This document summarizes the design and simulation of an integrated compact power divider module for an X-band surveillance radar system. The module integrates a 2-way power divider, directional coupler, and microstrip cavity bandpass filter into a single compact form to reduce losses from connectors. A 10-pole microstrip cavity filter was designed with a 432.9 MHz bandwidth. A Wilkinson power divider was designed with better than -28 dB return loss. A directional coupler was designed with -34.31 dB coupling and -26.74 dB isolation. Simulation results showed the integrated module had good performance with minimal losses and a compact size suitable for use in the radar system.
This document summarizes research on the design of octagon shaped slot loaded rectangular microstrip monopole antennas. The antennas are designed to operate across multiple frequency bands from 1-16 GHz and provide virtual size reduction. Experimental results show the proposed antenna operates over 8 bands with a maximum virtual size reduction of 62%. Modifying the antenna design by changing the radius of a circular slot inside the octagon allows operation over 5 bands while further increasing bandwidth and gain. The antennas demonstrate omnidirectional radiation patterns and have potential applications in microwave communication systems.
This document summarizes the design and testing of two corner truncated rectangular slot loaded monopole microstrip antennas (CTSLRMAs) for quad-band and triple-band operation. CTSLRMA-I operates in four bands from 1-16 GHz with a maximum gain of 9.9 dB. CTSLRMA-II operates in three bands and provides a notch band, with a 57.66% virtual size reduction and maximum gain of 16 dB. Both antennas exhibit omnidirectional radiation patterns. Experimental results show good agreement with simulations. The proposed antennas could enable applications in microwave communication systems.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
A New Compact and Wide-band Band-stop Filter Using Rectangular SRRTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes a new compact band-stop filter design using a rectangular split ring resonator (R-SRR). The band-stop filter consists of a modified microstrip line with an R-SRR located at the center. The R-SRR dimensions are optimized to achieve resonance in the unwanted frequency band. Simulation results show the filter achieves a wide fractional bandwidth of 72% with high rejection in the stop band and low insertion loss in the pass bands. The fabricated filter is compact at 17x20mm and experimental results agree well with simulations, demonstrating the filter's potential for use in modern communication systems.
Pentagon and circular ring slot loaded rectangular microstrip monopoleIAEME Publication
The document describes the design and development of two pentagon and circular ring slot loaded rectangular microstrip monopole antennas (PCRSLRMA and PCCSLRMA) for quad-band and triple-band operation, respectively. The PCRSLRMA operates in four bands between 4-16 GHz while the PCCSLRMA operates in three bands. Both antennas exhibit omnidirectional radiation patterns. The PCRSLRMA achieves a maximum gain of 11.37 dB while the PCCSLRMA achieves 9.98 dB. The addition of the complementary circular ring slot in the PCCSLRMA enhances the bandwidth at each operating band compared to the PCRSLRMA. The proposed antennas have a simple
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
This paper deals with the channel loss models of ultra-wideband radio wave propagation from 2 to 10 GHz application. IEEE 802.15.4a and Okumura channel loss reference models have been introduced and the estimation methods of channel transmission loss have been discussed with the environments of 2 to 10 GHz short range application. The channel transmission loss was measured in ZigBee circuit with 2 kinds of power, using IEEE 802.15.4a and Okumura channel model to estimate the theoretical channel loss, the theoretical value and the actual measured value were compared and analyzed. The analysis shows that the error between the calculated value and the actual measured value of the IEEE 802.15.4a reference model is small in the ultra-wideband ZigBee channel environment, and the error of the Okumura channel loss model is large. The results show that in the environments of 2 to 10 GHz short range application, IEEE 802.15.4a channel loss model is a high precision reference model for the ultra-wideband channel loss calculation.
Optical Spatial Modulation with Transmitter-Receiver AlignmentsMarwan Hammouda
This paper proposes an optical spatial modulation (OSM) technique to enhance the data rate of indoor optical wireless communication systems. OSM works by activating only one out of multiple light emitting diodes at each time instant to transmit data. The paper shows that properly aligning the positions and orientations of the transmit and receive units can significantly improve the performance of OSM by decorrelating the optical MIMO channel. Through alignment, the paper achieves a 14 dB gain in signal-to-noise ratio required for a bit-error rate of 10^-3 compared to misaligned setups. The paper also compares the power and bandwidth efficiency of OSM to on-off keying, pulse position modulation, and pulse amplitude modulation.
This document summarizes research on the design of octagon shaped slot loaded rectangular microstrip monopole antennas. The antennas are designed to operate across multiple frequency bands from 1-16 GHz and provide virtual size reduction. Experimental results show the proposed antenna operates over 8 bands with a maximum virtual size reduction of 62%. Modifying the antenna design by changing the radius of a circular slot inside the octagon allows operation over 5 bands while further increasing bandwidth and gain. The antennas demonstrate omnidirectional radiation patterns and have potential applications in microwave communication systems.
