This document compares and contrasts duty ethics and divine command theory. Duty ethics is based on Immanuel Kant's view that people should act based on principles that everyone should follow. It defines morality as treating others with respect. A weakness is that not everyone agrees on right and wrong. Divine command theory holds that something is good because God commanded it. It teaches morality comes from following God's commands. However, non-believers may not follow a deity's commands. Both theories say to treat people with kindness, though duty ethics focuses on doing right regardless of outcomes while divine command theory links morality to God's commands.
As a backlash, the professional model, which reflects a "we are the experts and you are not" attitude, alienated the police from the public. Problems and crime kept growing, and people wanted to be more involved in their communities. Therefore, community members started to work closely with the police. The police saw their resources diminish and decided it was critical to engage the communities to more effectively combat rising crime.
As a backlash, the professional model, which reflects a "we are the experts and you are not" attitude, alienated the police from the public. Problems and crime kept growing, and people wanted to be more involved in their communities. Therefore, community members started to work closely with the police. The police saw their resources diminish and decided it was critical to engage the communities to more effectively combat rising crime.
Network relationship is positively correlated with enterprise development and performance, which is an important
basis for studying enterprise development and judging enterprise development situation. In this paper, complex
network theory and methods are used to study enterprise network relationships. Based on graph theory, a graph
model of enterprise network relationships is constructed, and the Laplacian matrix of the graph model is used to
analyze important indicators of network relationships, relationship strength, stability, reciprocity, centrality and other
indicators of numerical analysis methods.
There is growing interest in how gamification–—defined as the application of game design principles in non-gaming contexts–—can be used in business. However, academic research and management practice have paid little attention to the challenges of how best to design, implement, manage, and optimize gamification strategies. To advance understanding of gamification, this article defines what it is and explains how it prompts managers to think about business practice in new and innovative ways. Drawing upon the game design literature, we present a framework of three gamification principles–—mechanics, dynamics, and emotions (MDE)–—to explain how gamified experiences can be created. We then provide an extended illustration of gamification and conclude with ideas for future research and application opportu- nities.
Framework for developing algorithmic fairnessjournalBEEI
In a world where the algorithm can control the lives of society, it is not surprising that specific complications in determining the fairness in the algorithmic decision will arise at some point. Machine learning has been the de facto tool to forecast a problem that humans cannot reliably predict without injecting some amount of subjectivity in it (i.e., eliminating the “irrational” nature of humans). In this paper, we proposed a framework for defining a fair algorithm metric by compiling information and propositions from various papers into a single summarized list of fairness requirements (guideline alike). The researcher can then adopt it as a foundation or reference to aid them in developing their interpretation of algorithmic fairness. Therefore, future work for this domain would have a more straightforward development process. We also found while structuring this framework that to develop a concept of fairness that everyone can accept, it would require collaboration with other domain expertise (e.g., social science, law, etc.) to avoid any misinformation or naivety that might occur from that particular subject. That is because this field of algorithmic fairness is far broader than one would think initially; various problems from the multiple points of view could come by unnoticed to the novice’s eye. In the real world, using active discriminator attributes such as religion, race, nation, tribe, religion, and gender become the problems, but in the algorithm, it becomes the fairness reason.
COMPARISON OF BANKRUPTCY PREDICTION MODELS WITH PUBLIC RECORDS AND FIRMOGRAPHICScscpconf
Many business operations and strategies rely on bankruptcy prediction. In this paper, we aim to
study the impacts of public records and firmographics and predict the bankruptcy in a 12-
month-ahead period with using different classification models and adding values to traditionally
used financial ratios. Univariate analysis shows the statistical association and significance of
public records and firmographics indicators with the bankruptcy. Further, seven statistical
models and machine learning methods were developed, including Logistic Regression, Decision
Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Support Vector Machine, Bayesian Network, and
Neural Network. The performance of models were evaluated and compared based on
classification accuracy, Type I error, Type II error, and ROC curves on the hold-out dataset.
Moreover, an experiment was set up to show the importance of oversampling for rare event
prediction. The result also shows that Bayesian Network is comparatively more robust than
other models without oversampling.
COM 480 Enhance teaching / snaptutorial.com donaldzs60
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
COM 480 Week 1 Individual Assignment Organizational Communication Analysis Part I Descriptive Framework Paper
Staging Model Abstraction – an example about political participationBruce Edmonds
A presentation at the workshop on ABM and Theory (From Cases to General Principles), Hannover, July 2019
This reports on work where we started with a complex, but evidence driven model, and then modelled that model sto understand and abstract from it. As reported in the paper:
Lafuerza LF, Dyson L, Edmonds B, McKane AJ (2016) Staged Models for Interdisciplinary Research. PLoS ONE, 11(6): e0157261. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0157261
Crowdsourcing the Policy Cycle - Collective Intelligence 2014 Araz Taeihagh ...Araz Taeihagh
Crowdsourcing is beginning to be used for policymaking. The “wisdom of crowds” [Surowiecki 2005], and crowdsourcing [Brabham 2008], are seen as new avenues that can shape all kinds of policy, from transportation policy [Nash 2009] to urban planning [Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013], to climate policy. In general, many have high expectations for positive outcomes with crowdsourcing, and based on both anecdotal and empirical evidence, some of these expectations seem justified [Majchrzak and Malhotra 2013]. Yet, to our knowledge, research has yet to emerge that unpacks the different forms of crowdsourcing in light of each stage of the well-established policy cycle. This work addresses this research gap, and in doing so brings increased nuance to the application of crowdsourcing techniques for policymaking.
Exploring the behavioral intention to use e-government services: Validating t...Mark Anthony Camilleri
This study explores the online users’ behavioral intention to utilize the governments’ websites and their electronic services. The research methodology validates the measuring items from the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to better understand the participants’ attitudes toward their performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social norms, facilitating condition and behavioral intention to use the electronic government (e-gov) services. The findings from the structural equations modeling approach reported a satisfactory fit for this study’s research model. The results suggest that there were highly significant, direct effects from the UTAUT constructs, where the utilitarian motives predicted the online users’ behavioral intentions to use e-gov. Moreover, there were significant moderating influences from the demographic variables, including age, gender and experiences that effected the individuals’ usage of the governments’ online services. In conclusion, this contribution identifies its limitations and suggests possible research avenues to academia.
