MEANING OF COMPANY
Company is a voluntary association of persons formed for the purpose of doing business having a distinct name and limited liability. It is a juristic person having a separate legal entity distinct from the members who constitute it, capable of rights and duties of its own and endowed with the potential of perpetual succession. The Companies Act, 1956, states that 'company' includes company formed and registered under the Act or an existing company i.e. a company formed or registered under any of the previous company laws.
ADVANTAGES OF CONSOLIDATION
Single source document
Intrinsic value of share
Return on investment in subsidiaries
Acquisition of subsidiary
Evaluation of holding company
Objectives & Agenda :
To analyse and interpret the provisions of the Income-tax Act relating to computation and chargeability of Capital Gains. In this Webinar we shall look at various types of transfers which are exempted from capital gains, cost of acquisition in certain specified cases, capital gains on specified assets and finally, capital gains in case of non-residents. Also, the Webinar will touch upon relevant Judicial Precedents.
CLSP - Unit 4 - Share Capital & MembershipAjay Nazarene
It is a presentation on basic introduction to the subject of CLSP - Share Capital & Membership.
This is published only for education and information purpose.
MEANING OF COMPANY
Company is a voluntary association of persons formed for the purpose of doing business having a distinct name and limited liability. It is a juristic person having a separate legal entity distinct from the members who constitute it, capable of rights and duties of its own and endowed with the potential of perpetual succession. The Companies Act, 1956, states that 'company' includes company formed and registered under the Act or an existing company i.e. a company formed or registered under any of the previous company laws.
ADVANTAGES OF CONSOLIDATION
Single source document
Intrinsic value of share
Return on investment in subsidiaries
Acquisition of subsidiary
Evaluation of holding company
Objectives & Agenda :
To analyse and interpret the provisions of the Income-tax Act relating to computation and chargeability of Capital Gains. In this Webinar we shall look at various types of transfers which are exempted from capital gains, cost of acquisition in certain specified cases, capital gains on specified assets and finally, capital gains in case of non-residents. Also, the Webinar will touch upon relevant Judicial Precedents.
CLSP - Unit 4 - Share Capital & MembershipAjay Nazarene
It is a presentation on basic introduction to the subject of CLSP - Share Capital & Membership.
This is published only for education and information purpose.
Sources of long term finance, Corporate governance AND Financial engineeringMohammed Jasir PV
Sources of long term finance — conventional and innovative sources — Leasing — Factoring — securitization
Dividend theories — Walter’s model — Gordens model — MM approach — legal aspects of dividend — formulation of dividend policy.
Corporate governance
Financial engineering
This ppt is all about the long term finance for the business. From which sources a business firm used to get their long term finance to run the business. So i hope it will help you to give your presentation . Thanks for the download. And if you find any mistake, please feel free to comment and inform.
or send me a mail in tatinpisa@outlook.com
SHARE,DEBENTURE,COMPANY,TYPES OF COMPANY,COMPANY LAW,
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COMPANY,SHARE,SHARE HOLDER,SHARE CERTIFICATE,KINDS OF SHARE,EQUITY SHARES,PREFERENCE SHARE,FORFEITURE OF SHARE,EQUITY VS PREFERENCE SHARES,DEBENTURE,TYPES OF DEBENTURE,SHARE VS DEBENTURE,MEETINGS,
KINDS OF MEETINGS,ESSENTIAL OF VALID MEETING,CONDITION OF VALID MEETING
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Origin
• The word ‘company’ is derived from the Latin word (Com = with or
together; panis = bread), and originally referred to an association of
persons who took their meals together.
• The word "company" derives from the Latin "cum panis" meaning "with
bread". Merchants would meet and discuss their business plans over
dinner ("with bread") and eventually their ventures were named for the
dinner meetings.- James C Morton
3. Definitions
According to the definition of a company by the Indian Act 2013;
‘‘A registered association which is an artificial legal person, having an independent legal,
entity with perpetual succession, a common seal for its signatures, a common capital
comprised of transferable shares and carrying limited liability.’’
