses: declarative/research hypotheses made based on expectations, question hypotheses, and null hypotheses which assume no relationship or difference.
This document discusses the key characteristics of a good test: objectivity, reliability, validity, and usability. It defines each characteristic and provides examples from authors such as Gronlund and Linn (1995) and C.V. Good (1973). Objectivity refers to tests being free from personal bias. Reliability means tests produce consistent results. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. Usability considers ease of administration, duration, and interpretation. The document also compares tests and examinations, noting examinations are more formal, comprehensive assessments conducted less frequently than tests.
teacher made test Vs standardized testathiranandan
Standardized tests are more rigorous and scientifically developed than teacher-made tests. They require a panel of experts including content specialists, test designers, and teachers to plan the test, write items, test the items, and establish validity and reliability through field testing and statistical analysis. The process ensures the tests accurately measure what they aim to without bias. Teacher-made tests are simpler to create by individual teachers and better tied to local classroom needs, but are not as reliable or valid as standardized tests due to less rigorous development and analysis. Both have advantages for different assessment purposes.
Nature, scope and functions of secondary and senior secondary education in In...Dr. Shilna V.
Secondary education encompasses classes 10 and 12 and prepares students for higher education by broadening their knowledge and developing critical thinking skills. Senior secondary education includes classes 11 and 12 and allows for specialization in subjects like arts, commerce, or science. It further develops problem-solving abilities and prepares students for career opportunities or university. The important functions of secondary education are to help students adjust to social changes, integrate into society, differentiate according to their abilities, introduce topics covered in higher education, select appropriate career paths, and provide diagnostic and directive guidance.
Topic: Test, Testing and Evaluation
Student Name: Urooj Fatima
Class: B.Ed. (Hons) Elementary
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
This document describes the purpose and process of creating a question bank. It defines a question bank as a planned library of test items designed to assess predetermined objectives. The key points are:
- A question bank aims to improve the teaching and evaluation processes by providing a pool of validated questions that cover the entire curriculum.
- Developing a question bank involves planning, collecting questions, validating questions through analysis, and storing questions for future use in assessments.
- A question bank has several uses, including aiding instruction, preparing study materials, evaluating student progress, and setting exam papers.
The curriculum development process involves designing integrated teaching and learning plans, implementing them, and evaluating if learning objectives are achieved. A curriculum specialist was interviewed about their school district's process. The district determines curriculum needs, adopts materials through a committee process involving demonstrations from publishers, and supports teachers in effective implementation. Both benefits and potential issues with the curriculum adoption process were discussed.
Models of Teacher Education Some Reflectionsijtsrd
The education system has evolved from ancient to modern, adapting to global and local needs in Indian society. Indias future is shaping its classrooms as the rapidly growing population demands more qualified and professionally trained teachers. Teacher education needs significant transformation, investigation, digitalization, and universal changes that the world needs. They must possess investigative minds, adapt to transformations, and respond to universal needs to create understanding. The text emphasizes the importance of innovation and models in teacher education programs that can dynamically respond to new challenges in the education field, thereby aiding in national development and promoting the inclusion of various practices in these programs with digitalization and technology in education. Teacher education is crucial for fostering efficient and capable teachers, as they are the backbone of society. The article highlights the significance of best practices, new trends, and innovations in teacher education programs, as well as the significance of emerging trends in current teacher education, while also highlighting the importance of these elements in enhancing teaching effectiveness. Awal Saikh | Dibyendu Bhattacharyya "Models of Teacher Education: Some Reflections" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60047.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/60047/models-of-teacher-education-some-reflections/awal-saikh
This document compares and contrasts the frameworks underlying the principles of media development in the Indonesian Curriculum 2013 (K-2013) and the US Common Core Standards (CCS). Both aim to prepare students for the 21st century by emphasizing higher-order thinking skills. K-2013 focuses on building 18 characters and cognitive skills through a thematic and scientific approach. CCS prioritizes career readiness through literacy, collaboration, communication, and global awareness. While both develop critical thinking, K-2013 emphasizes character building while CCS focuses more on literacy. The frameworks share similarities in preparing students for the future but differ in their standards and areas of emphasis.