This document summarizes the design and testing of two corner truncated rectangular slot loaded monopole microstrip antennas (CTSLRMAs) for quad-band and triple-band operation. CTSLRMA-I operates in four bands from 1-16 GHz with a maximum gain of 9.9 dB. CTSLRMA-II operates in three bands and provides a notch band, with a 57.66% virtual size reduction and maximum gain of 16 dB. Both antennas exhibit omnidirectional radiation patterns. Experimental results show good agreement with simulations. The proposed antennas could enable applications in microwave communication systems.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
A New Compact and Wide-band Band-stop Filter Using Rectangular SRRTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes a new compact band-stop filter design using a rectangular split ring resonator (R-SRR). The band-stop filter consists of a modified microstrip line with an R-SRR located at the center. The R-SRR dimensions are optimized to achieve resonance in the unwanted frequency band. Simulation results show the filter achieves a wide fractional bandwidth of 72% with high rejection in the stop band and low insertion loss in the pass bands. The fabricated filter is compact at 17x20mm and experimental results agree well with simulations, demonstrating the filter's potential for use in modern communication systems.
Pentagon and circular ring slot loaded rectangular microstrip monopoleIAEME Publication
The document describes the design and development of two pentagon and circular ring slot loaded rectangular microstrip monopole antennas (PCRSLRMA and PCCSLRMA) for quad-band and triple-band operation, respectively. The PCRSLRMA operates in four bands between 4-16 GHz while the PCCSLRMA operates in three bands. Both antennas exhibit omnidirectional radiation patterns. The PCRSLRMA achieves a maximum gain of 11.37 dB while the PCCSLRMA achieves 9.98 dB. The addition of the complementary circular ring slot in the PCCSLRMA enhances the bandwidth at each operating band compared to the PCRSLRMA. The proposed antennas have a simple
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
This paper deals with the channel loss models of ultra-wideband radio wave propagation from 2 to 10 GHz application. IEEE 802.15.4a and Okumura channel loss reference models have been introduced and the estimation methods of channel transmission loss have been discussed with the environments of 2 to 10 GHz short range application. The channel transmission loss was measured in ZigBee circuit with 2 kinds of power, using IEEE 802.15.4a and Okumura channel model to estimate the theoretical channel loss, the theoretical value and the actual measured value were compared and analyzed. The analysis shows that the error between the calculated value and the actual measured value of the IEEE 802.15.4a reference model is small in the ultra-wideband ZigBee channel environment, and the error of the Okumura channel loss model is large. The results show that in the environments of 2 to 10 GHz short range application, IEEE 802.15.4a channel loss model is a high precision reference model for the ultra-wideband channel loss calculation.
Optical Spatial Modulation with Transmitter-Receiver AlignmentsMarwan Hammouda
This paper proposes an optical spatial modulation (OSM) technique to enhance the data rate of indoor optical wireless communication systems. OSM works by activating only one out of multiple light emitting diodes at each time instant to transmit data. The paper shows that properly aligning the positions and orientations of the transmit and receive units can significantly improve the performance of OSM by decorrelating the optical MIMO channel. Through alignment, the paper achieves a 14 dB gain in signal-to-noise ratio required for a bit-error rate of 10^-3 compared to misaligned setups. The paper also compares the power and bandwidth efficiency of OSM to on-off keying, pulse position modulation, and pulse amplitude modulation.
This document describes a compact dual-band bandpass filter using stub-loaded spiral stepped-impedance resonators. The filter operates at 0.35 GHz and 0.9 GHz with a small size of 0.06λg × 0.09λg. It provides good selectivity for both passbands through the generation of eight transmission zeros. Simulated and measured results show the filter achieves high selectivity and improved stopband performance up to 3 GHz compared to other dual-band filter designs.
Performance Evaluation of Iterative Receiver using 16-QAM and 16-PSK Modulati...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study evaluating the performance of an iterative receiver for Flip-OFDM modulation using 16-QAM and 16-PSK modulation schemes in optical wireless communication (OWC) systems. The proposed iterative receiver is compared to a conventional receiver that directly subtracts the negative signal frame from the positive frame. Simulation results show that the iterative receiver provides significantly lower bit error rates than the conventional receiver for both modulation schemes. Specifically, the improvement in bit error rate is larger at lower signal-to-noise ratios. The study thus demonstrates that the iterative receiver fully exploits the signal structure to improve performance over the conventional approach in Flip-OFDM for OWC.
Printed Omnidirectional Access-Point Antenna for 2.4/5-GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A new design of the printed omnidirectional antenna for applications in 2.4/5-GHz dual-WLAN-band access points is proposed. The antenna consists of a conventional collinear antenna for 2.4 GHz operation and two U stubs for 5 GHz operation. The two U stubs are located near the points where the maximum currents at about 5.5 GHz occurring on the strips of the collinear antenna, and arranged back to back in the same phase for achieving better antenna gain. Detailed analyses of the U stub on the impedance matching over the 5 GH band is presented. A prototype with good omnidirectional radiation across the 2.4/5-GHz WLAN bands is demonstrated.
