Comparing Krypton, Arsenic, And Potassium

Comparing Krypton, Arsenic, And Potassium
The three elements that I will be looking at are Krypton, Arsenic, and Potassium. These elements are
all very different but share some similarities even with their separate placement on the periodic
table. I chose these elements because they are the most different of the six elements that I chose to
do this project on. Arsenic is the first element we will be looking at. Arsenic is a metalloid because it
shares some characteristics with metals and some with nonmetals. Arsenic, like Calcium, is a grey,
slight shine.They are both solids at room temperature. They also both can conduct electricity in at
least one of their forms. One of the differences between these elements is that arsenic is poisonous
and dangerous to your health even in relatively small doses. Calcium is not dangerous to your health
and is actually needed for survival. Krypton and Arsenic are much less similar even though they are
closer in the number of valence electrons. One major difference is that arsenic is a solid at room
temperature, unlike Krypton. Arsenic also does not look like Krypton. Arsenic is more chemically
reactive than Krypton as well. And lastly Krypton is non–toxic unlike arsenic. ... Show more content
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Calcium is an Alkaline Earth Metal and is a chemically reactive shiny grey substance. Calcium is
soft and can be cut with a knife. Calcium is very important for life on Earth unlike Arsenic and
Krypton, which are not incredibly useful in any way. Calcium has very violent reactions with water
unlike Arsenic and Krypton. Calcium has been known to man for a very long time, but not in its
pure form, like Arsenic. It is a solid at room temperature like Arsenic and most metals. Calcium is
also the most abundant in our solar system of any of these elements. Calcium is also the only one of
these three elements used in building large structures such as buildings or
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How Did The Atomic Theory Develop And Change?
1. What are chemical symbols? Give some examples.
2. Define atom. What the three main particles of an atom?
3. Describe the nucleus of an atom.
4. Describe protons, neutrons and electrons: locations and charges.
5. How did the atomic theory develop and change?
6. Describe the current model of the atom– Electron Cloud Model.
7. Describe the mass of atoms.
8. What is the atomic number and why is it so important?
9. What is the mass number of an atom?
10. How do you use the mass number to calculate the number of neutrons?
11. What is an isotope?
12. What is the average atomic mass? How is it calculated?
13. Who was Demetri Mendeleev and what is his contribution?
14. What is the periodic table?
15. What are groups/families? How many are there?

Hunting The Elements Analysis
Over the duration of viewing "Hunting the Elements" I learned about various scientific topics
including, the elements, what all living things are composed of, CHNOPS, rare earth elements, and
even the origins of elements. The elements were organized by Dimitri Mendeleév. He organized
them by properties (columns), groups (horizontal), and atomic number (the number of protons and
electrons). This became known as the Periodic Table. And currently there are 118 elements. He also
found gaps in which elements that were yet to be discovered were to go, three of these unknown
elements were found and identified in Mendeleév's lifetime. The elements today are used in
everything and 75% of the 118 elements are metal. Each element has a certain amount ... Show more
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The rare earth elements The United States currently only has one rare earth mine. And 98% exports
comes from China which is currently taking advantage of their near monopoly by limiting the
exportation. Scientists are engineering powerful rare earth magnets by combining iron, boron, and
trying to reduce the neodymium, these rare earth magnets are not naturally found. And scientist all
over the world have found creative and innovative uses for these magnets. For example a scientist
has found that he can reduce the deaths of sharks by using magnets to repel the sharks by attaching
it to fishing hooks. Though the hook was also attracted to the metal so he found the magnet with the
least magnetic force, called samarium, that would also produce the same

Cloudy Lab
Purpose/Objective The purpose of this experiment is to identify the periodic trends in the solubility
of the alkaline earth metals and compare the results to that of lead Materials 1. Pencil 2. Lab
notebook 3. 5 small test tubes 4. Droppers Chemicals 1. 0.2 M Mg(NO3)2 2. 0.2 M Ca(NO3)2 3. 0.2
M Sr(NO3)2 4. 0.2 M Ba(NO3)2 5. 0.2 M Pb(NO3)2 6. 1 M NaOH 7. 0.2 M NaBr 8. 0.2 M NaI 9.
0.2 M Na2SO4 10. 0.1 M Na2CO3 11. 0.2 M Na2C2O4 12. 1 M NaCl Data and Results Mg(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 Ba(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 NaOH Cloudy Milky Cloudy Cloudy Milky NaCl No
reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction Powder NaBr No reaction No reaction No reaction No
reaction Cloudy NaI No reaction No reaction No reaction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In some instances lead reacted very similarly with the alkaline earth metal but very different in the
other reactions such as with iodide. This is due to lead's position on the periodic table as compared
to those of the alkaline earth metals. The position on the periodic table correlates to an element's
atomic radius, ionization energy, and electron affinity. All of these properties affect an element's
chemical properties such as solubility. A systematic error occurred during my experiment when I
observed a reaction between barium and iodide. There should have been no reaction. This error is
probably the result of using a test tube that was not cleaned properly prior to combining Ba(NO3)2
with NaI. This experiment reinforced the concepts introduced in Chapter 8 of our textbook. Pre–Lab
Questions 1. The names and symbols of the alkaline earth metals encountered in this experiment are:
a. Magnesium – Mg b. Barium – Ba c. Strontium – Sr d. Calcium – Ca 2. a. The general electron
configuration of the alkaline earth metals is [Noble gas]ns2. b. The electron configuration for lead,
Pb, is [Xe]6s25d104f146p2. c. All the formulas of the oxides formed by the alkaline earth metals
and lead have the general formula of RO. 3. The general formulas for the following compounds with
alkaline earth metals

Periodic Table Research Paper : Madison
Periodic Table Research Paper Madison Swanson Manson Northwest Webster Abstract Today, the
periodic table is used by many people worldwide to learn more about the elements located on it. It
has evolved into a much easier piece of information to use because of all the many scientists and
chemists that have revised it over the last hundred ish years. There are certain things on the periodic
table that help to learn more about each element. Periodic families are used to help understand
similarities between the atomic structures of elements. Trends are used to show certain patterns
within the periodic table. One can learn many things about the periodic table from studying it.
History of the Periodic Table The periodic table is a scientific table with all of the known elements
found throughout history and is organized in order of increasing atomic numbers. The first discovery
of an element was in 1649 by a man named Hennig Brand and in the following two centuries,
chemists all over the world kept finding similar properties and decided to start categorizing them
into similar groups. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev (see figure 1) was the first man to come up with a
periodic table based on atomic mass. Since then many other scientists have provided more
information to make the periodic table what it is today. There are multiple periodic tables all
including the same elements but some containing more or less information on each element.
Information