Understanding Gamification of Consumer ExperiencesIan McCarthy
Robson, K.E., Plangger, K.A., Kietzmann, J., McCarthy, I., and Pitt, L.F. (2014) Understanding Gamification of Consumer Experiences, Advances in Consumer Research, 42, 352-356
Recently, organizations have begun to tout ‘gamification’ as an effective method of increasing motivation and engagement of employees, customers, patients, and students, among other stakeholders (Wingfield 2012). Nonetheless, despite projections that such gamification will become a widely adopted phenomenon, estimates are gloomy with respect to the real impact these projects will have on the experiences of ‘players’ (i.e., participants who are supposed to have fun), and on the organizations that would like to use gamification to improve the players’ behavior in their favor (Burke 2011). Gamification is difficult, and fraught with problems that can lead to strategic and resource-based problems for the firm. In this article, we present an experience framework in order to show the effect of gamification on consumers’ experiences that is illustrated through four extended examples. We conclude this article with a few implications for future research into, as well as practical application for the successful gamification of consumer experiences. But first, we discuss what gamification is and what it is not.
Some supporting slides on modelling purposes and pitfalls when using ABM in policy contexts to accompany discussion on Modelling Pitfalls at the ESSA Summer School, Aberdeen, June 2019
How to interpret NVivo/Cluster analysis/ results HennaAnsari
Interpretation of Cluster analysis
Content analysis
NVivo graphical analysis
qualitative analysis
Content analysis of leadership outlook and culture: Evidence from Public speaking skills and intentions
Responses1-LA1 The human race is structured in a way that diff.docxronak56
Responses
1-LA1 The human race is structured in a way that different individual have different opinions. Similarly, people might have some similar moral ethics while others differ. The Virtue ethical theory is universal in that attributes are universally recognized as good or bad (The Universal Moral Code). Kant’s and the Utilitarian theories are relative. First, Kant’s theory dwells on the fulfillment of a responsibility. Some responsibilities are accepted in some communities while others do not. Similarly, utilitarianism looks at the consequences of the actions, which differ according to the community.
Ethical relativism and universalism differ in more than one way. However, with the correct attitude towards a particular action, one will be able to distinguish whether it is beneficial or not. Activities that evoke difference in opinions should be minimized at all times. In addition, making sure that the actions are clear so that an individual is able to distinguish between right and wrong is also important. Furthermore, appreciating the different cultures help individuals to adapt to any change brought forward.
Reference
The Universal Moral Code. Retrieved from http://www.universalmoralcode.com/
1-LA2 This is a technological era that we expect more technological discoveries to continue coming in. One of such discoveries is the self-driving car, which makes the effort being put in by human beings almost negligible. Concerns about the vehicle come in when a decision has to be made in the case of an unexpected accident (Why Self-Driving Cars Must Be Programmed to Kill, 2015). Some people will choose to go over the ten people on crossing the road, while others will choose to have the individual by the sidewalk be a sacrifice.
It is very rare for an individual who bought the car to make himself or herself a sacrifice. This means that in the case of an accident, they are bound to run over other people. The self-driving car evokes different views by different people. However, one thing is clear, one has to either kill others or risk dying. In my opinion, I would rather stay die than see ten other people die.
Reference
Why Self-Driving Cars Must Be Programmed to Kill. (2015, October 22). Retrieved from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/542626/why-self-driving-cars-must-be-programmed-to-kill/
2-LA1 From a teleological Virtue Ethic approach, supporters of this theory would conclude that morality is universal. According to Keith (2003), the universal moral code is separated into two sets of statements that involve “do no harm” and “do good.” This concept is based on people acting virtuously. An opposing view may argue the concept of relativism stating a moral code is relative to an individual’s or groups geographical location (Basilthegiant, n.d.). Using an example from Keith’s universal code such as do not murder is something that disproves the opposing view. Some may argue that there are times when murder can be justified such as war or se ...
DBA 7420, Organizational Behavior and Comparative Mana.docxShiraPrater50
DBA 7420, Organizational Behavior and Comparative Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
3. Examine challenges and opportunities in applying organizational behavior concepts.
3.1 Apply behavioral concepts to organizational challenges and opportunities.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
3.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 1, pp. 17–25
Article: “Introduction to the Brave New Workplace: Organizational Behavior in
the Electronic Age.”
Unit III Essay
Reading Assignment
Chapter 1: What Is Organizational Behavior?, pp. 17–25
In order to access the following resource, click the link below.
Gephart, R. P. (2002). Introduction to the brave new workplace: Organizational behavior in the electronic age.
Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 327–344. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=bsu&AN=7181571&site=eds-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
Introduction
The world as we know it now is much different than it was 100 or even 50 years ago. Without change, the
world, businesses, and life would become stagnant. Stagnancy is not where you want to be. The problem
herein is that one cannot expect to get different results, such as improved productivity, efficiency, or
profitability, if we continue doing the same things we have always done. Businesses especially want to better
their best. They want to get more with less. They want greater profits. As the wants continue to grow, the
world continues to evolve. If you do not change, surrounding businesses will continue to change and evolve,
and you and your organization could be left behind. In this unit, we will explore a few of the many challenges
faced by any business. While some of those challenges may pertain to economic pressures, demographics,
diversity, networked organizations, and ethical behaviors, there are even more. This unit will focus on the
economy, globalization, technological advancements, and social media. However, any of those challenges
mentioned leads to additional opportunities to be explored. Each situation presents an opportunity. It is what
you choose to do when faced with those challenges and opportunities that can make all of the difference.
A Gamut of Challenges
Let us look at the economy and its impact on an organization. To begin, you need to think of a business as a
dynamic entity that changes and reacts to its environment. In this sense, all organizations change and adapt
to what the economy is or is not doing, and, because of this, organizational behaviors change.
Some examples of these changes in behaviors are when the economy is bad and a company suspends pay
raises or bonuses. When an organization’s profits tank or are much lower than predicted, the company can
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Challenges and Opportunities in
Applying Organizational Behavior
...
Network relationship is positively correlated with enterprise development and performance, which is an important
basis for studying enterprise development and judging enterprise development situation. In this paper, complex
network theory and methods are used to study enterprise network relationships. Based on graph theory, a graph
model of enterprise network relationships is constructed, and the Laplacian matrix of the graph model is used to
analyze important indicators of network relationships, relationship strength, stability, reciprocity, centrality and other
indicators of numerical analysis methods.
There is growing interest in how gamification–—defined as the application of game design principles in non-gaming contexts–—can be used in business. However, academic research and management practice have paid little attention to the challenges of how best to design, implement, manage, and optimize gamification strategies. To advance understanding of gamification, this article defines what it is and explains how it prompts managers to think about business practice in new and innovative ways. Drawing upon the game design literature, we present a framework of three gamification principles–—mechanics, dynamics, and emotions (MDE)–—to explain how gamified experiences can be created. We then provide an extended illustration of gamification and conclude with ideas for future research and application opportu- nities.