According to Lord Justice Hanay," a company is an artificial person created by law with
perpectual succession and common seal."
According to Justice James, "A company is an association of persons united for a
common object."
6. Books of Accounts
• Every company is required to keep at its registered office
books of account.
• These books are to be maintained in such a way so as to
disclose (a) The sums of money received and expended by the
company and the matter in respect of which the receipt and
expenditure has taken place. (b) All sales and purchases of
goods of the company. (c) All assets and liabilities of the
company.
7. Statutory Books
• Statutory books are those which a limited company is under
statutory obligation to maintain at its registered office.
• The main statutory books are: (i) Register of Investments held
and their names (ii) Register of charges (iii) Register of Members
(iv) Register of debenture holders (v) Annual returns (vi)
Minutes books (vii) Register of contracts (viii) Register of
Directors (ix) Register of shareholdings of the directors (x)
Register of loans to companies under the same management (xi)
Register of Investment in the shares of other companies.
8. Memorandum of Association
• An important corporate document in India.
• It is often simply referred to as the memorandum.
• It has to be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the process of incorporating
a company.
• It is the document that regulates the company’s external affairs
• 1. Name Clause
2. Situation/ Registered State Clause
3. Object clause
4. Liability clause
5. Capital Clause
6. Subscriber Clause
9. Articles of Association
• It is a document that contains the internal regulations of a company.
• The Articles of Association requires to be compulsorily registered in India.
• The AOA contains the bye-laws of the company. Therefore, the director and
other members must perform their functions as regards the management of
the company, its accounts, and audits in accordance with the AOA.
• An Articles of Association describes the manner in which a company issues
shares, pays dividends, audit financial records and highlights the voting
rights.
11. • Capital of a Company
• Raised through issue of shares
• Divided into small and equal units
• Person who buys share
Shareholder
Share Capital
12. Phases/ Categories of Share Capital
• Authorised/ Nominal/ Registered Capital
- Registered
- Registered in MoA
- Maximum amount of capital a company can issue
• Issued Capital
- Part of authorised capital
- Issued to public for subscription
- Includes qualification shares & bonus shares
• Subscribed Capital
- Part of issued capital
- subscribed(applied for) by the public
13. • Called Up capital
- Part of subscribed capital
- Amount asked by the company which the shareholders has to pay
• Paid up Capital
- Part of called up capital
- Actually paid up by the shareholders
- Unpaid capital – calls in arrears
• Reserved Capital
- By passing a special resolution
- A portion of the uncalled capital
- Only on winding up of the company
14. • To write off Capital Losses – No Yes
• Issue of bonus shares - No Yes
• Special Resolution required – Yes No
15. Equity Shares
An equity share, normally known as ordinary share is a part
ownership where each member is a fractional owner
Possess the right to vote.
ES (equity shares) does not create a sense of obligation and
accountability to pay a rate of dividend that is fixed
16. Preference Shares
• Preference shares are defined as those shares which are given priority
over other equity shares in terms of the payment of dividends.
• Preference shares are held by preference shareholders who are the first
to receive payouts in case the company decides to pay its investors any
dividends.
19. Sweat Equity Shares
• Sweat Equity Share is defined under Section 2(88) of the Companies Act,
2013.
• The sweat equity shares mean shares issued by a company to its
directors or employees for non-cash consideration or at a discount for
making rights available in the nature of intellectual property rights or
providing know-hows or any providing any value additions in any form.
• Rule 8 of Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules, 2014
regulates the procedure of issue of sweat equity shares.
20. Authorised by a special
resolution in the general
meeting
Resolution must be
specific
1 year after
commencement
As per SEBI regulations
Lock-in period of 1 year From 9-1-1999
21. Employee
Stock Option
Scheme(ESOS)
Offer equity shares
To whole time directors, officers,
employees
Now or at a future date at a
predetermined price
Exercised within the stipulated time
To retain good employees and create a
vested interest in company affairs
To attract and motivate efficient and
skilled employees
24. Issue of
Shares
A share is that smallest part, into
which the overall capital of the
company is divided.