Genetic Macromolecules
Biological evolution begins with the origin of life, but the subject is the perhaps the most
interdisciplinary of any in science. Understanding how life began on Earth requires knowledge of
the astronomical, geological, and atmospheric settings. However, those settings are in turn
dependent on knowing the time period when life arose, which comes from the fossil and molecular
records, including molecular clocks based on genetic mutations. Interrelated with the setting is the
chemistry that generates the organic molecules used to assemble the first cells and carry the genetic
information to successive generations of cells. But holding the chemical reactions and products
together in a cell requires a membrane, and the assembly of that involves ... Show more content on
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The last 60 years have witnessed chemists developing an understanding of organocatalysis and
ligand field theory, both of which give demonstrable low–molecular–weight catalysts. We assume
that transition–metal–ligand complexes are likely to have occurred in the deep ocean trenches by the
combination of naturally occurring oceanic metals and ligands synthesized from the emergent
CO(2), H(2), NH(3), H(2)S, and H(3)PO(4). We are now in a position to investigate experimentally
the metal–ligand complexes, their catalytic function, and the reaction networks that could have
played a role in the development of metabolism and life itself.a self–propelled oil droplet system
based on fatty acid chemistry. This system exhibits symmetry breaking with four characteristics:
directional internal convective flow, directional external water flow, directional product release, and
a self–generated pH gradient. The simple ingredients–oil with acid–producing precursor and
alkaline water with surfactant–work in concert to produce sustained autonomous motion. The
supramolecular structure itself contains the chemistry that fuels its movement. The system produces
not only more surfactant but protons resulting in acidification of the environment immediately
surrounding the oil droplet. The droplet successfully moves away from this waste product into fresh
unmodified alkaline solution and even displays a primitive form of chemotaxis. Although this
mechanism of movement is unlike mechanisms of motility employed by natural cellular life,
directed motion by convection may be useful in an artificial cell context in the avoidance or delay of
chemical

Marine Biology Lab Report
2. Temporal variability of alkaline earth metals in seawater: implication for variation in geochemical
cycling Ocean plays a key role in geochemical cycling of alkaline earth metals that are directly
connected to the global C–cycle. Hence secular variation of elemental and concentrations and
isotopic compositions of seawater can reflect major changes in the lithosphere and the atmosphere
over geologic time. Consequently, elemental and isotopic composition of marine chemical
sediments (e.g., carbonates, oxides and evaporates) have been utilized extensively as geologic
archives that potentially record secular variation of ocean chemistry. Long oceanic residence time of
metals like Ca, Mg, and Sr makes them potential to record long–term ... Show more content on
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Although, the high temperature basalt–seawater interaction in the mid oceanic ridge axis considered
to have no isotope effect on the seawater Mg, the potential of fractionating Mg isotopes during
seawater circulating through low temperature ridge flanks is still unexplored. Hydrothermal removal
of Mg in the MOR flank can vary between 10–80% of the total Mg removal via seawater–basalt
interaction and part of that Mg is incorporated into the CaCO3 precipitated to form calcium
carbonate veins (CCV). Given the abundance (1–4 vol%) of CCVs in the upper ocean–ic crust and
potential to incorporate significant amount of Mg (~10 times more than biogenic calcites) CCVs can
be another potential sink for Mg in the ocean and since carbonates are known to fractionate Mg
isotopes CCVs can regulate both concentration and isotopic composition of Mg in seawater.
Besides, due to the lack of resolvable sen–sitivity of Mg isotopic fractionation in carbonates to
temperature, the CCVs can also record variability in seawater δ26Mg. This motivates me to
investigate, the δ26Mg of CCVs from various MOR flanks to evaluate i) their role in controlling
oceanic Mg budget and ii) their potential as proxy for seawater δ26Mg. To fulfill the primary
objective of this project I plan to 1) obtain CCV samples from various ocean basins. The sample
repository of the Ocean Drilling Program

Noble Gas Neon
Mitchell Adamson
Mr. Shipman
Hour 1
January 22, 2016
Tour of the Periodic Table
Can you believe that in 1869 Russian Chemist Dimitri Mendeleev arranged the chemical elements
by atomic mass and started the development of the periodic table. After this Henry Gwyn Moseley
was an English Physicist and Developed Mosley's which sorted the chemical elements of the
periodic table in a logical order based on physics. Before all the naturally occurring elements were
discovered the periodic table was used to predict chemical and physical properties of elements in the
gaps of the table. The periodic table can now be used to predict properties of elements yet to be
discovered. It can also be used to predict types of chemical reactions. The Periodic ... Show more
The Transition metals are the 38 elements between groups 3 and 12. Along with all metals, these
transition elements are ductile, malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. Their valence electrons
are used to combine with other elements that are present in one shell. The element we are going to
look at from this group is Beryllium. This element has the symbol of Be and has the atomic number
of 4. It is created through stellar nucleosynthesis and is a rare element. It is a gray–metallic color
and is in period 2 of the periodic table. This element is very toxic and has one of the highest melting
point for one of the lightest metals. This element is very harmful for the human body, but is good in
nature. These are the Transition metals and the element

Interpreting The Periodic Table At The Middle Of The...
Interpreting the periodic Table Lab partner's name: Priscila Baque Scarleth Romero Jilyan Carrera
Date: 01–05–14 1. Introduction: Imagine the confusion among chemists during the middle of the
nineteenth century. By 1860, more than 60 elements had been discovered. Chemists had to learn the
properties of these elements as well as those of the many compounds that they formed a difficult
task. And to make matters worse, there was no method for accurately determining an element's
atomic mass or the number of atoms of an element in a particular chemical compound. Different
chemists used different atomic masses for the same elements, resulting in different compositions
being proposed for the same compounds. This made it nearly impossible for one chemist to
understand the results of another. Everything around us is made of atoms. Most objects are mixtures
or compounds of different types of atoms, but some common items consist of only a single type of
atom. Each image here represents a common item that is composed of only one or a few elements.
Pennies were once made of just one element copper. Today, zinc is also a major component of
pennies. If we could look very closely at a copper penny, we would see that every atom is the same.
Typically, items in stores have been arranged so that it is easy to find what you are looking for, and
similar products are usually grouped together. This makes finding an item simpler than if the items
were just thrown

Lab Report: Relative Reactivity And The Periodic Table
Natalie Gorman
Heberton
Chem 300 period 8
11/23/14
Relative Reactivity and the Periodic Table
Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to investigate the relationship between the relative reactivity of
several metal elements and where the elements are found on the periodic table. There are many
factors pertaining to the order in which the elements are laid out and in this lab, determining the
reactivity levels of certain metals will lead to patterns. The placement of elements in groups is
usually related to the reactivity level. The purpose of this lab is to examine these levels and figure
out if there is an increasing reactivity pattern, decreasing, or if there is not one at all.
Independent and Dependent Variables:
IV: Type of metal
DV: Reactivity
Data Analysis:
1.
Symbol/name Group Name/Number # Of Valance electrons Physical descriptions Observations in
water Observations in HCL
Li Lithium Alkali
Group 1 1 –Relatively soft
–Silver
–Metallic
–Shiny
–Slightly lustrous
–Packed in mineral water –Bubbled
–Turned the water pink (basic)
–Steam
–Spun around on top of the water
– Exothermic reaction " "
Na Sodium Alkali Group 1 1 –Softer than Lithium
–Light gray
–Metallic
–Silvery –Lower density than water
–Turned into a ball