Framework for developing algorithmic fairnessjournalBEEI
In a world where the algorithm can control the lives of society, it is not surprising that specific complications in determining the fairness in the algorithmic decision will arise at some point. Machine learning has been the de facto tool to forecast a problem that humans cannot reliably predict without injecting some amount of subjectivity in it (i.e., eliminating the “irrational” nature of humans). In this paper, we proposed a framework for defining a fair algorithm metric by compiling information and propositions from various papers into a single summarized list of fairness requirements (guideline alike). The researcher can then adopt it as a foundation or reference to aid them in developing their interpretation of algorithmic fairness. Therefore, future work for this domain would have a more straightforward development process. We also found while structuring this framework that to develop a concept of fairness that everyone can accept, it would require collaboration with other domain expertise (e.g., social science, law, etc.) to avoid any misinformation or naivety that might occur from that particular subject. That is because this field of algorithmic fairness is far broader than one would think initially; various problems from the multiple points of view could come by unnoticed to the novice’s eye. In the real world, using active discriminator attributes such as religion, race, nation, tribe, religion, and gender become the problems, but in the algorithm, it becomes the fairness reason.
COMPARISON OF BANKRUPTCY PREDICTION MODELS WITH PUBLIC RECORDS AND FIRMOGRAPHICScscpconf
Many business operations and strategies rely on bankruptcy prediction. In this paper, we aim to
study the impacts of public records and firmographics and predict the bankruptcy in a 12-
month-ahead period with using different classification models and adding values to traditionally
used financial ratios. Univariate analysis shows the statistical association and significance of
public records and firmographics indicators with the bankruptcy. Further, seven statistical
models and machine learning methods were developed, including Logistic Regression, Decision
Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Support Vector Machine, Bayesian Network, and
Neural Network. The performance of models were evaluated and compared based on
classification accuracy, Type I error, Type II error, and ROC curves on the hold-out dataset.
Moreover, an experiment was set up to show the importance of oversampling for rare event
prediction. The result also shows that Bayesian Network is comparatively more robust than
other models without oversampling.
COM 480 Enhance teaching / snaptutorial.com donaldzs60
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
COM 480 Week 1 Individual Assignment Organizational Communication Analysis Part I Descriptive Framework Paper
Staging Model Abstraction – an example about political participationBruce Edmonds
A presentation at the workshop on ABM and Theory (From Cases to General Principles), Hannover, July 2019
This reports on work where we started with a complex, but evidence driven model, and then modelled that model sto understand and abstract from it. As reported in the paper:
Lafuerza LF, Dyson L, Edmonds B, McKane AJ (2016) Staged Models for Interdisciplinary Research. PLoS ONE, 11(6): e0157261. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0157261
Crowdsourcing the Policy Cycle - Collective Intelligence 2014 Araz Taeihagh ...Araz Taeihagh
Crowdsourcing is beginning to be used for policymaking. The “wisdom of crowds” [Surowiecki 2005], and crowdsourcing [Brabham 2008], are seen as new avenues that can shape all kinds of policy, from transportation policy [Nash 2009] to urban planning [Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013], to climate policy. In general, many have high expectations for positive outcomes with crowdsourcing, and based on both anecdotal and empirical evidence, some of these expectations seem justified [Majchrzak and Malhotra 2013]. Yet, to our knowledge, research has yet to emerge that unpacks the different forms of crowdsourcing in light of each stage of the well-established policy cycle. This work addresses this research gap, and in doing so brings increased nuance to the application of crowdsourcing techniques for policymaking.
Exploring the behavioral intention to use e-government services: Validating t...Mark Anthony Camilleri
This study explores the online users’ behavioral intention to utilize the governments’ websites and their electronic services. The research methodology validates the measuring items from the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to better understand the participants’ attitudes toward their performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social norms, facilitating condition and behavioral intention to use the electronic government (e-gov) services. The findings from the structural equations modeling approach reported a satisfactory fit for this study’s research model. The results suggest that there were highly significant, direct effects from the UTAUT constructs, where the utilitarian motives predicted the online users’ behavioral intentions to use e-gov. Moreover, there were significant moderating influences from the demographic variables, including age, gender and experiences that effected the individuals’ usage of the governments’ online services. In conclusion, this contribution identifies its limitations and suggests possible research avenues to academia.
Understanding Gamification of Consumer ExperiencesIan McCarthy
Robson, K.E., Plangger, K.A., Kietzmann, J., McCarthy, I., and Pitt, L.F. (2014) Understanding Gamification of Consumer Experiences, Advances in Consumer Research, 42, 352-356
Recently, organizations have begun to tout ‘gamification’ as an effective method of increasing motivation and engagement of employees, customers, patients, and students, among other stakeholders (Wingfield 2012). Nonetheless, despite projections that such gamification will become a widely adopted phenomenon, estimates are gloomy with respect to the real impact these projects will have on the experiences of ‘players’ (i.e., participants who are supposed to have fun), and on the organizations that would like to use gamification to improve the players’ behavior in their favor (Burke 2011). Gamification is difficult, and fraught with problems that can lead to strategic and resource-based problems for the firm. In this article, we present an experience framework in order to show the effect of gamification on consumers’ experiences that is illustrated through four extended examples. We conclude this article with a few implications for future research into, as well as practical application for the successful gamification of consumer experiences. But first, we discuss what gamification is and what it is not.
Some supporting slides on modelling purposes and pitfalls when using ABM in policy contexts to accompany discussion on Modelling Pitfalls at the ESSA Summer School, Aberdeen, June 2019
How to interpret NVivo/Cluster analysis/ results HennaAnsari
Interpretation of Cluster analysis
Content analysis
NVivo graphical analysis
qualitative analysis
Content analysis of leadership outlook and culture: Evidence from Public speaking skills and intentions
Responses1-LA1 The human race is structured in a way that diff.docxronak56
Responses
1-LA1 The human race is structured in a way that different individual have different opinions. Similarly, people might have some similar moral ethics while others differ. The Virtue ethical theory is universal in that attributes are universally recognized as good or bad (The Universal Moral Code). Kant’s and the Utilitarian theories are relative. First, Kant’s theory dwells on the fulfillment of a responsibility. Some responsibilities are accepted in some communities while others do not. Similarly, utilitarianism looks at the consequences of the actions, which differ according to the community.
Ethical relativism and universalism differ in more than one way. However, with the correct attitude towards a particular action, one will be able to distinguish whether it is beneficial or not. Activities that evoke difference in opinions should be minimized at all times. In addition, making sure that the actions are clear so that an individual is able to distinguish between right and wrong is also important. Furthermore, appreciating the different cultures help individuals to adapt to any change brought forward.
Reference
The Universal Moral Code. Retrieved from http://www.universalmoralcode.com/
1-LA2 This is a technological era that we expect more technological discoveries to continue coming in. One of such discoveries is the self-driving car, which makes the effort being put in by human beings almost negligible. Concerns about the vehicle come in when a decision has to be made in the case of an unexpected accident (Why Self-Driving Cars Must Be Programmed to Kill, 2015). Some people will choose to go over the ten people on crossing the road, while others will choose to have the individual by the sidewalk be a sacrifice.