Ber performance of ofdm with discrete wavelet transform for time dispersive c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design of Rectangular Shaped Slotted Micro Strip Antenna for Triple Frequency...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a rectangular microstrip antenna with triple frequency operation for wireless applications. It was designed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 46x38x1.6mm. Two rectangular slots were etched inside the patch to achieve operation at three different frequencies - GSM (1.834-1.858GHz), Bluetooth (2.422-2.487GHz), and WiMAX (3.519-3.583GHz). The antenna design was simulated using EM simulation software to analyze parameters such as reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, efficiency and impedance at the operating frequencies. Simulation results showed good impedance matching and performance across the three bands.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPACT UWB BAND PASS FILTERijeljournal
This paper presents design, implementation and analysis of an ultra-wideband (UWB) band-pass-filter using parallel-coupled microstrip line with defective ground plane and a uniform multi-mode resonator. The structure of the filter is designed on microwave substrate GML 1000 of dielectric constant 3.2 and height is 0.762 mm. Simulation is carried out by CST MSW software and optimized structure is fabricated. The frequency response is measured on vector analyzer and measured results show close approximation with simulation results. In this article modeling of the proposed filter is also reported. The electric model of the filter is analyzed by circuit theory and MATLAB. This model is validated by comparing the results with the CST simulation and VNA measured results. This filter is compact in size of dimension 30˟1.87 mm2 may be useful for modern wireless application of communication.
Design of Microstrip UWB Bandpass Filter using open-circuited resonatorsIJERD Editor
A compact band pass filter with a fractional bandwidth of 59% is designed for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) applications using a microstrip structure consisting of open circuit resonators. Transmission zeros are utilized at the passband edges to enhance the signal selectivity. The filter is characterized by sharp roll-off characteristics due to the presence of transmission zeros. The insertion loss and return loss are found to be 0.1dB and -15dB respectively. This filter has a measured 3-dB passband of (3 to 5.5) GHz, with a compact size of (13.2 x 9.7) mm. The filter offers desirable performance for the lower-band frequency of a UWB system and exhibits low insertion loss. As the structure comprises of only transmission line sections and no coupling gap, the filter is made easy for fabrication. This UWB BPF is useful to alleviate the strong WLAN signals interference to UWB receivers. To illustrate the concept, band pass filter was designed using Agilent® ADS software and simulated results are obtained.
A Compact Multiple Band-Notched Planer Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth Using ...Radita Apriana
UWB antenna with dual notched characteristics fed by microstrip transmission line is presented in
this paper. The tapered connection between the rectangular patch and the feed line is used to produce a
good impedance matching from 2.3 to 11.5 GHz. A dual band frequency notches are achieved using UDGS
loaded with lumped capacitors. The first notch frequency band is achieved using DGS to reduce the
interference with WIMAX from 3.3 to 3.7 Ghz. The second notch frequency band is also achieved using Uparasitic
strip placed in the ground plan to eliminate the interference with WLAN from 5.2 to 5.9 GHz.
Lumped capacitors are combined with the slot due to miniaturize the slot size. The size of the resonator is
reduced by more than 40% when lumped capacitors are used. The proposed antenna hasVSWR < 2
except the notched bands. The simulated results confirm that the antenna is suitable for UWB applications.
The document describes the design of three complementary-symmetry microstrip patch antennas with slots for wideband operation: a V-slot corner truncated square microstrip antenna (VCCSMA) that operates over two bands, an extended V-slot corner truncated square microstrip antenna (ECCSMA) that operates over three bands, and a W-slot corner truncated square microstrip antenna (WCCSMA) that merges the three bands into a single wide band. Experimental results show the VCCSMA achieves 11.16% and 36.01% bandwidth, the ECCSMA achieves 11.30%, 42.51%, and 8.70% bandwidth, and the WCCSMA achieves the highest bandwidth of 85.37%.
Low-Cost Flat Metal-Plate Dipole Antenna for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A low-cost, one-piece, flat-plate dipole antenna for dual WLAN band operation is presented. The dipole antenna is rectangular in shape with the dimensions 10 mm × 37 mm and fed by 50-ohm mini-coaxial cable. By cutting two L-shaped slits in each radiating arm, two dipole arms are obtained, which form a larger dipole and a smaller dipole antennas for the 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation respectively. The dipole arms are further short-circuited, making it possible for the antenna to be fabricated by stamping a single, flat metal plate only. The impedance bandwidth for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN operation is with VSWR below 1.5 and good omnidirectional radiation patterns are also observed.
Printed Coplanar Two-Antenna Element for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN Operation in a MIMO S...Saou-Wen Su
This document describes a printed coplanar two-antenna element designed for dual-band WLAN operation at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz for use in a MIMO system. The element consists of a planar inverted-F antenna for the 5 GHz band and a monopole antenna for the 2.4 GHz band, both printed on the same substrate with a shared ground plane. Two separate feeds are used to excite the antennas without requiring an external switch. When two of these elements are arranged with a spacing of 10 mm, the resulting four-antenna MIMO system achieves good isolation between all antenna pairs across both operating bands.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document presents a compact RF CMOS model that incorporates an improved thermal noise model. The model accounts for short-channel effects, substrate potential fluctuations, and parasitic resistance-induced noises through analytical formulas. Simulation results using the new noise model show good agreement with measurements for 65nm and 80nm nMOSFETs, accurately predicting drain and gate current noise spectra over frequencies up to 18GHz.