This document proposes a model for incorporating Critical Literacy Pedagogy (CLP) principles into an English reading class in an Indonesian high school to foster students' critical thinking skills. The model involves three interventions using Indonesian folklore texts, which contain controversial topics to encourage questioning. Each intervention teaches critical thinking concepts, uses a seven-step reading procedure incorporating CLP principles, and discusses critical thinking skills. The goal is to provide an alternative approach to teaching critical thinking in the Indonesian context by connecting academic instruction to students' culture and experiences.
The document defines key terms related to competency-based curriculum. It discusses definitions of curriculum, competence, and competency-based curriculum. It outlines the background and characteristics of competency-based curriculum, including its student-centered principles. The document also examines components, implementation through teaching and learning activities, and evaluation of competency-based curriculum. It concludes that competence refers to intelligent actions and responsibilities to perform tasks, and that competency-based curriculum emphasizes developing student abilities and mastery of competencies.
As ESP teachers, the teachers are always forced to maintain their knowledge because the development of specific knowledge is changing very fast. The teachers should progressively develop their competence because it will influence the goal of teaching (Latha, 2014). This study focuses on investigating the kinds of challenges that have faced by vocational teachers in developing their professional competence. The research design of this study is a case study. The participants of this study were five vocational teachers who have been teaching in Vocational Schools in Indramayu at least for about two years. The writer used a semi-structured interview to collect the data. The data from the meeting were transcribed and analyzed qualitatively. The result showed that there are three main challenges in developing professional competence. Those challenges are the availability of seminars and workshops in their city, the less support from the institution, and the lack of facilities and infrastructure.
Information Literacy In Higher EducationKavita Rao
Information Literacy in Higher Education: A Revolution in Learning.Paper presented In International Conference on “e-Resources in Higher education: Issues, Developments, Opportunities and Challenges” held on 19-20 February 2010.
This study aims to form a lecturer achievement index model based on student perceptions by looking
at the caseality relationship between latent variables, namely professional, social, personality and pedagogical
competencies of lecturers
Curriculum is the heart of education that is considered important and should be
considered by all parties related to education itself. Curriculum is flexible and must be
developed to achieve the quality of graduates, let alone the quality of graduates in
college. Higher education is seen as the highest institution and must print graduates as
agent of change. Therefore, students must be equipped with life skills by integrating in
learning activities so that it can be applied in the real world and everyday life. Although
up to now all universities have developed curriculum with ideal, but in reality in the
implementation level is not in accordance with what is written on the curriculum. This
means there is a gap between idea and reality. Curriculum development should pay
attention to various aspects of its development, such as its own curriculum, actors who
play a role in curriculum development and the approach used for curriculum
development. Thus, we must remain optimistic to innovate in developing the curriculum
as a future curriculum in Higher Education.
This document discusses teachers' competencies across nine dimensions: field competencies, research competencies, curriculum competencies, lifelong learning competencies, social-cultural competencies, emotional competencies, communication competencies, information and communication technologies competencies, and environmental competencies. Curriculum competencies are divided into curriculum development competencies and curriculum implementation competencies. Teachers' competencies affect their practices and support professional development and curriculum studies, so discussing teachers' competencies is important for improving teaching and learning.
The document discusses key principles for 21st century teaching and learning, including personalizing learning to each student's needs and talents, creating an inclusive environment that celebrates diversity, and reshaping curriculum to focus on skills like problem solving and critical thinking. It reflects on challenges of implementing these changes, such as managing diverse classrooms and ensuring teachers have adequate support, but emphasizes that a one-size-fits-all education does not prepare students for the changing world. The reflective essay advocates for an interconnected, student-centered curriculum that leverages technology to facilitate self-paced and collaborative learning.
An educational model consists of compiling different pedagogical theories to guide teaching and learning. It abstracts from real teaching behaviors and can represent learning or teaching theories. Knowing educational models helps teachers develop curricula and generate better classroom results. Traditional models focus on study programs without social factors, using lectures. 21st century models respond to economic/technological changes and develop skills for students' future careers. Effective learning models for students include hands-on activities, collaborative projects, experiential learning, and direct instruction.