It is very rare for an individual who bought the car to make himself or herself a sacrifice. This means that in the case of an accident, they are bound to run over other people. The self-driving car evokes different views by different people. However, one thing is clear, one has to either kill others or risk dying. In my opinion, I would rather stay die than see ten other people die.
Reference
Why Self-Driving Cars Must Be Programmed to Kill. (2015, October 22). Retrieved from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/542626/why-self-driving-cars-must-be-programmed-to-kill/
2-LA1 From a teleological Virtue Ethic approach, supporters of this theory would conclude that morality is universal. According to Keith (2003), the universal moral code is separated into two sets of statements that involve “do no harm” and “do good.” This concept is based on people acting virtuously. An opposing view may argue the concept of relativism stating a moral code is relative to an individual’s or groups geographical location (Basilthegiant, n.d.). Using an example from Keith’s universal code such as do not murder is something that disproves the opposing view. Some may argue that there are times when murder can be justified such as war or se ...
DBA 7420, Organizational Behavior and Comparative Mana.docxShiraPrater50
DBA 7420, Organizational Behavior and Comparative Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
3. Examine challenges and opportunities in applying organizational behavior concepts.
3.1 Apply behavioral concepts to organizational challenges and opportunities.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
3.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 1, pp. 17–25
Article: “Introduction to the Brave New Workplace: Organizational Behavior in
the Electronic Age.”
Unit III Essay
Reading Assignment
Chapter 1: What Is Organizational Behavior?, pp. 17–25
In order to access the following resource, click the link below.
Gephart, R. P. (2002). Introduction to the brave new workplace: Organizational behavior in the electronic age.
Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 327–344. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=bsu&AN=7181571&site=eds-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
Introduction
The world as we know it now is much different than it was 100 or even 50 years ago. Without change, the
world, businesses, and life would become stagnant. Stagnancy is not where you want to be. The problem
herein is that one cannot expect to get different results, such as improved productivity, efficiency, or
profitability, if we continue doing the same things we have always done. Businesses especially want to better
their best. They want to get more with less. They want greater profits. As the wants continue to grow, the
world continues to evolve. If you do not change, surrounding businesses will continue to change and evolve,
and you and your organization could be left behind. In this unit, we will explore a few of the many challenges
faced by any business. While some of those challenges may pertain to economic pressures, demographics,
diversity, networked organizations, and ethical behaviors, there are even more. This unit will focus on the
economy, globalization, technological advancements, and social media. However, any of those challenges
mentioned leads to additional opportunities to be explored. Each situation presents an opportunity. It is what
you choose to do when faced with those challenges and opportunities that can make all of the difference.
A Gamut of Challenges
Let us look at the economy and its impact on an organization. To begin, you need to think of a business as a
dynamic entity that changes and reacts to its environment. In this sense, all organizations change and adapt
to what the economy is or is not doing, and, because of this, organizational behaviors change.
Some examples of these changes in behaviors are when the economy is bad and a company suspends pay
raises or bonuses. When an organization’s profits tank or are much lower than predicted, the company can
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Challenges and Opportunities in
Applying Organizational Behavior
...
Ethical DilemmaAssume you are a manager of a large heavy equipme.docxgitagrimston
Ethical Dilemma
Assume you are a manager of a large heavy equipment manufacturing company. Your company currently outsources the manufacturing of a specialized piece of equipment to a firm in another country. The outsourcing of this piece of equipment has saved your organization a considerable amount of money and has increased profits by 15%. A recent newspaper article has revealed that this firm is paying their employees only a few dollars a day and their employees often work long hours. While you are not the only company that uses this firm your company was specifically named in the newspaper article. You have been asked by your CEO to make a decision on whether or not to continue to do business with this firm.
post your answers to the following questions in paragraph form (minimum of 500-600 words) Be sure to incorporate your weekly readings, citing your sources using proper APA (including in-text citations and references). In making this decision you will need to do the following:
1. Discuss the ethics of continuing to do business with this firm. In this discussion evaluate the economic, legal and ethical issues. Describe how a written code of ethics might impact your decision.
2. Describe any other factors you would consider in making a decision to continue or discontinue doing business with this organization.
3. State the process you would follow to make your decision, provide your decision, and explain the decision making style you have used.
4. Prepare A SWOT analysis of your decision using the following table:
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
Notes from class readings
Criteria for Ethical Decision Making
Most ethical dilemmas involve a conflict between the needs of the part and the whole—the individual versus the organization or the organization versus society as a whole. For example, should a company scrutinize job candidates' or employees' social media postings, which might benefit the organization as a whole but reduce the individual freedom of employees? Or should products that fail to meet tough Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards be exported to other countries where government standards are lower, benefiting the company but potentially harming world citizens? Sometimes ethical decisions entail a conflict between two groups. For example, should the potential for local health problems resulting from a company's effluents take precedence over the jobs it creates as the town's leading employer?
Managers faced with these kinds of tough ethical choices often benefit from a normative strategy—one based on norms and values—to guide their decision making. Normative ethics uses several approaches to describe values for guiding ethical decision making. Five approaches that are relevant to managers are the utilitarian approach, individualism approach, moral-rights approach, justice approach, and practical approach.27
Utilitarian Approach
The utilitarian approach, espoused by the nineteenth-centu ...
Research your chosen company, which is Kaiser Permanente. F.docxdebishakespeare
Research your chosen company, which is Kaiser Permanente. Find a minimum of one library source, which will support your thesis in this assignment. Review your assigned weekly lecture and text reading. Select from this reading 3-5 key concepts, which will also support your thesis. In a two to three page paper, address the questions below. Your paper should follow APA format including a title and reference page. The two to three page paper length requirement does NOT include the title page and reference page. Use APA Standards in Your Coursework to ensure you are following the correct format.
Describe some of the key decisions its management has faced within the past year or two. Identify an ethical issue the organization either faces or has faced in the past. If it has not been resolved, provide an analysis of how the issue should be addressed. If it has been resolved, critique how the organization resolved this issue based on the materials you have reviewed on ethical decision-making.
Notes/concepts from readings
Criteria for Ethical Decision Making
Most ethical dilemmas involve a conflict between the needs of the part and the whole—the individual versus the organization or the organization versus society as a whole. For example, should a company scrutinize job candidates' or employees' social media postings, which might benefit the organization as a whole but reduce the individual freedom of employees? Or should products that fail to meet tough Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards be exported to other countries where government standards are lower, benefiting the company but potentially harming world citizens? Sometimes ethical decisions entail a conflict between two groups. For example, should the potential for local health problems resulting from a company's effluents take precedence over the jobs it creates as the town's leading employer?