Design and optimization of microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a new compact microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped slots to improve the impedance bandwidth. The proposed microstrip filtering antenna consists of three parts; the monopole radiating patch antenna, the SIR filter, and the feeding microstrip line. The design structure is achieved on one sided glass epoxy FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant ε_r = 4.4 and thickness of h = 1.6 mm. The design procedures of the proposed filtering antenna starts from the second order Chebyshev low pass filter prototype. The simulation results throughout this article are done by a computer simulation technology (CST) software. The simulated results have been achieved show good performance of S11-parameter and broad side antenna gain on +z-direction. This design has two transmission zeros at 5.4 GHz and 7.7 GHz, and bandwidth (B.W) of about 1.66 GHz so; it is suitable for high speed data communication. This design has good skirt selectivity.
Performance Analysis of V-Blast MIMO System Using Minimum Mean Square Error E...ijtsrd
The V-BLAST MIMO-system some of linear detection techniques can be used for interference cancellation (IC). In this paper, using Minimum Mean Square Error- interference cancellation for the same. In this paper, we analysis of BER performance of Vertical Bell Labs Layered Space Time Architecture (V-BLAST) spatial Multiplexing Technique with equalisation techniques like Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) by BPSK modulation techniques in Rayleigh flat fading channel. Tamashri Sonartiya | Deepak Pancholi"Performance Analysis of V-Blast MIMO System Using Minimum Mean Square Error Equalizer Technique with BPSK" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15804.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/15804/performance-analysis-of-v-blast-mimo-system-using-minimum-mean-square-error-equalizer-technique-with-bpsk/tamashri-sonartiya
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
This document describes the design and simulation of a dual-fed circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications at 2.4 GHz. A circular patch antenna with a diameter of 30 mm is designed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.6 and thickness of 1.6 mm. Circular polarization is achieved by feeding the patch from two points with a 90 degree phase difference using a 3dB hybrid coupler. The antenna is simulated using ADS software. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 2.404 GHz with a return loss of -28.003 dB and gain of 6.368 dB. The antenna provides circular polarization as required for WLAN applications.
In this paper, UWB technology operating in broad
frequency range of 3.1-10.6 GHz has shown great achievement
for high- speed wireless communications. to satisfy the UWB
system requirements, a band pass filter with a broad pass
band width, low insertion loss, and high stop-band suppression.
UWB band-pass filter (BPF) with wireless local area network
(WLAN) notch at 5.8 GHz and 3-dB fractional bandwidth of
108% using a microstrip structure is presented. Initially a
two transmission pole UWB band pass filter in the frequency
range 3.1-10.6 GHz is achieved by design a parallel-coupled
microstrip line with defective ground plane structure using
GML 1000 substrate with specification: dielectric constant 3.2
and thickness 0.762 mm at centre frequency 6.85 GHz. In this
structure a ë/4 open circuited stub is introduced to achieve the
notch at 5.8 GHz to avoid the interference with WLAN
frequency with lies the desired UWB band. The design
structure was simulated on electromagnetic circuit simulation
software and fabricated by microwave integrated circuit
technique. The measured VNA results show the close
agreement with simulated results.
Comparison of the link budget with experimental performance of a wi max systemPfedya
The document compares the link budget calculations of a WiMAX system to experimental performance measurements in a suburban environment. It describes the configuration of the WiMAX system operating at 3.5 GHz, including the base station parameters, receiver sensitivity, and scenario. It then presents the methodology, which involves measuring path loss to develop a path loss model, using that model to calculate link budgets and expected ranges for different modulations, and validating these by taking actual performance measurements with WiMAX modems. The results of the path loss measurements and link budget calculations are then compared to the experimental performance measurements to validate the link budget approach.
In this research paper, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) was proposed as a technique by
realizing bilateral edge walls to produce a compact 5G beam-steering antenna at 24 GHz. The beam
forming network is produced using SIW directional coupler perform as 2×2 Butler Matrix (BM) fed with SIW
slotted waveguide antenna array. The output signal is steered from -29 degrees and +29 degrees when
the signal is fed to the respective input ports. If one of the input ports is fed, the signal is evenly distributed
between the adjacent output ports with 90 degree constant phase shift. The compact size of directional
coupler was designed by longitude slots on the surface of SIW substrate with bandwith of 16.85% at the
operating frequency. The proposed antenna produce gain of 6.34 dB at operating frequency and the
promising outcome of the beam steering make proposed design suitable for 5G communications especially
with tracking capabilities.
Integrated Open Loop Resonator Filter Designed with Notch Patch Antenna for M...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presented the design of integrated open loop resonator bandpass filter with notch type antenna for the use in microwave applications. Chebyshev type filter is selected as the filter characteristics and cascaded design with the antenna to produce a single module, Integrated Filter Antenna (IFA). Special feature of the antenna is the implementation of notch on the patch antenna to improve the efficiency. IFA is then simulated in electromagnetic simulation tool, Agilent Advance Design System (ADS) version 2016 and measured using R&S Vector Network Analyzer. It shows that the proposed IFA produced good measured return loss >-30dB with both vertical and horizontal gain of 9.11dBi and 8.01dBi respectively.