Curriculum Management as Strengthening Pancasila Students ProfilesAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The independent curriculum as a revolutionary curriculum in Indonesia has many
implementations, one of which is strengthening the Pancasila student profile project. Globalization and
industrial revolution 4.0 have encouraged the government to instill students' morals with Pancasila values.
Curriculum management as a basis for implementing a program is very much needed. In fact, not all educational
units understand and interpret this profile project correctly. Therefore, researchers conducted research to analyze
curriculum management related to planning, implementing, and evaluating of strengthening the Pancasila
student profile project at State JHS 1 Getasan. The research method used is qualitative research, where
interviews, observations and documentation are carried out to strengthen the findings. The results of this
research illustrate that curriculum management is meaningful for the sustainability of profile projects. Planning,
implementation, evaluation and follow-up need to be improved in the areas of collaboration, communication,
and additional references. Therefore, it is hoped that this research can become an illustration and reference for
improving curriculum management to strengthen the profile of Pancasila students.
Keywords–curriculum management, education, Pancasila Students’ Profile, character, diversity.
The document discusses the importance of dispositions for early childhood education preservice teachers and how teacher preparation programs should focus on developing positive teacher dispositions from the start of training. It notes that dispositions reflect a teacher's beliefs and attitudes and influence how they interact with students. The author argues teacher educators must be intentional in helping preservice teachers reflect on their own beliefs to develop appropriate professional dispositions for working with young children.
Chokera_Influence of teacher characteristics on pupils academic perfomance i...GeoffreyKashindi1
This document discusses the purpose and objectives of a study on the influence of teacher characteristics on student academic performance in primary schools in Kenya. The study aims to examine how teacher attitudes, demographics, qualifications, and experience influence the performance of 7th and 8th grade students. It provides context on the development of education and teacher training in Kenya. It reviews literature showing that teacher attitudes can impact students through modeling behavior, reinforcement, and observational learning. Positive teacher attitudes that are conveyed through supportive behaviors can encourage students and improve their performance.
A Review Of Research On The Use Of Higher Order Thinking Skills To Teach WritingNat Rice
This document provides a literature review on research related to the use of higher order thinking skills to teach writing. It discusses that higher order thinking skills like critical thinking, problem solving, and creative thinking are important for students to develop but Malaysian students often struggle with applying these skills, especially in writing. While the Malaysian education system aims to cultivate students with strong thinking abilities, teachers often lack training on how to effectively integrate higher order thinking skill pedagogy into their classroom teaching practices. The document examines several studies that highlight issues like teachers only being trained to ask higher order thinking questions but not implement those skills fully, and teachers lacking preparation to teach higher order thinking through lesson activities. Overall, the literature review explores the need for better teacher training
This document provides an overview and introduction to a modular workbook aimed at developing reading comprehension for first year high school students. It includes chapters on factors affecting reading comprehension, different reading strategies, and tips and guidelines for effective reading. The introduction explains that the workbook aims to help students solve problems and develop proficient reading through various strategies and useful tips. It is expected that students will gain knowledge from the information, increase reading proficiency, and positively respond to the tips and guidelines provided.
This document provides an overview and outline of a modular workbook aimed at developing reading comprehension for first year high school students. It includes 10 chapters that cover factors affecting comprehension, reading strategies, and tips for effective reading. The introduction explains the goal of helping students solve reading problems and increase proficiency. Chapter 1 identifies key factors like vocabulary, text structure, and reasoning ability. Subsequent chapters cover strategies like pre-, during-, and post-reading techniques. The workbook aims to equip students with tools to improve their reading comprehension.
EDU 502_Teaching Technologies_TCC_Syllabus_160613-10Patrick D. Huff
This document is a syllabus for an educational technology methods course taught by Professor Patrick Huff. The 3-page syllabus outlines the course objectives, which include understanding how emerging technologies can be applied to enhance teaching and learning. It provides information on course logistics, including meeting times and location. It also introduces the professor and lists required texts. The syllabus includes appendices on topics like curriculum design, instructional principles, and the InTASC teaching standards that will be covered throughout the course.