–Caught on fire
–Started to spark
–Started steaming
–Very reactive
–Basic " "
K Potassium Alkali Group 1 1 –Easy to cut
–Dark gray
–Lustrous –Caught on fire
–Sparked
–Started steaming
–Turned into a sphere when hitting the water
–Basic " "
Ca Calcium

Factors Affecting The Metabolism Before Information...
In addition, this theory focuses on building the metabolism before information bearing compounds
like RNA, while other theories focus on creating an RNA world first. However, the idea that
hydrothermal vents were the hatchery of life can be compatible for both theories. Similar to how the
micro–compartments in the vents could have concentration chemicals needed for metabolism to
arise, the micro–compartments could have also concentrated products needed for organic synthesis
of primitive genetic material (Joyce G.F. 2002). Some RNA world theories were criticized because
the chemicals in the ocean would be in too low of a concentration to react readily. Therefore, using
hydrothermal vents as a concentrating mechanisms would provide concentrations needed to help
endergonic reactions proceed (Martin et al. 2008).
To further our understanding of how life could have arisen and the constraints for life, we need to
look beyond our planet. A logical choice would be to look at icy worlds that have a similar oceanic
climate to the Hadean Ocean. Recent data obtained by the Cassini spacecraft point to Enceladus as a
possible location to answer these questions. In 2005, the Cassini spacecraft discovered plumes of
water vapor, salts and ice ejected from Saturn's moon Enceladus. This plume was sodium–salt rich
and the liquid water showed evidence of having been in contact with rock surfaces (Postburg et al.
2009,2011). In addition to water vapor, salts, and ice, dust particles were also

History Of The Periodic Table
History of the Periodic Table Austin Smith LSG5 Scientists all around the world have attempted to
group, sort and organise elements together for hundreds of years, with initial classification systems
dating decades before the dawn of an actual table in the nineteenth century. An example of early
work prior to the 1800s is Antoine Lavoisier and partners Antoine Fourcroy, Louis–Bernard Guyton
de Morveau and Claude–Louis Berthollet's list of elements. While this one dimensional system
documented all of the 33 elements known at the time (and still shares the same idea of organising
the elements), sorting them based on a variety of physical factors proved to be much more complex
than imagined (Scerri, 2011). Dobereiner's Triads of Elements (Dobereiner's Law of Triads, no date)
In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner was one of the first to create a milestone for future
classification systems. He attempted to structure the elements together based off of elements with
similar traits, grouping elements in groups of three, together forming what was called a 'triad'
(Western Oregon University, 1997). Dobereiner created his three–element structure when he noticed
that the atomic weight of strontium was almost the average of calcium and barium, all of which
shared similar properties (Dobereiner's Law of Triads, no date). Dobereiner noticed such pattens
more often, two triads being the halogen triad, consisting of chlorine, bromine, and iodine as well as
an alkali metal triad, consisting

Origins Of The Periodic Table
As we know, today there are one–hundred and eighteen elements on the periodic table of elements,
but it didn't start out like this. Robert Boyle, a scientist, discovered the element phosphorus in 1680.
Also, in this year the element became known to the public. By the year of 1809, the number of
elements discovered at the time was up to 47. Also, scientists began to see a pattern in the
characteristics of the elements. Later in 1863, The 56 elements discovered at the time were then
divided into 11 groups based on their characteristics by an english chemist named John Newlands.
In the year 1869 a Russian chemist by the name of Dimitri Mendeleev started the making of the
periodic table. He started by rearranging the elements in order of atomic mass. He also expected the
discovery of other elements, so he decided to leave empty spaces in his table so he could add new
elements later. In 1894, the noble gases were discovered by Sir William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh.
The noble gases were added to the periodic table in a group labeled 0. Eventually in 1945, Glenn
Seaborg discovered and identified lanthanides and actinides. The Lanthanides were the elements
with atomic numbers greater than 57 and lower than 71. The Actinides were elements greater than
92. These elements today are located underneath the periodic table (refer to figure 1). The last major
change to the periodic table occurred in the 20th century due to the work of Glenn Seaborg. starting
with his

How Did Sir Humphry Davy Contribute To Chemistry
Sir Humphy Davy had many essential contributions to the study of chemistry and the periodic table
of elements. Sir Humphry Davy was a chemist from the late 18th and early 19th century from
England. His contributions and experiments were remarkably important to the discovery of various
elements, and his work with various gases. Sir Humphry Davy was born on December 17, 1778 and
raised in Penzance, Cornwall, England. At a young age, Davy was apprenticed to be a surgeon at 16
after he had lost his father, and then was educated at Penzance and Truron in Cornwall for medicine.
Davy was a very intelligent child and grew to become a very successful chemist. He was first
introduced to science by a scientist by the name of Robert Dunkin, and to ... Show more content on
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Davy was accepted into the Royal Society, "the oldest scientific academy for the fellowship of the
the world's most eminent scientist,"(royal society). He discovered electrolysis, the interactions of
electric currents with compound, which led to the isolation of sodium and potassium. Davy also
used electrochemistry to isolate the elements of the alkaline earth metals: boron, barium, strontium,
magnesium, and calcium. Davy was able to isolate the alkaline earth metals by using using batteries
made out of voltaic pile, and using the electric charge to separate the elements from their
compounds. His concept of electrolytic apparatus was he connected the battery to metallic disks that
were dipped into a liquid of the compound that he wanted separate (1, Kenyon). Davy alloyed the
compound with mercury so the water itself was not separated, and was able to produce with a
current, small clumps of the alkaline earth metals.(1, Kenyon) He also discovered boron, hydrogen
telluride, and hydrogen phosphide (phosphine)(Gibbs). He also worked with chlorine to prove that
Lavoisier's theory that all acids contained oxygen, but failed to due so because he did not know that
chlorine was actually a chemical element. Davy was a majorly important to the isolation of multiple
elements on the periodic table of elements, and the discovery of new elements and new