This document describes a compact dual-band bandpass filter using stub-loaded spiral stepped-impedance resonators. The filter operates at 0.35 GHz and 0.9 GHz with a small size of 0.06λg × 0.09λg. It provides good selectivity for both passbands through the generation of eight transmission zeros. Simulated and measured results show the filter achieves high selectivity and improved stopband performance up to 3 GHz compared to other dual-band filter designs.
Performance Evaluation of Iterative Receiver using 16-QAM and 16-PSK Modulati...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study evaluating the performance of an iterative receiver for Flip-OFDM modulation using 16-QAM and 16-PSK modulation schemes in optical wireless communication (OWC) systems. The proposed iterative receiver is compared to a conventional receiver that directly subtracts the negative signal frame from the positive frame. Simulation results show that the iterative receiver provides significantly lower bit error rates than the conventional receiver for both modulation schemes. Specifically, the improvement in bit error rate is larger at lower signal-to-noise ratios. The study thus demonstrates that the iterative receiver fully exploits the signal structure to improve performance over the conventional approach in Flip-OFDM for OWC.
Printed Omnidirectional Access-Point Antenna for 2.4/5-GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A new design of the printed omnidirectional antenna for applications in 2.4/5-GHz dual-WLAN-band access points is proposed. The antenna consists of a conventional collinear antenna for 2.4 GHz operation and two U stubs for 5 GHz operation. The two U stubs are located near the points where the maximum currents at about 5.5 GHz occurring on the strips of the collinear antenna, and arranged back to back in the same phase for achieving better antenna gain. Detailed analyses of the U stub on the impedance matching over the 5 GH band is presented. A prototype with good omnidirectional radiation across the 2.4/5-GHz WLAN bands is demonstrated.
Ber performance of ofdm with discrete wavelet transform for time dispersive c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design of Rectangular Shaped Slotted Micro Strip Antenna for Triple Frequency...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a rectangular microstrip antenna with triple frequency operation for wireless applications. It was designed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 46x38x1.6mm. Two rectangular slots were etched inside the patch to achieve operation at three different frequencies - GSM (1.834-1.858GHz), Bluetooth (2.422-2.487GHz), and WiMAX (3.519-3.583GHz). The antenna design was simulated using EM simulation software to analyze parameters such as reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, efficiency and impedance at the operating frequencies. Simulation results showed good impedance matching and performance across the three bands.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPACT UWB BAND PASS FILTERijeljournal
This paper presents design, implementation and analysis of an ultra-wideband (UWB) band-pass-filter using parallel-coupled microstrip line with defective ground plane and a uniform multi-mode resonator. The structure of the filter is designed on microwave substrate GML 1000 of dielectric constant 3.2 and height is 0.762 mm. Simulation is carried out by CST MSW software and optimized structure is fabricated. The frequency response is measured on vector analyzer and measured results show close approximation with simulation results. In this article modeling of the proposed filter is also reported. The electric model of the filter is analyzed by circuit theory and MATLAB. This model is validated by comparing the results with the CST simulation and VNA measured results. This filter is compact in size of dimension 30˟1.87 mm2 may be useful for modern wireless application of communication.
Design of Microstrip UWB Bandpass Filter using open-circuited resonatorsIJERD Editor
A compact band pass filter with a fractional bandwidth of 59% is designed for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) applications using a microstrip structure consisting of open circuit resonators. Transmission zeros are utilized at the passband edges to enhance the signal selectivity. The filter is characterized by sharp roll-off characteristics due to the presence of transmission zeros. The insertion loss and return loss are found to be 0.1dB and -15dB respectively. This filter has a measured 3-dB passband of (3 to 5.5) GHz, with a compact size of (13.2 x 9.7) mm. The filter offers desirable performance for the lower-band frequency of a UWB system and exhibits low insertion loss. As the structure comprises of only transmission line sections and no coupling gap, the filter is made easy for fabrication. This UWB BPF is useful to alleviate the strong WLAN signals interference to UWB receivers. To illustrate the concept, band pass filter was designed using Agilent® ADS software and simulated results are obtained.
A Compact Multiple Band-Notched Planer Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth Using ...Radita Apriana
UWB antenna with dual notched characteristics fed by microstrip transmission line is presented in
this paper. The tapered connection between the rectangular patch and the feed line is used to produce a
good impedance matching from 2.3 to 11.5 GHz. A dual band frequency notches are achieved using UDGS
loaded with lumped capacitors. The first notch frequency band is achieved using DGS to reduce the
interference with WIMAX from 3.3 to 3.7 Ghz. The second notch frequency band is also achieved using Uparasitic
strip placed in the ground plan to eliminate the interference with WLAN from 5.2 to 5.9 GHz.
Lumped capacitors are combined with the slot due to miniaturize the slot size. The size of the resonator is
reduced by more than 40% when lumped capacitors are used. The proposed antenna hasVSWR < 2
except the notched bands. The simulated results confirm that the antenna is suitable for UWB applications.
The document describes the design of three complementary-symmetry microstrip patch antennas with slots for wideband operation: a V-slot corner truncated square microstrip antenna (VCCSMA) that operates over two bands, an extended V-slot corner truncated square microstrip antenna (ECCSMA) that operates over three bands, and a W-slot corner truncated square microstrip antenna (WCCSMA) that merges the three bands into a single wide band. Experimental results show the VCCSMA achieves 11.16% and 36.01% bandwidth, the ECCSMA achieves 11.30%, 42.51%, and 8.70% bandwidth, and the WCCSMA achieves the highest bandwidth of 85.37%.