This study is a qualitative research with case study strategy that aims to describe the understanding of Mathematics teacher about the learning process based on 2013 Curriculum (K13) 2017 Revision. The subjects of this study are a Mathematics teacher who has status as a Civil Servant and Honorary at SMAN 1 Wuryantoro, Wonogiri Regency. The result of this study is generally, the understanding of the two Mathematics teachers about the learning process based on K13 2017 Revision have been appropriate to the guidelines K13 2017 Revision by the Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia. However, the Honorary teacher's understanding of the learning process has not been appropriate to the Assessment Guidelines by Educators and the High School Education.
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https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
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1. COMPETENCY-BASED CURRICULUM
A Paper
Submitted to fulfill the assignment of Curriculum and Learning studies
(Kurikulum dan Pembelajaran)
Lecturer:
Muhammad Zuhdi, S.Ag., M.Ed., Ph.D.
by:
Sahara Adjie Samudera
11160110000055
DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TARBIYA AND TEACHING SCIENCES
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
2017/ 1439
2. iv
CONTENTS
CONTENTS.......................................................................................................... iv
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1
A. Background .................................................................................................. 1
B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................... 1
C. Writing Purpose ........................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 2
A. Definition of Competency-Based Curriculum ............................................. 2
B. Characteristics of Competency-Based Curriculum...................................... 4
C. Implementation of Competency-Based Curriculum .................................... 4
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................... 7
A. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 7
REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 8
3. 1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Because of global developments and changes in various aspects of life that
have come so quickly, it has become a national challenge and demands immediate
and serious attention. This is very reasonable because the phenomenon in the global
era, especially related to the world of work is always characterized by uncertainty,
the faster and often change, and demand greater flexibility. This change
fundamentally demands not only a hard-working workforce, but it is also essential
to master the ability to face change and to take advantage of the change itself (soft
competence). Therefore, it becomes a challenge of vocational education to be able
to integrate these two components of competence in an integrated way in preparing
students to have the ability to work and develop in the future.
One effort to anticipate such changes and developments is to develop an
educational curriculum, especially in vocational education that provides skills and
skills to survive and compete in change, conflict, and life difficulties. One of the
strategic steps to anticipate the problem is by applying Competency Based
Curriculum.
B. Problem Formulation
1. What is Competency-Based Curriculum?
2. What are the characteristics of Competency-Based Curriculum?
3. How Competency-Based Curriculum can be implemented?
C. Writing Purpose
1. To know and understand what competency-based curriculum is.
2. To understand the characteristics of Competency-Based Curriculum.
3. To understand how to implement Competency-Based Curriculum.
4. 2
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Competency-Based Curriculum
Before we go further, we have to know the definition of Competency-Based
Curriculum. There are various definition of “competency” that depends on the
author or the experts of this subject.
According to Anshari R. Sastrawinata, Competence is a statement which
describes the appearance of a certain ability unanimously that a blend of knowledge
and skills that can be observed and measured.1
Elza Mylona said that “competency”
is about integration and application of learned facts, skills and affective qualities
needed to serve the patient, the community and the profession.2
Competency-based refers to systems of instruction, assessment, grading, and
academic reporting that are based on students demonstrating that they have learned
the knowledge and skills they are expected to learn as they progress through their
education.3
In the other definition said, competency-based concept is a focus on
student mastery of performance and learning outcomes through a set of pre-defined
learning objectives.4
While curriculum is derived from Latin verb currere, “to run”. Currere
became a diminutive noun and meant a “racing chariot” or “race track”.5
The other
definition said that curriculum is an interactive process developed among learners,
teachers, material, and the environment. It functions as a mirror that reflects cultural
beliefs, social and political values and the organization.6
1
Anshari R. Sastrawinata, Curriculum Development of KBK - KTSP in Indonesia,
(https://id.scribd.com/document/62005684/Curriculum-Development-of-KBK, Accessed on December
1st
, 2017)
2
Elza Mylona, Developing a Competency Based Curriculum,
(http://www.dent.uoa.gr/fileadmin/dent.uoa.gr/uploads/curriculum-competency/mylona-march-
2013.pdf, Accessed on December 1st
, 2017)
3
Edglossary, Competency Based Learning, (http://edglossary.org/competency-based-learning/,
Accessed on December 2nd
, 2017)
4
Elsevier Education, Competency-Based Education, p. 2.