Managers faced with these kinds of tough ethical choices often benefit from a normative strategy—one based on norms and values—to guide their decision making. Normative ethics uses several approaches to describe values for guiding ethical decision making. Five approaches that are relevant to managers are the utilitarian approach, individualism approach, moral-rights approach, justice approach, and practical approach.27
Utilitarian Approach
The utilitarian approach, espoused by the nineteenth-century philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, holds that moral behavior produces the greatest good for the greatest number. Under this approach, a decision maker is expected to consider the effect of each decision alternative on all parties and select the one that optimizes the benefits for the greatest number of people. In the trolley dilemma earlier in this chapter, for instance, the utilitarian approach would hold that it would be moral to push one person to his death in order to save five. The utilitarian ethic is cited as the basis for the recent trend among companies to mon ...
You Name Here1. What is Moore’s Law What does it apply to.docxjeffevans62972
You Name Here
1. What is Moore’s Law? What does it apply to?
2. What is a microprocessor? What devices do you or your family own that contain microprocessors (and hence are impacted by Moore’s Law)?
3. Why is Moore’s Law important for managers? How does it influence managerial thinking?
4. What three interrelated forces threaten to slow the advancement of Moore’s Law?
5. What is the advantage of using computing to simulate an automobile crash test as opposed to actually staging a crash?
6. What are the two characteristics of disruptive innovations?
7. Make a list of recent disruptive innovations. List forms that dominated the old regime and firms that capitalized after disruption. Are any of the dominant firms from the previous era the same as those in the postdisruptive era? For those firms that failed to make the transition, why do you think they failed?
8. What is dynamic pricing, and why might this be risky?
9. What is the long tail? How does the long tail change retail economics? How does it influence shoppers’ choice of where to look for products? What firms, other than Amazon, are taking advantage of the long tail in their industries?
10. What is channel conflict, and how has Amazon been subject to channel conflict?
Module 1: Introduction to Ethical Theories
Topics
Introduction to Ethical TheoriesTeleology (Consequentialism)Deontology (Rights and Duties)Computer Ethics
Introduction to Ethical Theories
The concepts of ethics, character, right and wrong, and good and evil have captivated humankind since we began to live in groups, communicate, and pass judgment on each other. The morality of our actions is based on motivation, group rules and norms, and the end result. The difficult questions of ethics and information technology (IT) may not have been considered by previous generations, but what is good, evil, right, and wrong in human behavior certainly has been. With these historical foundations and systematic analyses of present-day and future IT challenges, we are equipped for both the varied ethical battles we will face and the ethical successes we desire.
Although most of you will be called upon to practice applied ethics in typical business situations, you'll find that the foundation for such application is a basic understanding of fundamental ethical theories. These ethical theories include the work of ancient philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. This module introduces the widely accepted core ethical philosophies, which will serve to provide you with a basic understanding of ethical thought. With this knowledge, you can begin to relate these theoretical frameworks to practical ethical applications in today's IT environment.
Let's start with a fundamental question: "Why be ethical and moral?" At the most existential level, it may not matter. But we don't live our lives in a vacuum—we live our lives with our friends, relatives, acquaintances, co-workers, strangers, and fellow wanderers. To be ethical and moral all.
CALL TO ACTION A persuasive. How To Write A Call To Action With 54 Words 6 Examples Call to .... Examples of a call to action in a persuasive essay - copywriterquotes.x .... 005 Call To Action Essay Example Thesis Statement Examples For Research .... 50 Free Persuasive Essay Examples BEST Topics ᐅ TemplateLab. 001 What Is Call To Action In An Essay Example Persuasive College Paper .... call to action in persuasive writing. 014 Cta Guide What Is Call To Action In An Essay Thatsnotus. ️ Call to action examples in persuasive writing. Persuasive Speech .... 001 Call To Action Essay Persuasive College Paper Academic Writing .... How to write a persuasive essay call to action - What Is a Call to .... 30 Great Persuasive Essay Examples Guide amp; Tips. Examples of a call to action in a persuasive essay - bookcritic.x.fc2.com. ️ Call to action persuasive speech. In a persuasive essay, how do you .... Call To Action, argument paper. 30 Best Persuasive Essay Examples Guide amp; Expert Tips. Persuasive writing powerpoint. Teaching Persuasive Writing ... Painlessly! - Feel Good Teaching. Awesome Call to Action Terms To Enhance Results Sabrinas Admin Services. 25 Best Call To Action Persuasive Speech Topics Outline Private .... 48 Amazing Persuasive Essay Examples RedlineSP. Persuasive or Call to Action Speech - Google Docs. 002 Essay Example Call To Action Paragraph Persuasive Outline Template .... What Does Call To Action Mean In Persuasive Writing. Persuasive Techniques: Lessons and activities by steffih - Teaching ... Persuasive Essay Call To Action Examples Persuasive Essay Call To Action Examples
After reviewing the Coleman (2016) article on executive compensation.docxAMMY30
After reviewing the Coleman (2016) article on executive compensation and reading this week's assigned readings, choose one of two statements below and construct an argument supporting your position:
The market trend towards escalating executive compensation reflects the critical importance of an executive to an organization’s long-term viability.
The growing compensation inequity between executive management and the average employee threatens to destabilize organizational morale and societal justice.
.
After reviewing the chapter on Recognizing Contributions, perform .docxAMMY30
**After reviewing the chapter on Recognizing Contributions, perform a self reflection and evaluate how well you recognize the contributions of your staff. For the assignment, develop an action plan for the next 12 months to improve your recognition efforts.
***Please write about and share what you gained.***
**Reflection paper and action plan (12 months) is the assignment requirement.
Textbook Reference
Kouzes, J. & Posner, B. (2012). The leadership challenge : how to make extraordinary things happen in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
.
After reviewing the chapter on Recognizing Contributions, perform a .docxAMMY30
After reviewing the chapter on Recognizing Contributions, perform a self reflection and evaluate how well you recognize the contributions of your staff. For the assignment, develop an action plan for the next 12 months to improve your recognition efforts.
***Please reply when you are finished with this self-reflection and share what you gained.*** 2 page
Textbook Reference
Kouzes, J. & Posner, B. (2012). The leadership challenge : how to make extraordinary things happen in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
.
After reviewing the background materials and doing your own research.docxAMMY30
After reviewing the background materials and doing your own research, discuss the value in looking at other countries’ policy successes and failures. How can it be beneficial to health policy development in our own country?
Be sure to support your answer with citations from reliable sources.
.
After reviewing the articles and videos, please address the followin.docxAMMY30
After reviewing the articles and videos, please address the following questions:
https://hbr.org/2016/05/different-cultures-see-deadlines-differently
https://hbr.org/video/2363497345001/reaching-across-cultures-without-losing-yourself
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DSV1NUGS3o
1. How do you define cultural communication?
2. Do you agree with the concepts presented by Molinsky as he reviews the importance of global dexterity? Why or why not?