Low-Cost Flat Metal-Plate Dipole Antenna for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A low-cost, one-piece, flat-plate dipole antenna for dual WLAN band operation is presented. The dipole antenna is rectangular in shape with the dimensions 10 mm × 37 mm and fed by 50-ohm mini-coaxial cable. By cutting two L-shaped slits in each radiating arm, two dipole arms are obtained, which form a larger dipole and a smaller dipole antennas for the 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation respectively. The dipole arms are further short-circuited, making it possible for the antenna to be fabricated by stamping a single, flat metal plate only. The impedance bandwidth for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN operation is with VSWR below 1.5 and good omnidirectional radiation patterns are also observed.
Printed Coplanar Two-Antenna Element for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN Operation in a MIMO S...Saou-Wen Su
This document describes a printed coplanar two-antenna element designed for dual-band WLAN operation at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz for use in a MIMO system. The element consists of a planar inverted-F antenna for the 5 GHz band and a monopole antenna for the 2.4 GHz band, both printed on the same substrate with a shared ground plane. Two separate feeds are used to excite the antennas without requiring an external switch. When two of these elements are arranged with a spacing of 10 mm, the resulting four-antenna MIMO system achieves good isolation between all antenna pairs across both operating bands.
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The document presents a compact RF CMOS model that incorporates an improved thermal noise model. The model accounts for short-channel effects, substrate potential fluctuations, and parasitic resistance-induced noises through analytical formulas. Simulation results using the new noise model show good agreement with measurements for 65nm and 80nm nMOSFETs, accurately predicting drain and gate current noise spectra over frequencies up to 18GHz.
Design and optimization of microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a new compact microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped slots to improve the impedance bandwidth. The proposed microstrip filtering antenna consists of three parts; the monopole radiating patch antenna, the SIR filter, and the feeding microstrip line. The design structure is achieved on one sided glass epoxy FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant ε_r = 4.4 and thickness of h = 1.6 mm. The design procedures of the proposed filtering antenna starts from the second order Chebyshev low pass filter prototype. The simulation results throughout this article are done by a computer simulation technology (CST) software. The simulated results have been achieved show good performance of S11-parameter and broad side antenna gain on +z-direction. This design has two transmission zeros at 5.4 GHz and 7.7 GHz, and bandwidth (B.W) of about 1.66 GHz so; it is suitable for high speed data communication. This design has good skirt selectivity.
Performance Analysis of V-Blast MIMO System Using Minimum Mean Square Error E...ijtsrd
The V-BLAST MIMO-system some of linear detection techniques can be used for interference cancellation (IC). In this paper, using Minimum Mean Square Error- interference cancellation for the same. In this paper, we analysis of BER performance of Vertical Bell Labs Layered Space Time Architecture (V-BLAST) spatial Multiplexing Technique with equalisation techniques like Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) by BPSK modulation techniques in Rayleigh flat fading channel. Tamashri Sonartiya | Deepak Pancholi"Performance Analysis of V-Blast MIMO System Using Minimum Mean Square Error Equalizer Technique with BPSK" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15804.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/15804/performance-analysis-of-v-blast-mimo-system-using-minimum-mean-square-error-equalizer-technique-with-bpsk/tamashri-sonartiya
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
This document describes the design and simulation of a dual-fed circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications at 2.4 GHz. A circular patch antenna with a diameter of 30 mm is designed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.6 and thickness of 1.6 mm. Circular polarization is achieved by feeding the patch from two points with a 90 degree phase difference using a 3dB hybrid coupler. The antenna is simulated using ADS software. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 2.404 GHz with a return loss of -28.003 dB and gain of 6.368 dB. The antenna provides circular polarization as required for WLAN applications.
In this paper, UWB technology operating in broad
frequency range of 3.1-10.6 GHz has shown great achievement
for high- speed wireless communications. to satisfy the UWB
system requirements, a band pass filter with a broad pass
band width, low insertion loss, and high stop-band suppression.
UWB band-pass filter (BPF) with wireless local area network
(WLAN) notch at 5.8 GHz and 3-dB fractional bandwidth of
108% using a microstrip structure is presented. Initially a
two transmission pole UWB band pass filter in the frequency
range 3.1-10.6 GHz is achieved by design a parallel-coupled
microstrip line with defective ground plane structure using
GML 1000 substrate with specification: dielectric constant 3.2
and thickness 0.762 mm at centre frequency 6.85 GHz. In this
structure a ë/4 open circuited stub is introduced to achieve the
notch at 5.8 GHz to avoid the interference with WLAN
frequency with lies the desired UWB band. The design
structure was simulated on electromagnetic circuit simulation
software and fabricated by microwave integrated circuit
technique. The measured VNA results show the close
agreement with simulated results.