5
Shao-Wen Su, “The Various Concepts of Curriculum and the Factors Involved in
Curricula-making”, Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2012, p.153.
6
Ibid., p. 155.
5. 3
Competency-Based Curriculum is a design based on specific competencies is
characterized by specific, sequential, and demonstrable learning of the task,
activities, or skills which constitutes the act to be learned and performed by
students7
Competency-based curriculum is a curriculum that emphasizes the complex
outcomes of a learning process (i.e. knowledge, skills and attitudes to be applied by
learners) rather than mainly focusing on what learners are expected to learn about
in terms of traditionally-defined subject content. In principle such a curriculum is
learner-centered and adaptive to the changing needs of students, teachers and
society. It implies that learning activities and environments are chosen so that
learners can acquire and apply the knowledge, skills and attitudes to situations they
encounter in everyday life. Competency-based curricula are usually designed
around a set of key competences/competencies that can be cross-curricular and/or
subject-bound.8
From those definitions, I conclude that Competency-Based Curriculum is a
design of teaching and learning activities which is learner’s competency-centered.
Obviously, the focus is the student-competency, not subjects and others. That’s the
different between Competency-Based Curriculum and other term of curriculum.
There are some aspects that describe the concept of competency, those are:9
1. Knowledge
2. Understanding
3. Skill
4. Value
5. Attitude
6. Interest
7
Dwi Rahdiyanta, Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi dan Konsep KBK,
(http://staffnew.uny.ac.id/upload/131569341/penelitian/19-kurikulum-berbasis-kompetensi-kbk-
pengertian-dan-konsep-kbk.pdf, Accessed on December 5th
, 2017), p. 5
8
Internasional Bureau of Education, Competency Based Curriculum,
(http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/glossary-curriculum-terminology/c/competency-based-curriculum,
Accessed on December 2nd
, 2017)
9
E. Mulyasa, Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi, (Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya), 2010, p. 38
– 39.
6. 4
B. Characteristics of Competency-Based Curriculum
Jobelle B. Salvador wrote that characteristics of Competency-Based
Curriculum are:10
1. Learning is measured according to how well the learner performs in relation to
competencies (objectives).
2. Instructional system in which performance based learning process is used.
3. Focuses on the outcome of the learning
4. Addresses what the learners are expected to do rather than on what they are
expected to learn about.
5. Allows the students to learn at their own pace
6. Students progress by demonstrating competence, which means they have to
prove that they mastered the knowledge and skills required for a particular
course.
C. Implementation of Competency-Based Curriculum
Competency-Based Curriculum is one way to develop student’s ability to gain
great results in the future. To achieve that goal, the implementation is required. To
apply this, there are some things to do and need to be adjusted. Which is “School
Reformation”.
The school reform can be seen from the following challenges:11
1. The development of science and technology so fast that it is difficult to
followed just like that without education. This is certainly a big influence on
the education system at school. It is therefore necessary to change within the
school environment to adapt the Competency-Based Curriculum concept.
2. The development of population requires greater education services in a
country. Because of that, a big budget is required to be spent by a country.
3. The quality human resources are the basic capital as well as the key to the
success of national development if the human resources are well developed.
10
Jobelle B. Salvador, “Standar Based Curriculum vs Competency Based Curriculum”
11
E. Mulyasa, op. cit., p. 144 – 145.
7. 5
4. The development of information and technology raises a lot of thought, way of
thinking, philosophical view, in this case education. To face these challenges,
schools must be able to control it.