3. In your organization, what ideas regarding cultural communication do you think are important? How will you apply them as a leader?
Please reference a minimum of three external sources to support our points.
.
After reviewing Georgia v. Randolph and Fernandez v. Californi.docxAMMY30
After reviewing
Georgia v. Randolph
and
Fernandez v. California
, answer the following questions:
What defenses, if any, were asserted in these cases?
How did these cases impact law enforcement and prosecutors?
Do you agree with the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions?
Were these decisions consistent with each other? How does consistency in legal decisions positively and negatively impact law-enforcement officers and attorneys?
.
After reviewing chapter 11 of the E-Text and the Required Resources .docxAMMY30
After reviewing chapter 11 of the E-Text and the Required Resources please discuss the following:
Discuss the challenges that law enforcement faces when seizing digital evidence and propose at least two solutions.
Discuss the five-paragraph SMEAC that should ideally find a place in any investigation plan. Which one of these do you feel is the most important? Why?
.
After reading Library ArticlesDevine, K., Kloppenborg, .docxAMMY30
After reading
Library Articles:
Devine, K., Kloppenborg, T. J., & O’Clock, P. (2010). Project measurement and success.
Journal of Health Care Finance,
38–50.
Sandrik, K. M. (2008). Navigating today's opportunities for capital.
Healthcare Financial Management, 62
(12), 78–83.
Schuhmann, T. M. (2009). Hospital capital spending: Shifting and slowing even before the financial meltdown.
Healthcare Financial Management, 63
(11), 92–102.
Answer the following:
Investment Decisions
What types of decisions would need to be made before the investment is made? Indicate the main kinds of information/data needed to evaluate this capital investment project.
.
After reading Trifles by Susan Glaspell complete the following works.docxAMMY30
After reading Trifles by Susan Glaspell complete the following worksheet:
“Trifles” Worksheet
Name: ___________________ Period ____
1. Title Implications: Explain what the word “trifles” literally means. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Symbolic Setting.
A. Outside: What is the weather? ________________
Specifically, where is the murder site/ farmhouse located? ________________
B. Inside the house:
List two things that let the audience “feel” how literally cold it is: ____________________________________________________________________
3. List three significant details that are evidence of a poorly kept kitchen: ___________ ____________________________________________________________________
4. Thumbnail Sketch: Make a comment about each of the characters
A. Attorney Henderson_________________________________________________ B. Sheriff Peters ______________________________________________________ C. Mr. Hale __________________________________________________________ D. Mrs. Peters ________________________________________________________ E. Mrs. Hale _________________________________________________________
5. List two “put down” comments the men make against women: __________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
6. What evidence is there to suggest that John Wright was a hard man to live with ? ________________________________________________________________
7. Why hadn’t Mrs. Hale gone to see Minnie Wright in over a year? _______________ _____________________________________________________________________
8. Why does Mrs. Peters not like the phrase “married to the law”? _________________ ____________________________________________________________________
9. Why do the women hide the dead bird? ____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
10. What other action might they have taken?___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How is each of these important?
A. John Wright’s decision not to pay for a party [shared] telephone line
B. Bird cage with broken door
C. Dead bird with its neck rung
D. Millie sang in the choir thirty years before
E. The quilt pieces
(The Log Cabin quilt pattern has been a favorite because it was a wonderful & frugal pattern for using up fabric scraps. In many of the old quilts the center square was red to symbolize the hearth of the home, its symbolic heart. The overall effect of the log cabin quilt is achieved by the use of light and dark fabrics and how they are arranged.)
.
After reading through Chapter 1, the focus was on targeting the five.docxAMMY30
After reading through Chapter 1, the focus was on targeting the five communities that make up the core field for ICT-enabled policy-making. Please answer the following question.
What are those five communities involved,
Provide a brief narrative for each community above to support your response
.
After reading There Is No Unmarked Woman, by Deborah Tannen, a.docxAMMY30
After reading "There Is No Unmarked Woman," by Deborah Tannen, answer the following question in a response 200 words long:
What is Tannen's strongest argument, or her strongest point, to support her thesis that women are unfairly scrutinized in society? Do you agree with her overall? Have things changed since she wrote this article in 1993?
.
After reading the U.S. Constitution and the Amendments respond t.docxAMMY30
After reading the U.S. Constitution and the Amendments respond to the following questions:
(i) What is the institutional power and the personal right you believe to be the most important, and explain why;
(ii) What is the institutional power and the personal right you would remove, and explain why;
(iii) What institutional power and personal right would you add to the U.S.
An institutional power is one that authorizes or limits action and/or organization of one of the three branches of government. Examples include the power of the legislative branch "to lay and collect taxes" (Art. I) or to not "make no law respecting an establishment of religion." (First Amendment)
A personal right is one that protects or empowers the people, such as "the right of the people to keep and bear arms." (Second Amendment)
Suggested length is 3-5 pages
Your points will be allocated on the following criteria:
Offering creative and/or critical opinions;
Expressing yourself clearly and concisely;
Forming logical arguments and conclusions;
Identifying and discussing counter-arguments;
Grammar and compliance with APA (6th edition).
.
After reading the two short primary source documents listed below, c.docxAMMY30
After reading the two short primary source documents listed below, construct an essay based on the following question:
How and why did black people use the language of the American Revolution—of natural rights—in freedom petitions to argue for their freedom and the abolition of slavery?
Your essay should be based on your reading and analysis of the primary source documents. Your paper should be 2 to 3 pages in length and use double-spacing and 12 point font. Please use MLA style.
.
After reading the section titled Dominant Microprocessor Company In.docxAMMY30
After reading the section titled “Dominant Microprocessor Company Intel Adapts to Next Trend” (Chapter 11 pg. 384-385) and the article titled “2018-2019 Intel Corporate Responsibility Report: Creating Value through Transparency,” complete a list of reasons how a single firm like Intel comes to dominate some markets.
Submission Details:
Response should be no less than 250 words
Follow the APA style of writing with in-text citations and a reference list.
.
After reading the section titled Dominant Microprocessor Compan.docxAMMY30
After reading the section titled “Dominant Microprocessor Company Intel Adapts to Next Trend” (Chapter 11 pg. 384-385) and the article titled “2018-2019 Intel Corporate Responsibility Report: Creating Value through Transparency,” complete a list of reasons how a single firm like Intel comes to dominate some markets.
Submission Details:
Response should be no less than 250 words
Follow the APA style of writing with in-text citations and a reference list.
.
After reading the paper for this week, Steinfield C, LaRose R, C.docxAMMY30
After reading the paper for this week, Steinfield C, LaRose R, Chew H, Tong S. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Rural Business Clusters: The Relation Between ICT Adoption and Benefits Derived From Cluster Membership. Information Society. 2012;28(2):110-120. doi:10.1080/01972243.2012.651004, please answer the following questions in a 2-page main body APA formatted document. Please make sure that there is a title and references page. All references listed need to be cited in the document.