Comparison of the link budget with experimental performance of a wi max systemPfedya
The document compares the link budget calculations of a WiMAX system to experimental performance measurements in a suburban environment. It describes the configuration of the WiMAX system operating at 3.5 GHz, including the base station parameters, receiver sensitivity, and scenario. It then presents the methodology, which involves measuring path loss to develop a path loss model, using that model to calculate link budgets and expected ranges for different modulations, and validating these by taking actual performance measurements with WiMAX modems. The results of the path loss measurements and link budget calculations are then compared to the experimental performance measurements to validate the link budget approach.
In this research paper, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) was proposed as a technique by
realizing bilateral edge walls to produce a compact 5G beam-steering antenna at 24 GHz. The beam
forming network is produced using SIW directional coupler perform as 2×2 Butler Matrix (BM) fed with SIW
slotted waveguide antenna array. The output signal is steered from -29 degrees and +29 degrees when
the signal is fed to the respective input ports. If one of the input ports is fed, the signal is evenly distributed
between the adjacent output ports with 90 degree constant phase shift. The compact size of directional
coupler was designed by longitude slots on the surface of SIW substrate with bandwith of 16.85% at the
operating frequency. The proposed antenna produce gain of 6.34 dB at operating frequency and the
promising outcome of the beam steering make proposed design suitable for 5G communications especially
with tracking capabilities.
Integrated Open Loop Resonator Filter Designed with Notch Patch Antenna for M...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presented the design of integrated open loop resonator bandpass filter with notch type antenna for the use in microwave applications. Chebyshev type filter is selected as the filter characteristics and cascaded design with the antenna to produce a single module, Integrated Filter Antenna (IFA). Special feature of the antenna is the implementation of notch on the patch antenna to improve the efficiency. IFA is then simulated in electromagnetic simulation tool, Agilent Advance Design System (ADS) version 2016 and measured using R&S Vector Network Analyzer. It shows that the proposed IFA produced good measured return loss >-30dB with both vertical and horizontal gain of 9.11dBi and 8.01dBi respectively.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a compact wideband bandpass filter design using a broadside-coupled microstrip-slot technique. The designed filter shows good performance with a maximum reflection coefficient of -10 dB and insertion loss of 1.2 dB between 0.92 GHz and 5 GHz, providing a wide bandwidth. Simulation and measurement results show the filter has low insertion loss across its operating band, making it suitable for various communication applications.
08 13sept 8080 10000-1-ed a new (edit ari)IAESIJEECS
This paper presents a study of a new dual-band monopole antenna fed by a Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) line suitable for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) applications especially designed for RFID readers and covering free ISM bands of 2.45GHz and 5.8GHz. The proposed antenna benefits from the advantages of the CPW line to simplify the structure of the antenna into a single metallic level, by consequent making it easier for integration with microwave integrated circuits. The simulation of the antenna was carried out using ADS from Agilent technologies and CST Microwave Studio electromagnetic solvers. A good impedance bandwidth of 500MHz is achieved in measurement (from 2.1GHz to 2.6GHz for the lower band), while the upper band covers 800MHz (from 5.2GHz to 6GHz). Details of the proposed antenna design and both simulated and experimental results are described and discussed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Miniature L-slot Microstrip Printed Antenna for RFIDTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a miniature microstrip antenna at 2.45 GHz by using the slots technique. This microstrip antenna is fed by a CPW technique and designed for RFID reader system on FR4 substrate. A size reduction equal to 66.6% has been obtained compared to the conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The total area of the final circuit is 19x31 mm2. The validated antenna has good matching input impedance with a stable radiation pattern, a loss return of -40 dB, and a gain of 1.78 dBi, a prototype of the proposed antenna has been fabricated and measured.
Microstrip patch antenna for pcs and wlaneSAT Journals
Abstract Due to development in wireless devices, it poses a new challenge for the design of an antenna in wireless communication. Patch antennas are well suited for various wireless application systems due to their low weight, low profile, versatility, conformability, low cost and low sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances. This paper present design, simulation of a rectangular micro strip antenna for WLAN and PCS. The aim of the work is to design reliable broadband, compact patch antenna for wireless devices. Antenna is proposed which is providing circular polarization, dual band, resonant frequencies at 1.9 GHz, 2.4 GHz. Key Words: Patch antenna, co-axial feeding, polarization, dual band, HFSS …
A novel compact CPW tunable stop band filter using a new Z-DGS-resonator for ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The paper presents a novel very compact CPW bandstop filter. The designed structure consists of one unit of new Z-DGS resonator, placed on top layer of ground plane between the input and output this structure, which is excited by 50-ohm coplanar line. The designed filter can be used in X-Band applications as the band stop can be shifted to any other desired frequency by tuning the length of the Z-DGS. The proposed filter topology has as benefits good performances in terms of wide stop-band rejection, low insertion loss, high return loss, simple design and more small size (17.908×10 mm2) compared to other previous works those reported in literature. The stop-band width is from 3.96 GHz to 6.21 GHz, exhibits a 22.25-dB rejection bandwidth of 45% with high selectivity characteristic at the center frequency of 5.05 GHz.
The document describes the design and simulation of a dual-band microstrip patch antenna with a defected ground structure for STM-1 and cellular applications at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz. A rectangular patch antenna was designed on a dielectric substrate above a ground plane. Two slots were etched into the ground plane to create a defected ground structure. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved return losses of -12.75 dB and -13.01 dB at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz respectively, meeting the design requirements. Parameters like slot width and feed length were optimized to improve impedance matching and bandwidth. The antenna design demonstrates a technique for dual-band operation using a defected ground structure.