Magnesium Research Paper
The element magnesium is a metal (alkaline earth metal) and solid at room temperature. It has a
density of 1,740 kg/m3 and it is found in nature. It's isotopes are Mg–24 (relative abundance:
78.99%), Mg–25 (relative abundance: 10.00%), and Mg–26 (relative abundance: 11.01%).
Magnesium has a melting point of 1,202o F and a boiling point of 1,996o F. This element is a slow–
reacting element but its reactivity rises with oxygen. The crystal structure of Magnesium is simple
hexagonal.
Magnesium was recognized by Joseph Black as an element in 1755. But, it wasn't purified until
1808, when Cornish chemist Sir Humphry Davy created a small electric current and created
magnesium oxide. On Earth, Magnesium is both found in the crust and mantle. This pure element
can be bought at a price of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A lack of sufficient amount of it in the body may potentially lead to the development of various
diseases and disorders. Magnesium is considered important for the functioning of the body because
it is involved in various processes such as the beating of the heart to the function of the body's
muscles and hormones. Some symptoms of magnesium deficiency are: nausea, loss of appetite, and
fatigue. The good news is that there are also effective ways to fight magnesium deficiency, and one
is through eating magnesium–rich foods.
There are many interesting facts about magnesium. One of them is, China is the leading producer of
magnesium, responsible for about 80% of the world's supply. Magnesium is needed for hundreds of
biochemical reactions in the body. 60% of the magnesium in the human body is found in the
skeleton, 39% in the muscle tissue, and 1% is extracellular. Magnesium is named for the Greek city
of Magnesia, a source of calcium oxide, which is called magnesia. Near the end of their lives, these
stars enter the carbon burning phase, also making oxygen, sodium and

Aluminum Vs Zinc
Table 1 contains corresponding information to figure 1, as already analyzed, despite having the
highest concentrated acid solution, zinc has the lowest output of gas compared to aluminum and
magnesium. Looking at the trends, aluminum and magnesium have relatively steady increases of
mass and corresponding volume (the amount of gas about doubles as the mass is increased by about
0.02 grams). Zinc, on the other hand, increases by almost triple when the mass is tripled, but levels
off after and slowly increases in gas production, but is nowhere near magnesium and aluminum.
Magnesium and aluminum are much more reactive than zinc in this reaction; the reactivity of both
metals can be deducted from their chemical properties on the periodic table;

The Element Symbol Group Period Block Atomic Number Atomic...
Unit Number 1 – Fundamentals of Science P1 – Task 1a ELEMENT SYMBOL GROUP PERIOD
BLOCK ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC MASS Sodium Na 1 3 S 11 23 Potassium K 1 4 S 19 39
Calcium Ca 2 4 S 20 40 Magnesium Mg 2 3 S 12 24 Carbon C 4 2 P 6 12 Oxygen O 6 2 P 8 16
Nitrogen N 5 2 P 7 14 Fluorine F 7 2 P 9 19 Chlorine Cl 7 3 P 17 35 Iron Fe Transition block 4 D 26
56 Hydrogen H Sits on top of group 1 1 S 1 1 Sodium S 6 3 P 16 32 The periodic table is a table that
categorises and displays all of the chemical elements. It is made up of groups, periods and blocks. A
group (also referred to as a family) are the columns of elements, there are 8 groups. The elements in
each family have similar but not identical properties and they all have the same number of outer
electrons. E.g. lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K) are all soft, white, shiny metals because
they are all members of group 1. A period is each horizontal row of elements, there are 7 periods. In
a period, the elements are not alike in properties, the first element in a period is always an extremely
active solid, and the last element in a period is always an inactive gas. Properties change greatly
across a given row. Each new period represents the next shell which electrons fill. A block is a
region of the periodic, there are 4 blocks: S, D, P and F. Chemical and Physical Properties: Group 1
– the furthest left hand column containing alkaline metals. Contain 1 outer electron. They can never
be found as free elements in nature and

Molecular Formulas: The Law Of Conservation Of Mass
Chemical change is any change that shows the formation of new chemical substances. At the
molecular level, chemical change includes the making or breaking of bonds between atoms. For
most materials it takes heat to make it have a chemical change. It is often very difficult to reverse.
Physical change changes molecules around but it does not affect their internal structures. Changes
such as melting or boiling are physical changes. They are easy to reverse but the result at the end
may not look exactly like what it looked like at the beginning. The Law of Conservation of Mass
states that in a chemical reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed. The law of conservation of
mass also states that the mass of the products in a chemical reaction must equal the mass of the
reactants. It can be used to solve for unknown masses, such the amount of gas consumed or
produced during a reaction. Chemical reactions include joining different substances. The particles of
one substance are just rearranged and moved around to form a new substance. The chemical reaction
makes a new substance with new and different physical and chemical properties. ... Show more
The empirical formula is also often referred to as the simplest formula. If the ratio is 2, then you
multiply the subscripts of the empirical formula by 2 so that you can get the correct molecular
formula. A chemical formula that shows the makeup of a molecule of a substance in symbols of the
elements that are in the molecule is called the molecular formula. Separate molecules can be shown
in this formula. It shows the names of all the elements that are present in one molecule of a
substance. It as well gives the number of atoms of each element

Alkali Research Papers
The Alkali metals are found in group 1 of the periodic table, they are very reactive metals that do not
form in the nature. These metal only have one electron in their outer shell. Alkali metals are
malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. Alkali metals are much softer
then most metals. If these Alkali metals are exposed to water they can explode. Properties of Alkali
metals are; they have the largest atomic radii in their periods, Low ionization energies, low
electronegativities, and are also very shiny and able to be cut with a knife do to their softness. The
elements in Alkali metals are Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, and francium. It is
light and highly reactive. it is found in many stars. Compounds of Lithium give fireworks and flares
their red color. Compounds of Lithium are Lithium Chloride and Lithium Hydride. Alkaline Earth
Metals are Metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. All alkaline earth
elements have an oxidation of +2, which makes them highly reactive. All of the discovered Alkaline
Earth metals occur in nature. The properties of this metal are all silvered colored, soft, and ... Show
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They are; oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. These elements all have 6 electrons in
their outermost energy level. All of the elements in the oxygen family are reactive. Uses for sulfur, is
matches and gunpowder. Uses for tellurium are coloring glass, uses for oxygen is to support life and
manufacture steel. Some uses for selenium is to make photoelectric cell phones, T.V. and cameras.
People use polonium for removing dust from photographic films and thermoelectric power in space.
Oxygen has high electronegativity and ability to oxidize many other substance. It is used in making
several important synthetic gases and in the production of ammonia, methyl alcohol and so on and it
is used as rocket