What kind of study is this? (Hint: the videos you watched)
Please make sure that you address the type of study and why you think this was used in this paper.
How is this paper related to the topics in this course?
Do you agree with the author’s conclusions?
.
After reading the Martin Luther King, Jr. speech in the attached lin.docxAMMY30
After reading the Martin Luther King, Jr. speech in the attached link, please write a 1-2 page response which addresses the following task: Summarize the excerpts from Martin Luther King, Jr.’s 1961 address defending the student sit-ins. Then, in your opinion, discuss the three main points made in Martin Luther King, Jr.’s address. Please explain your opinion in detail.
.
After reading the material from Shafer-Landau concerning the appeal .docxAMMY30
After reading the material from Shafer-Landau concerning the appeal of hedonism and the potential objections to the theory, what is your considered view on hedonism? Is it true or false as a moral theory? Do the advantages of hedonism outweigh the difficulties raised against it, or are the objections to hedonism fatal to the theory?
.
After reading the IMAA article this week on Effective Manageme.docxAMMY30
After reading the IMAA article this week on
Effective Management of Change during Mergers and Acquisition
, review the case study noted within the article on item 7. It is about a merger between AOL and Time Warner in 2001. There is a chart listed with the summary that shows the cultural differences between the two companies. Review that chart.
Using this as an example, conduct some research and find two companies that similarly merged or that was acquired by another company. Write a two-page summary of the merger or acquisition to include:
1 – the reasons why it occurred and when it occurred
2 - the approximate size of each company before the merger
3 - the organizational challenges faced
4 - was the merger successful or not and
why
5 - the state of the company now
Then include a simple four column chart similar to the example and show at least five cultural elements of the companies, the cultural differences in the two companies before the merger took place and then in the fourth column include the culture now in the acquiring company. List at least five cultural elements in the chart.
Cultural Element / AOL culture / Time Warner culture / Culture adopted
Your written assignment should be no less than 700 words. Avoid using direct quotes. Use your own words. If you do use any direct quotes, increase the length of your paper accordingly. Use APA citations and ensure you document where you found your data in a separate reference listing.
.
After reading the essay, Why Rational People Buy into Conspiracy Th.docxAMMY30
After reading the essay, "Why Rational People Buy into Conspiracy Theories," answer the following questions. Provide specific details to justify your reasoning:
What is a conspiracy theory? Identify and discuss at least two recent conspiracy theories mentioned on the news, social media, and/or internet.
How does the Internet and other media help "perpetuate paranoia" (12)?
Why do you think "rational people buy into conspiracy theories"?
.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Compare and contrast between duty ethics and divine command du
1. Compare and Contrast Between Duty Ethics and Divine
Command
Duty Ethics is the ethical theory that was began with the
teaching of Immanuel Kant, who was a German philosopher
that lived from 1724 to 1804. He believed that a sense of duty
should be the main concept of a person’s beliefs. Basically,
Kant believed that a person should be guided by principles that
they would like everyone else to live by.1 In the theory of duty
ethics, a person is to act in a certain way, because it is
the correct way to act. Duty ethics define the good as
treating others in a respectful humane manner, since that is how
you would want to be treated. A weakness of the
Duty Ethics theory is that not every person has the same
understanding or belief of what is right or wrong.
Divine Command is that ethical theory that believes what is
good is good because it was commanded by God.2 As it
explains in a conversation someone had with Jesus, in Matthew
19:17. “Why do you ask me about what is good? He said to him.
“There is only one who is good. If you want to enter life, keep
the commandments.”3 This theory teaches that people cannot
live a moral life, unless they follow the moral teachings of
God.4 A weakness that I think the Divine Command
theory has is that if a person is not a believer, why would they
follow the instructions of the deity giving the commands? When
God created humankind, He gave us the freedom of choice.
With this choice He also instilled in us the
basic understanding of what is morally right or wrong.
Both theories teach us to do what is right, to treat
other people, how we would want to be treated, with kindness
and respect. Duty Ethics Theory teaches us to do the right thing
no matter what the outcome is. Divine Command Theory teaches
to what is right because it is what God
commanded. Another difference is where Duty Ethics can
2. change with the morals of society, Divine Command does not
change because God’s commands do not change.
The Divine Command Theory is a stronger ethical theory than
Duty Ethics Theory. It is the stronger theory, because it teaches
people to follow the commandments of God and the teachings of
the Bible. When a person follows the teaches of God and the
bible, they will have a stronger understanding of what is
morally right and wrong. With this understand they will make
better ethical choices and decisions. Through these teachings we
know that it is not right to cheat, steal, or commit murder,
et cetera. The commandments and the instructions of God and
the Bible are not open to change and cannot be change in order
to fit the circumstances. When a person follows
these commandments, they can live a life that is both morally
ethical and pleasing to God.
REPRINT H04NSZ
PUBLISHED ON HBR.ORG
NOVEMBER 19, 2018
ARTICLE
DECISION MAKING
Why “Many-Model
Thinkers” Make Better
Decisions
by Scott E. Page
D
o
N
ot
3. C
op
y
or
P
os
t
This document is authorized for educator review use only by
ABIRAMI DEVI SIVAKUMAR, Jubail University College until
Mar 2019. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright.
[email protected] or 617.783.7860
DECISION MAKING
Why “Many-Model
Thinkers” Make Better
Decisions
by Scott E. Page
NOVEMBER 19, 2018
“To be wise you must arrange your experiences on a lattice of
models.”
— Charlie Munger
Organizations are awash in data — from geocoded transactional
data to real-time website traffic to
semantic quantifications of corporate annual reports. All these
data and data sources only add value
5. rubric is also a kind of model. When you write down the
features that make a job candidate worth
hiring, you’re creating a model that takes data about the
candidate and turns it into a
recommendation about whether or not to hire that person. Other
organizations develop sophisticated
models. Some of those models are structural and meant to
capture reality. Other models mine data
using tools from machine learning and artificial intelligence.
The most sophisticated organizations — from Alphabet to
Berkshire Hathaway to the CIA — all use
models. In fact, they do something even better: they use many
models in combination.
Without models, making sense of data is hard. Data helps
describe reality, albeit imperfectly. On its
own, though, data can’t recommend one decision over another.
If you notice that your best-
performing teams are also your most diverse, that may be
interesting. But to turn that data point into
insight, you need to plug it into some model of the world — for
instance, you may hypothesize that
having a greater variety of perspectives on a team leads to
better decision-making. Your hypothesis
represents a model of the world.
Though single models can perform well, ensembles of models
work even better. That is why the best
thinkers, the most accurate predictors, and the most effective
design teams use ensembles of models.
They are what I call, many-model thinkers.