Issue of shares is a process
through which
the company allocates fresh shares
to the new or existing shareholders.
The issue of shares is made to both
individuals, institutions or body
corporates.
25. Types of Issue of Shares – notes provided
Offer for sale
26. Procedure of Issue of new shares
• Fixed price offer method - Under fixed price, the company going public determines a
fixed price at which its shares are offered to investors. The investors know the share
price before the company goes public. Demand from the markets is only known once
the issue is closed. To partake in this IPO, the investor must pay the full share price
when making the application.
• Book building method - Under book building, the company going public offers a
20% price band on shares to investors. Investors then bid on the shares before the
final price is settled once the bidding has closed. Investors must specify the number
of shares they want to buy and how much they are willing to pay. Unlike a fixed
price offering, there is no fixed price per share. The lowest share price is known as
the floor price, while the highest share price is known as the cap price. The final
share price is determined using investor bids.
27. Fixed Price Offer Method
1. Selection of Merchant Banker
2. Issue of a Prospectus
3. Application for shares
4. Allotment of shares to applicants
5. Issue of Share Certificate
28. 1. Selection of
Merchant Banker
• Merchant bankers provide advice to
entrepreneurs right from the stage of
conception of the project till the
commencement of production. Merchant
bankers are in charge of the issue process.
They act as intermediaries between the
company and the investors. They are also
responsible for preparing the prospectus and
marketing the issue.
• https://accountlearning.com/merchant-bankers-
definition-services-offered-categories/
29. 2. Issue of a
Prospectus
• Invitation to public to subscribe its
share capital
• Immediately after incorporation
• Advertises in newspapers inviting
public to subscribe
• Printed notice
• Copy signed by directors filed with
Registrar
30. 3. Application for
shares
• An offer by an investor to subscribe for specified
number of shares in a company
• Each prospectus contains a printed applicatiob
form
- states amounts payable on application,
allotment, call(s)
• Application + application money
• SEBI – NOT less than 25% of issue price
- Companies Act – NOT less than 5% of the
nominal value of shares 25% of the issue price
cannot be less than 5% of the nominal value of
shares
31. 4. Allotment of
shares to
applicants
• Issuing shares to the applicants in response to their
application for shares
• After close of the last date of application
• Allotment made by Board of Directors
• Letter of allotment – shareholder required to pay allotment
money
• Letter of regret + application money
• Types - (a) Firm allotment – allotment of specified number of
shares to promoters, FIs, employees, NRIs, FIIs
- (b) Preferential allotment – Bulk allotment of shares @
predetermined price to pre-identified people (have strategic
stake in the company – promoters, venture capitalists, FIs etc.
- Special resolution passed in shareholder's meeting
- Lock-in period – 3 years
32. 5. Issue of Share Certificate
• Document that provides
evidence of ownership of
shares in a limited company
• Issues on receipt of
allotment money
• Under common seal
• Contains – Name of
shareholder, number and
class of shares, serial
number etc.
• Signed by at least one
director and company
secretary
33. Minimum Subscription
• Minimum amount of capital fixed by directors to be raised from the members
by way of subscription
• Stated in Articles of Association
• If not – No allotment
• 90% of issued amount, If Not – Entire subscription amount refunded
• Refund (1) Underwritten – within 7 days after closure (2) Non-underwritten –
within 15 days
• Minimum subscription must cover – assets price, preliminary expenses,
brokerage, underwriting expenses, working capital, day to day operation
expenses
34. Shares payable by instalments
• Usual procedure
• Each instalment is called call
• The money payable other than application and allotment , by the
shareholders as and when the company calls is called call money
• Call date – prospectus , If Not- Pass resolution by Board of Directors
and send notice to share holders
• Based on provisions in AOA, IF NOT – Table "F" Companies Act, 2013
35. Table "F"
• Not more than 25% of Issue price
• Interval of 1 month between 2 calls
• 14 days notice
• Call letter – amount of call, mode of payment, name of depositor'
bank, last date of payment
• Same class – uniform amount