Advantages Of Supercritical Fluids
Supercritical fluids (SCFs) exist at temperatures above the liquid–vapor critical temperature and
have densities between liquid and vapor states. The advantages of supercritical fluids as
environmentally benign solvents arise from their non–toxicity, non–combustibility, availability and
possibilities for modulating physical and chemical properties through minor changes of temperature
or pressure. These fascinating features of SCFs lead to their important potentials as green
alternatives to toxic organic solvents and there have been many industrial and technological
applications using SCFs [1–7]. During the last two decades, there has been renewed interest in using
supercritical water (SCW) in pyrolysis [8], hydrolysis [9], oxidation [10], electrochemical reactions
[11] and in material synthesis [12]. Physical properties ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These resulting differences have a direct consequence on the solvation properties of SCW. Ionic
association occurs to a larger extent in SCW because of the lower solubility of ions in water under
extreme conditions. Aqueous electrolyte solutions constitute an integral part of a large number of
biological and geological processes. Particularly, the thermodynamic properties of ions in
supercritical water (SCW) have crucial roles in many geological processes [13]. Therefore, it is
important to study and model the solvation structure and dynamics of aqueous electrolyte solutions
in supercritical conditions at the microscopic level for the purpose of understanding the chemical
processes and properties of such hydrothermal systems. Ion hydration and ion–pair association in
SCW have been the important subjects for hydrothermal technologies [14]. Aqueous fluids which
occur ubiquitously in the earth's crust and upper mantle at higher temperatures and pressures are
involved in magmatic processes, metamorphism,

The Alkaline Earths and the Halogens: Two Families in the...
Experiment 2: The Alkaline Earths and the Halogens: Two Families in the Periodic Table
Lab Report
By: YOU
Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to find the relative solubilities of some salts of the
Alkaline Earths and use that information to find the order which they appear in the periodic table;
also use that information to efficiently find an unknown alkaline earth halide. Also to find the
relative oxidizing powers of the Halogens given and using that information finding the order of the
Halogens in the periodic table; also use that information to efficiently find an unknown Halogen.
Experimental Procedure: View pages 25–28 in the lab Manuel.
Data and Observations:
Relative Soluabilites of some Salts in Alkaline Earths ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I came to the conclusion that they should appear (Cl, Br, I) from top to bottom respectively. Based
on the previous information regarding mass increases as you go down the periodic table I was able
to come to this conclusion. I observed that Cl had the least color concentration, then Br, then I had
the most. The greater the color concentration, the greater the mass. This observed data let me come
to my conclusion.
To find the unknown #8 Alkaline I realized that the only anion that had 4 distinct precipitate
reactions for each alkaline was H2SO4, so all I had to do was react Unknown #8 with H2SO4. I did
this experiment and the reactant was milky white. Based on this reaction in comparison to my
previous reactions I concluded that unknown #8 alkaline was the alkaline earth Ba. This experiment
was most efficient because it only took one step to figure out what my unknown was, since their was
four different reaction outcomes and four different earth metal each matching to one out come this
was clearly the most efficient way.
To find the unknown #8 halide I realized that the Halogen Cl2 had three distinct reactions for each
halide. Using this information it made sense to react my unknown #8 halide with Cl2. I did the
reaction and the result was a clear mixture which was the same mixture of the Cl2+Cl– reaction.
Using this knowledge I came to the conclusion that my unknown #8 halide is Cl–. This

1.1 Introduction. Heavy Metals Are Naturally Occurring
1.1 Introduction Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements and are present in varying
concentrations in all Ecosystems. There are a large number of heavy metals. They are found in
elemental form and in a variety of other chemical compounds. Those that are volatile and those that
become linked to fine particles can be widely imparted on very large scales. Each form or compound
has different properties which also affect what happens to it in a food web, and how toxic it is.
Human activities have drastically changed the biochemical cycles and balance of some heavy
metals. Between 1850 and 1990, production of copper, lead and zinc increased 10–fold. (Nriagu,
J.O.1988: CACAR 2003). And waste incinerators. The pioneer heavy metals of worry ... Show more
Allergies are not uncommon and reiterate long–term contact with some metals or their compounds
may even cause cancer (Takala, J., 1999) {International Occupational Safety and Health Information
Centre 1999}. For some heavy metals, toxic levels can be just on top of the background
concentrations naturally found in nature. Therefore, it is important for us to inform ourselves about
the heavy metals and to take protective measures against excessive exposition. In most accessories
in the United States, heavy metal toxicity is an unfamiliar medical condition; however, it is a
clinically significant condition when it does occur. If unrecognized or inappropriately treated,
poisoning can result in significant illness and reduced fineness of life (Ferner D.J., 2001). For
persons who suspicious that they or somebody in their household might have heavy metal toxicity,
testing is fundamental. Appropriate conventional and natural medical procedures may need to be
pursued (Dupler, D., 2001). The association of symptoms indicative of acute toxicity is not tricky to
recognize because the symptoms are usually heavy, rapid in onset, and associated with a known
exposition or ingestion (Ferner D.J.,2001) cramping, nausea, and vomiting; pain; sweating;
headaches; difficulty breathing; weaken cognitive, motor, and language skills; mania; and

Alkaline Earth Cation Lab
Introduction:
The purpose of this experiment is to establish the most efficient way to identify an unknown alkaline
earth cation and an unknown halide anion based on observations of various precipitation and redox
reactions. These observations are dependant on whether or not a precipitant formed or there was a
color change. Both of these indicate a reaction has taken place. The alkaline earth metals are barium,
beryllium, calcium, magnesium, radium, and strontium. And the halogens are fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine, and astatine.
Experimental Procedure:
This experiment is broken up into two parts. The first part involves Alkaline Earth Elements. First
one drop of 1 M Na2CO3 is added to one drop of each alkaline earth solutions, 1 M

Compare The Rate Of Reaction Between Magnesium And Calcium...
Reactions of Magnesium and Calcium with water.
Research Question:
How much reaction will be occur when you put Magnesium and Calcium with water?
Background Information and Introduction:
Magnesium and Calcium are both placed under group 2 in the periodic table. Group 2 is also known
as Alkaline Earth Metallic elements. All of the metals in group two have an oxidation number of +2,
making them extremely reactive. The metals are not found freely in the nature due to their reactivity.
When metals react with water (preferably cold), you will end up with metal hydroxide. When the
metal reacts with steam, metal oxide will be formed. Metal oxide is formed due to that the metal
hydroxides decomposes to distribute oxide and water.
Variables ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Add a aluminium 1/2 cm ribbon to the tube. To collect the gas being produced, invert a test tube
over the first one.
Use a test tube clamp placed in the centre of the tube used to collect the gas.
After collecting the gas for a minute or two, insert a flaming splint into the test tube that collected
the gas. Make sure the test tube is pointed away from your face when doing this test for hydrogen. A
"bark" will be heard if H2 (g) is present.
Add a few drops of phenolphthalein solution to the test tube containing the solution.
Make observations and record in your data table.
Repeat the steps with a ½ cm piece of magnesium ribbon.
Option B
Have concentrations of magnesium and aluminium ready
Make sure you have your gloves on
Take 2 beakers and make sure they are clean and dry
Get room temperature water and make sure it is 50ml and pour it into the 2 measuring cups.
Make sure you are wearing your goggles.
Being extremely careful and cautious put the magnesium strip in