In this article, I explain why many models are better than one
and also describe three rules for how to
construct your own powerful ensemble of models: spread
7. C
op
y
or
P
os
t
This document is authorized for educator review use only by
ABIRAMI DEVI SIVAKUMAR, Jubail University College until
Mar 2019. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright.
[email protected] or 617.783.7860
https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/scott-e-page/the-model-
thinker/9780465094639/
https://propulsionenergy.aiaa.org/Model-basedDesign_PE2015/
park functioned. The Congressional Budget office uses an
economic model that includes income,
unemployment, and health statistics to estimate the costs of
changes to health care laws.
In these cases, the models organize the firehose of data. These
models all help leaders explain
phenomena and communicate information. They also impose
logical coherence, and in doing so, aid
in strategic decision making and forecasting. It should come as
no surprise that models are more
accurate as predictors than most people. In head-to-head
competitions between people who use
models and people who don’t, the former win, and typically do
8. so by large margins.
Models win because they possess capabilities that humans lack.
Models can embed and leverage
more data. Models can be tested, calibrated, and compared. And
models do not commit logical errors.
Models do not suffer from cognitive biases. (They can,
however, introduce or replicate human biases;
that is one of the reasons for combining multiple models.)
Combining multiple models
While applying one model is good, using many models — an
ensemble — is even better, particularly
in complex problem domains. Here’s why: models simplify. So,
no matter how much data a model
embeds, it will always miss some relevant variable or leave out
some interaction. Therefore, any
model will be wrong.
With an ensemble of models, you can make up for the gaps in
any one of the models. Constructing
the best ensemble of models requires thought and effort. As it
turns out, the most accurate
ensembles of models do not consist of the highest performing
individual models. You should not,
therefore, run a horse race among candidate models and choose
the four top finishers. Instead, you
want to combine diverse models.
For decades, Wall Street firms have used models to evaluate
investment risk. Risk takes many forms.
In addition to risk from financial market fluctuations, there
exist risks from geopolitics, climactic
events, and social movements, such as occupy Wall Street, not
to mention, risks from cyber threat
10. P
os
t
This document is authorized for educator review use only by
ABIRAMI DEVI SIVAKUMAR, Jubail University College until
Mar 2019. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright.
[email protected] or 617.783.7860
https://propulsionenergy.aiaa.org/Model-basedDesign_PE2015/
https://www.amazon.com/Expert-Political-Judgment-Good-
Know/dp/0691128715
https://www.amazon.com/Diversity-Bonus-Knowledge-
Compelling-Interests/dp/0691176884
http://axon.cs.byu.edu/papers/gashler2008icmla.pdf
https://www.amazon.com/Political-Risk-Businesses-
Governments-Anticipate/dp/1549115545
https://www.mckinsey.it/idee/the-evolution-of-model-risk-
management
The mathematician Doyne Farmer advocates agent-based models
as a good second model. An agent-
based model consists of rule based “agents” that represent
people and organizations. The model is
then run on a computer. In the case of financial risk, agent-
based models can be designed to include
much of that micro-level detail. An agent-based model of a
housing market can represent each
household, assigning it an income and a mortgage or rental
payment. It can also include behavioral
rules that describe conditions when the home’s owners will
refinance and when they will declare
bankruptcy. Those behavioral rules may be difficult to get right,
and as a result, the agent-based
11. model may not be that accurate — at least at first. But, Farmer
and others would argue that over time,
the models could become very accurate.
We care less about whether agent-based models would
outperform other standard models than
whether agent-based models will read signals missed by
standard models. And they will. Standard
models work on aggregates, such as Case-Shiller indices, which
measure changes in prices of houses.
If the Case-Shiller index rises faster than income, a housing
bubble may be likely. As useful as the
index is, it is blind to distributional changes that hold means
constant. If income increases go only to
the top 1% while housing prices rise across the board, the index
would be no different than if income
increases were broad based. Agent based models would not be
blind to the distributional changes.
They would notice that people earning $40,000 must hold
$600,000 mortgages. The agent based
model is not necessarily better. It’s value comes from focusing
attention where the standard model
does not.
The second guideline borrows the concept of boosting, a
technique from machine learning.
Ensemble classification algorithms, such as random forest
models consist of a collection of simple
decision trees. A decision tree classifying potential venture
capital investments might say “if the
market is large, invest.” Random forests are a technique to
combine multiple decision trees. And
boosting improves the power of these algorithms by using data
to search for new trees in a novel way.
Rather than look for trees that predict with high accuracy in
isolation, boosting looks for trees that
13. P
os
t
This document is authorized for educator review use only by
ABIRAMI DEVI SIVAKUMAR, Jubail University College until
Mar 2019. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright.
[email protected] or 617.783.7860
https://www.edge.org/conversation/j_doyne_farmer-collective-
awareness
https://econpapers.repec.org/article/blajfinan/v_3a64_3ay_3a20
09_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a75-115.htm
A boosting approach would take data from all past decisions and
see where the first model failed. For
instance, it may be that be that investment opportunities with
scores of 5 out of 5 on team, market
size, and technology, do not pan out as expected. This could be
because those markets are crowded.
Each of the three attributes —team, market size, and workable
technology — predicts well in
isolation, but if someone has all three, it may be likely that
others do as well and that a herd of horses
tramples the hoped for unicorn. The first model therefore would
predict poorly in these cases. The
idea of boosting is to go searching for models that do best
specifically when your other models fail.
To give a second example, several firms I have visited have
hired computer scientists to apply
techniques from artificial intelligence to identify past hiring
mistakes. This is boosting in its purest
14. form. Rather than try to use AI to simply beat their current
hiring model, they use AI to build a
second model that complements their current hiring model.
They look for where their current model
fails and build new models to complement it.
In that way, boosting and attention share something in common:
they both look to combine
complementary models. But attention looks at what goes into
the model — the types of variables it
considers — whereas boosting focuses on what comes out — the
cases where the first model
struggles.
Boosting works best if you have lots of historical data on how
your primary model performs.
Sometimes, we don’t. In those cases, seek conflict. That is, look
for models that disagree. When a
team of people confronts a complex decision, it expects — in
fact it wants — some disagreement.
Unanimity would be a sign of group think. That’s true of models
as well.
The only way the ensemble can improve on a single model is if
the models differ. To borrow a quote
from Richard Levins, the “truth lies at the intersection of
independent lies.” It does not lie at the
intersection of correlated lies. Put differently, just as you would
not surround yourself with “yes
men” do not surround yourself with “yes models.”
Suppose that you run a pharmaceutical company and that you
use a linear model to projects sales of
recently patented drugs. To build an ensemble, you might also
construct a systems dynamics model
as well as a contagion model. Say that the contagion model
17. Mar 2019. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright.
[email protected] or 617.783.7860
https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/scott-e-page/the-model-
thinker/9780465094639/