To face these challenges, there are several solutions that need to be applied.
There are:12
1. Modernization of School Management
Schools should not be separated from the community. Therefore, in the
modernization of school management education implementers should work
with other sectors in the community, especially those who have done
modernization.
2. Modernization of Teacher.
However good a curriculum is, but the outcome is highly dependent on
what the teacher and the class do (actual) do. Therefore, teachers play an
important role both in the preparation and implementation of the curriculum.13
3. Modernization of Learning Process
Teaching updates do not have to be accompanied using all-round
equipment. In order to develop teacher education and educational career
development such as it should be emphasized the importance of developing
new ways of learning that are effective and in accordance with the ability of
each student.
4. Additional Funds for Education
It should be noted that expensive education is not necessarily a measure
of student success. But good education is "not cheap" which means having high
quality. To achieve this, a substantial amount of funding for educational needs
is required.
12
E. Mulyasa, op. cit., p. 146 – 149.
13
Nana Syaodih Sukmadinata, Prinsip dan Landasan Pengembangan Kurikulum, (Jakarta:
P2LPTK Depdikbud, 1988), p. 212.
8. 6
In addition, the government needs to provide the infrastructure that supports
the curriculum. It is intended for education to run as planned and certainly get good
results. For some countries, including Indonesia, this is a major problem that
hinders the development of education there.
9. 7
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
A. Conclusion
Competency-based curriculum is a curriculum that emphasizes the complex
outcomes of a learning process (i.e. knowledge, skills and attitudes to be applied by
learners) rather than mainly focusing on what learners are expected to learn about
in terms of traditionally-defined subject content. In principle such a curriculum is
learner-centered and adaptive to the changing needs of students, teachers and
society. It implies that learning activities and environments are chosen so that
learners can acquire and apply the knowledge, skills and attitudes to situations they
encounter in everyday life.
The concept of this curriculum is mentioned with its characteristics that
Learning is measured according to how well the learner performs in relation to
competencies (objectives). Besides that, Instructional system in which performance
based learning process is used. And also, this curriculum focuses on the outcome
of the learning.
To achieve the goals, it needs adjustment and reformation in the education
sector. Such us, modernizing school, teacher, management, and also budget to cover
those needs. All of that can be understood as “school reformation”. If schools
complete those term, they will be fine to implement this curriculum as well as it’s
plan.
10. 8
REFERENCES
Mulyasa, E. Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi. Bandung: PT. Remaja
Rosdakarya, 2010.
Sukmadinata, Nana Syaodih. Prinsip dan Landasan Pengembangan
Kurikulum. Jakarta: P2LPTK Depdikbud, 1988.
Edglossary. “Competency Based Learning”,
http://edglossary.org/competency-based-learning, Accessed on
December 2nd, 2017.
Elsevier Education, “Competency-Based Education”, www.elsevier.com,
Accessed on December 12th, 2017.
Internasional Bureau of Education. “Competency Based Curriculum”,
http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/glossary-curriculum-
terminology/c/competency-based-curriculum, Accessed on December
2nd, 2017.
Mylona, Elza. “Developing a Competency Based Curriculum”,
http://www.dent.uoa.gr/fileadmin/dent.uoa.gr/uploads/curriculum-
competency/mylona-march-2013.pdf, Accessed on December 1st,
2017.
Rahdiyanta, Dwi. “Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi dan Konsep KBK”,
http://staffnew.uny.ac.id/upload/131569341/penelitian/19-kurikulum-
berbasis-kompetensi-kbk-pengertian-dan-konsep-kbk.pdf, Accessed
on December 5th, 2017.
Salvador, Jobelle B. “Standar Based Curriculum vs Competency Based
Curriculum”
11. 9
Sastrawinata, Anshari R. “Curriculum Development of KBK - KTSP in
Indonesia”, https://id.scribd.com/document/62005684/Curriculum-
Development-of-KBK, Accessed on December 1st, 2017.
Shao-Wen Su, “The Various Concepts of Curriculum and the Factors
Involved in Curricula-making”, Journal of Language Teaching and
Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2012.