Acid Rain Pollution Essay
ACID RAIN
name here
Engineering 303i
Professor h
May 3, 2004
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Penguin Publishing House, 1987 , Pearce Fred Acid Rain. What is it and what is it doing to us? New
York Publishers, 1989, William Stone Acid Rain. Fiend or Foe? Lucent books, Inc. 1990, Steward
Gail Acid Rain.
Acid Rain
Acid rain is a great problem in our world. It causes fish and plants to die because earth's rainwaters
are contaminated. It also causes harm to people as well, because we eat fish, drink water and eat
plants that are polluted by acid rain. It is a problem that we must all face together and try to get rid
of. However, acid rain on it's own is not the biggest problem. It causes many other problems such as
aluminum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Farmers put lime (a very strong alkaline substance) and special fertilizers in there soil neutralize the
acid in the soil on a regular daily basis.
In general, soil structure is classified as sandy, clay, or loam, although most garden soils are
mixtures of the three in varying proportions. A sandy soil is very loose and will not hold water. A
clay soil is dense and heavy, sticky when wet, and almost brick hard when dry. Loam is a mixture of
sand and clay soils, but it also contains large quantities of humus, or decayed organic material,
which loosens and aerates clay soil and binds sandy soil particles together. In addition, humus
supplies plant nutrients. Then, soil structure can be improved by digging in compost, manure, peat
moss, and other organic matter.
Parts of western United States, Minneapolis, northeastern North America and east and north Canada
are places in North America where soil is more sensitive to acid deposits then any other places.
Many factors, including the soil chemistry and the type of rock determine the environments ability
to neutralize the acid deposits from the rain.
Soils naturally contain small amounts of poisonous minerals such as mercury, aluminum, and
cadmium. Normally, these minerals do not cause serious problems, but as the acidity of the soil

increases, chemical reactions allow the minerals to be absorbed by the plants. The plants are
damaged and any animals that eat the plants

The Effect Of Oil Recovery On The Economy
2.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery
Oil recovery is traditionally subdivided into three stages: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.
However, reservoir production operations are not always conducted in the specified order, for
example, the tertiary process may be applied at secondary stage instead of water flooding.
The term "tertiary recovery" is not widely used in petroleum engineering literature and the term of
"enhanced oil recovery" (EOR) became more accepted in today's industry. Another description
occasionally normally used is "improve oil recovery" (IOR), which includes EOR but also includes
a broader range of activities, such as reservoir characterisation, improved reservoir management,
and infill drilling.
2.1.1 Primary Recovery
Primary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is therefore vital to have a good understanding of these principles prior to moving forward with
this project. (Reference)
This can be expressed as the ratio of mobility of displacing fluid to that of displaced fluid. In a water
flooding system, if M>1, the displacing fluid moves faster than the displaced liquid that is, oil. This
is not desirable due to the displacing fluid overflowing displaced fluid. For M much larger than 1,
the displacing fluid will channel past the oil front. M should be less than or equal to 1 for maximum
displacement efficiency. Viscous/ polymer fluid is used in ASP project to achieve M being less than
unity. (Ref–bib) This is possible by:
Improving relative permeability (water and oil)
Increasing the viscosity of displacing fluid, Water
Decreasing the viscosity of displaced fluid, oil
2.3 Classification of EOR methods
Enhanced oil Recovery methods can be broken into two groups; Thermal and non–thermal. The
main focus of this project lies under non–thermal and in Chemical Floods. The most common global
form of EOR is non–thermal. 2.4 Chemical Flooding
Chemicals can be injected into reservoirs to improve oil recovery and efficiency. Surfactants like
alkaline have a tendency to alter the interfacial tension properties when injected which improves oil
production. The main challenge introduced while flooding with chemicals is the adsorption and

Distilled Hydrochloric Acid
From the observations of the reactions of alkali metals, it is conspicuous potassium was the most
reactive due to the fact the reaction between water and potassium was immensely more vigorous the
other alkali metals. Additionally, there was a burst of sparks and flames in the potassium reaction
also a great amount of bubbling and gas formed, greater than the other reactions. The reaction
partaken between sodium and water was seemingly not as reactive as potassium, from the
experiment it can be inferred that only sparks and some formation of gas and bubbling were
observed. Moreover, lithium was the least reactive, there were no sparks or flames evident, rather
only a small amount of bubbling and formation of gas occurred.
With the alkaline earth metals, the reactivity of the elements was tested in both water and distilled
hydrochloric acid. The reaction of calcium was observed to be more vigorous and overall more
reactive than magnesium. In the test between calcium and water, there was bubbling, and formation
of gas observed, additionally, when a magnesium strip was placed in water, no reaction occurred,
providing evidence to the fact calcium is more reactive than magnesium. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From the observations table, chloride is prominently the most reactive out of the three elements due
to the facts a colour change occurred when the aqueous solution of chlorine was mixed with
bromine and iodine, exhibiting a more reactive element displacing a less reactive element. In the
aqueous solution of bromine, a colour change occurred only when mixed with iodine, justifying the
fact that bromine is less reactive than chlorine though more reactive than iodine. Therefore, iodine is
the least reactive due to the inability of displacing chlorine or bromine when mixed together, no
colour change was evident in any of the

Calcium Ions Research Paper
Calcium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy at England in 1808. Calcium is a soft, gray metal.
When it burns, it burns with a yellowish–red flame. When it is exposed to air, it develops a gray–
white coating because it reacts with the oxygen in the air to form a coating of calcium oxide
.Calcium comes from the Latin word calx meaning lime. Compounds such as lime were prepared by
the Romans in the first century under the name calx. Literature dating back to about 975 AD notes
that plaster of Paris is useful for setting broken bones. Other calcium compounds used in early times
include limestone. Calcium metal was not isolated until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and
Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Sir Humphry ... Show more
There are significant differences in chemical and physical properties between beryllium and
magnesium and the group members from calcium onwards, which traditionally led to "alkaline earth
metal" only applying to the latter group. This classification is mostly not in in English–language
sources, but is still used in other countries such as Japan. As a result, comparisons with strontium
and barium are more germane to calcium chemistry than comparisons with magnesium. Calcium
metal burns hot if ignited, and it reacts violently with water to form the strongly–alkaline calcium
hydroxide that can cause chemical

The Importance Of Essentia Water
Water. It is one thing that every person on earth relies on to live. Its essential to all living things in
order to survive. Humans would only be last to last days without it. It is crucial to our diet and our
health. In fact, there are many different kinds of water. There are different types of water for
example, alkaline, tap, spring, natural, filtered and the list could go on. But water is water, right?
Wrong, not all water is the same. In fact different brands of water that we are so used to drinking can
actually be harmful for and our bodies. With the type of things that we consume in our world today,
our body lives in an acidic environment. In these types of environments bacteria, cancer and other
harmful things can form and grow ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is created in Essentia's special process. It is what sets Essentia apart from any other water is
their proprietary ionization process. This process removes bitter–tasting acidic ions, creating a more
hydrating, more crisp and clean smooth taste of 9.5 pH or higher alkaline. According to a study done
by Journal of the International Society of sports and nutrition, they showed Essentia to rehydrate
better than the leading water bottle. (Essentia Water, n.d).
One thing Essentia Water is known for is their "Essentia Process". Its not just filtered water or spring
water thats bottle at the source. They have a process and is what makes them different than any other
type of water out there. According to the company itself, their process starts with their three part
purification process involving,
"Micro–filtration which filters out heavy metals and contaminants followed by reverse osmosis
which filters everything remaining and lastly, UV sanitation which destroys microorganisms and
bacteria.There is no chlorine, fluoride, metals, contaminants, or minerals in the water following the
purification process. The water is 99.9% pure. The purified water is then infused with the perfect
blend of pure alkaline electrolytes (for taste) like calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium
bicarbonate) in trace amounts. Finally, our proprietary ionization process supercharges the water,
removing bitter–tasting acidic ions, producing an

Understand The Difference Between Chemical And Physical...
It is important to understand the difference between chemical and physical changes. Some changes
are obvious, but there are some basic ideas you should know. Physical changes are usually about
states and physical states of states. An Example of a physical change is an ice cube going from a
solid–liquid–gas. Some examples of physical changes, Melting, boiling, breaking, cutting, and
dissolving is a physical change. Chemical changes happen on a molecular level when you have two
or more molecules that interact. Chemical changes happen when atomic bonds are broken or created
during chemical reactions. Anything that is burning is a chemical change. Or frying an egg is a
chemical change cause it can not go back to wear it was before theres no fixing.

Nuclear Fusion Research Paper
Before I begin, I'd like to state some facts, and provide some information that I came across while
researching for this activity. As we all know, elements differ in the number of protons in their atomic
nuclei. Each element when increased by 1 proton, turns into a new element, and once we go beyond
the 90+ protons, elements become more and more unstable. Hence, the probabilities of elements
existing naturally beyond that point, becomes slimmer. The bigger the number of protons in the
nucleus the shorter the time (if the element exists) before it decays to a more stable proton
configuration. i.e. Ununoctium (118 protons), has the highest atomic number, its decay time to
Livermorium (LV116 protons) is 0.89ms. While the odds of discovering new ... Show more content
However, in a practical sense, the end of the periodic table will come much earlier than this because
of nuclear instability (perhaps around Z = 120)." These so called "superheavy" elements, cannot be
found in nature, instead they are created artificially by nuclear fusion. Therefore, and for the purpose
of this activity, today I'm creating a new superheavy–undiscovered element and I'll name it Danium.
Unbinilium (Ubn), or eka–radium or just element #120 is my newly made superheavy element with
atomic number 120 and symbol "Da", it'll be in period 8 – group 2, thus it's an s–block element. Just
like the elements in its group, "Da" is an alkaline earth metal with similar properties as the others
above it, and a +2 oxidation state as well. The complete electron configuration will be as

Bromine Research Paper
Brock (Bromine)– Halogen. Bromine is a toxic element that is deep red in color and sharp in smell,
and is used in insecticides, agricultural chemicals. Different bromine compounds are also used as
flame retardants, but has been banned in the USA due to its toxicity. Brock is reflective of this
element because he is the villain– Sam (Samarium)– Lanthanide. Samarium is a rare element that is
silvery–white in color. Sam is a stealthy character that is rarely ever seen. She is the one that gets
her purse stolen by Brock with his superpowers. Frank (Francium)– Alkali Metal. Francium is a
highly radioactive metal, therefore highly toxic. It only has a life of 22 minutes. We chose this
element for Frank because he is the main strong guy, or superhero, but he is also very impulsive.
Noel (Nobelium)– Rare Earth Metal. Nobelium is a radioactive metal whose ... Show more content
A silvery white metal that is fairly tough and is used in many ways including fireworks, due to its
ability to ignite easily, laptops and cameras, due to its low density. In the story, Maggie is the rock
within the group. She leads Frank to Sam and keep everything under control. Irwin (Iridium)–
Transition Metal. Iridium has a high melting point and low reactivity. Consequently it has a low
toxicity so it is used for the contacts in spark plugs, compasses, and pen tips. Irwin in this story is
just a static character that eats a hot dog and he's into the fight that Frank and Brock get into when
they meet when all of a sudden Frank throws Brock onto the hot dog cart he's standing next to.
Airen (Argon)– Noble Gas. Noble gases have a full valence electron shell, which means they have
no reactivity, or need to bond with other elements. It is used when an inert, or not easily reactive to
other elements, atmosphere is needed. It is perfect for the character Airen in this story because is the
hot dog vender and when his stand gets crushed there is hardly a reaction from

Magnificent Magnesium Essay
Magnificent Magnesium Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal responsible for keeping the
parasympathetic side of the autonomic nervous system active. Our bodies were designed to be in a
relaxed parasympathetic state enough of the time to keep us properly alkaline, and magnesium acts
as a natural tranquilizer for Sympathetic Dominants and Fast Oxidizers – by inhibiting the
sympathetic fight or flight response. Sympathetic Dominants' sleep problems have to do with their
inability to shut down the mind, so magnesium has been found to be our natural night cap.
Magnesium is so important to so many vital body functions, and magnesium deficiency is associated
with so many conditions, it's referred to as a miracle in its ability to resolve or improve so many
disorders. Many cancer patients are dangerously deficient in magnesium. Processed foods, sugar,
alcohol, and soft drinks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You're depressed, because you're anxious, and you're anxious because you're depressed. Insomnia is
a cyclical, debilitating state that can't be resolved without adequate magnesium. (Animals in
hibernation have very high magnesium levels.) The body doesn't retain magnesium well. Athletes
deplete magnesium stores by perspiring, and menopausal women suffer magnesium loss through
profuse sweating. Then, low magnesium levels contribute to sleep disorders, body aches, depression,
and other menopausal symptoms. Magnesium is essential for neutralizing toxins and acids and
protecting the body from heavy metals – and it plays an important role in protecting us from the
constant assault of pollution and radiation – which is only going to worsen as radiation from nuclear
power plant accidents and depleted uranium bombs enters the atmosphere. Glutathione – the
antioxidant naturally produced in all our cells, detoxifies mercury, lead, and arsenic – but it requires
magnesium for its synthesis. (See Secret

Sodium Chlorine And Sodium Bromine Water Test
In each of the two test tubes, 1 mL of deionized water, and 1 mL of mineral oil was added. In
addition, sodium chloride solution was added to one of the test tubes and sodium iodine to the other.
After the two test tubes containing the solutions were thoroughly mixed, bromine water was added
drop by drop, checking for any change during the addition of each drop of bromine water. Any
changes in color or texture were recorded. The next two trials were conducted in the same manner,
but with the following exceptions. The sodium halide salts used for trial two were sodium iodine
and sodium bromine, and the water used was chlorine water. For trial three, the sodium halide salts
used were sodium chlorine and sodium bromine, and the water used was iodine water. Any physical
changes were recorded as well. Part C required three test tubes, a centrifuge and the following
chemicals; 0.1 M NaI, 0.1m NaBr, 0.1M NaCl, 0.1 m AgNO3, 6 M NH3 and 15 M NH3. To one test
tube, 1 mL of 0.1 M NaI was added, to the second test tube 1 mL of 0.1 M NaBr was added and to
the last test tube, 1 mL of 0.1 M NaCl. To all three test tubes, I added a few drops of AgNO3, stirred
with the glass rod and proceeded to centrifuged each sample for approximately 1 minute. After each
solution was centrifuge, the precipitate was formed. The solution was then discarded, and
subsequently added enough 6 M NH3 to promote dilution of the precipitate formed prior. Only the
precipitate which formed from combining 0.1 M

Task 1a Periodic Table Essay
TASK 1A Periodic table essay
Also you should organise into F blocks and S, P, D blocks.
Which groups and blocks belong too?
NA– Sodium
K– Potassium
CA– Calcium
MG– Magnesium
C– Carbon
O– Oxygen
N– Nitrogen
F– Fluorine
CL– Chorine
FE– Iron
H– Hydrogen
S– Sulphur
Groups
Group 1= Alkali metals
Group 2= Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Group 3 = Boron family
Group 4= Carbon family
Group 5= Nitrogen family
Group 6= Oxygen family
Group 7= Halogen family
Group 8= Noble gases
Rare earth materials
Some earth materials are radioactive. The earths that are rare are silvery white. Thirty rare earth
elements are unmoved in the actinide and lanthanide series. In the lanthanide series the one element
is the most of the elements in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Families/ Groups
Columns of elements are called families or groups. Elements in the family have similar that are not
identical properties. For example, Lithium (LI) Sodium (NA), Potassium (K), and some other
members of group's family are soft with white shiny metals. The elements in the family have the
same amount of numbers of outer electrons.
Each horizontal row of the elements is called a period. The elements in the period are not like in

properties. In fact, the properties change greatly across even given row (periodicity). The first
element in the period is always an extremely solid that is active. The last element in the period is
always an inactive gas. Each new period will represent the next shell fall of electrons which will fill
the period.
Hydrogen group
Hydrogen rests at the summit of group yet it is not a representative of that family. Hydrogen is
inside a category of its own. Gas at free space temperature.
Alkali metals group 1
Never found while complimentary component within mature– repeatedly joined with another
section. 1 outer electron stability of clay, simply shaped with a knife. Conduct electricity. The most
reactive metals. They proceed dangerously with water. While you progress throughout the group
huge atoms (since there's only full shell. Outside for each row2 this is more react line although the
outer electron is further simply lost while it's further away from the cell. Higher thickness since the
atoms possess of

Magnesia Origin Name
Hello, I am Magnesium and I am an alkaline–earth metal. I look like a silver rock and I ignite easily
in the air, you will see me burn bright light. My origin name is Magnesia from the Greeks and my
nickname is Mg because I always keep it one hunnit. I was discovered by my man Joseph Black in
1755, somewhere in England. I was then isolated, for about 200 years because of this guy named,
Sir Humphry Davy. I am found in period 3 and group 2. My atomic number is 12, my atomic mass
is 24.305 and I have five isotopes. My family is Beryllium, Calcium, Barium, Radium, and
Strontium. What my family and I have in common is that we are all alkaline metals. Some of them
are more reactive then I am be careful fellas. I am a metal and I am solid at

Formulas Vs Calorimetry
Matter can take on different changes physically and chemically, for an example of a physical change
is when water freezes into ice, there is no chemical change to the water but a physical change the ice
is just water molecules made of hydrogen and oxygen packed tightly together. But, another physical
change would be bending iron metal, the iron is still the same chemically whether it is made into I
beams, or pressed into shapes to make the body of a car; the shape may change but it never changes
chemically. In addition, a chemical change is the results in one or more substances that make up an
entirely different composition from the original substances. The compounds and/ or elements at the
start of the chemical reaction are rearranged into a new product of compounds or elements. Also a
chemical reaction alters the composition of the original matter, different elements or compounds are
present at the end of the chemical change. Although an example of a chemical reaction is the process
of rusting, you start with Iron mixed with air and water you get a different compound. Along with
chemical changes the Law of Conservation of Mass plays a part in it too. The Law of Conservation
of Mass (or Matter) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The molecule formula is the actual number of atoms in that molecule. The molecular formula tells
you the number of atoms of each element that is present in the chemical reaction. Also, the
molecular formula is an expression of the number and type of atoms that are present in a single
molecule of a substance. Also, the empirical formula tells you what people have observed and is also
the ratio of the elements in a molecular formula. Furthermore if you can divide all the number in a
molecular formula by the some value to simplify them, then the empirical or simple formula will be
different from the molecular formula. In some chemical formulas you deal with Alkaline Earth

What Is Radium's History?
Radium's history is an interesting one. Marie Sklodowska Curie a Polish chemist, and her husband,
Pierre Curie, a French chemist were the ones who discovered Radium in 1898. Marie Curie noticed
that the unrefined pitchblende was more radioactive than the uranium extracted from it. That meant
that the pitchblende must contain one other radioactive element. One ton of pitchblende contains
about 0.14 grams of radium. Curie refined tons of pitchblende just to get a very miniscule amount of
radium.
The symbol for radium is Ra. The name Radium comes from the Latin word radius, which means
ray. Radium is located in the second group and seventh period, which makes it an Alkaline earth
metal. It is a solid at room temperature. It has a density of 5.5 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Which means it has 88 protons, 88 electrons, and 138 neutrons. It has an atomic weight of (226)
amu. Radium's Nobel gas configuration is [Rn] 7s2. It has 37 known isotopes whose half–lives we
known. The isotopes masses vary from 202 to 234. None of the isotopes are stable though. All
isotopes of radium are highly radioactive, radium–226 is the most stable isotope of radium. Radium
has the similar chemical properties as barium. Radium is very reactive. When it comes in contact
with air, it violently reacts with it, turning from almost pure white to black, creating radium nitride.
Radium can also react with water creating radium hydroxide. Radium also has other common
compounds such as radium fluoride, radium bromide, radium chloride, radium oxide, radium iodide,
radium nitride. Although radium is the heaviest member of the alkaline–earth metals it is the most
volatile.
Radium is naturally found in ores of uranium such as pitchblende. Radium is extracted from the
waste of uranium processing. Ores containing radium are found in Canada, Australia, Zaire, and
USA (Utah, New Mexico, and in the carnotite sands from Colorado). It is estimated that every
square kilometer of soil contains about 1 g of

Comparing Krypton, Arsenic, And Potassium

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