A New Compact CPW-Fed Dual-Band Uniplanar Antenna for RFID ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents a new compact CPW-fed dual-band uniplanar antenna designed for RFID applications. The antenna structure includes a CPW feed line and achieves dual-band operation through a G-shaped folded design. Simulations and experiments show the antenna operates in two bands centered at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz with return losses less than -10 dB. Measured results validate the antenna exhibits broadband impedance matching, consistent radiation patterns, and appropriate gain for RFID applications while maintaining a compact size of 30x45 mm2.
Novel Approach Of Microstriptri-Band Bandpass Filter for GSM, Wimax And UWB A...jmicro
In this paper, a novel approach of miniature tri-band microstrip bandpass filter is design for the application
of GSM(1.8GHz),WiMAX(3.4GHz) and UWB(6.5-8.1GHz) using Asymmetric SIRs and DGS to achieved the
basic characteristic of microstrip filter such as low insertion loss, high selectivity, wider range of bandwidth,
low group delay. The novel filter is design intentionally selecting the impedance ration(R) and length of the
microstrip of the asymmetric SIRs and DGS is used to improve the coupling strength of the desired band. The
measurement entities of the novel filter for GSM (1.8GHz), WiMAX (3.4GHz), and UWB (6.5-8.1GHz) are
insertion losses (S21) are -0.07dB/-0.21dB/-0.12dB,and return losses (S11) are -31dB/15dB/30dB respectively.
The response of the filter was simulated using An soft HFSS Simulator.
DUAL PORT COGNITIVE RADIO ANTENNA USING TUNABLE BAND PASS FILTERjmicro
In this paper a dual port microstrip antenna with tunable band pass filter is proposed for cognitive radio applications. In single port reconfigurable antennas for cognitive radio, sensing and communication is done simultaneously. This can lead to failure of real time communication, also it may induce interference to primary user, dual antenna system solves this problem. The proposed antenna consist of one UWB microstrip antenna for sensing the holes in spectrum and other is communication antenna. Communication antenna is made tunable by using varacter diode in ‘G’ shaped DMS(defected microstrip structure) filter integrated in feedline.The sensing antenna is having UWB bandwidth from 3.4 GHz to 13.2 GHz and efficiency of more than 80%. The narrowband antenna has dual and triple operating frequencies which is tunable in the range of 4-5 GHz, 6-10 GHz and 10-11 GHz according to the biasing of varacterdiode. This antenna as efficiency more than 70%.
Dual-band aperture coupled antenna with harmonic suppression capabilityTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The paper presents an aperture-coupled dual-band linearly-polarized antenna with harmonic suppression capability, operating at frequency 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz. In purpose of improving the directivity of antenna at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz, a modified inverted π-shaped slot-etched patch on the lower layer of the stacked antenna is introduced alongside the 50 Ω feed line. The harmonic suppression capability is achieved by the introduction of U-slot and asymmetrical left-right-handed stub at the transmission feed line, suppressing unwanted harmonic signals from 6.00 GHz up to 10.00 GHz. The final design of the antenna has produced very good reflection coefficient of -18.87 dB at 2.45 GHz and -19.57 dB at 5.00 GHz with third and higher order harmonic suppression up to -4 dB.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
1) The document describes a coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with a band-notch feature to reject the WiMAX band (3.35-3.8 GHz).
2) The antenna consists of a circular disc truncated at the top with a folded U-slot etched near the edge to produce the band-rejection characteristics.
3) Measurements show the antenna operates from 3.1-12 GHz with rejection of the WiMAX band, and it maintains an omnidirectional radiation pattern and stable gain across the UWB band except at the rejected frequencies.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of LPDA Antenna for through the Wall Detection ...IRJET Journal
This document presents the design, simulation, and analysis of a logarithmic periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) for through-the-wall detection applications operating in the frequency range of 0.5-3 GHz. Key features of the antenna include a gain over 6 dB across the bandwidth, a VSWR less than 2.5, and a directional radiation pattern optimized for detecting targets behind walls. The antenna design was modified from a traditional LPDA by using strip dipoles rather than cylindrical ones and adding a reflector to increase directivity. Simulations showed the antenna meets design requirements for through-wall detection in terms of impedance matching, gain, and minimization of side lobes.
K-band waveguide T-junction diplexer for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Design and measurement of two waveguide diplexers on H-plane T-junction, are presented.
The two diplexers structures consist of a waveguide H-plane T-junction and two waveguide obtained cavity
filters. The two diplexers operate in the same frequency bands (17 GHz-19.5 GHz). The simulation results
show that over the operating band of two filters, the return losses are better than 18 dB and insertion
losses are lower than 0.05 dB. The proposed diplexers have been simulated using Mician μ Wave Wizard
simulator based on the mode matching method (MMM). The diplexers have been validated experimentally
and results are presented. Simulated and measured results show good agreement.
Due to the tremendous development in the field of wireless communication and its use in several fields, whether military or commercial was proposed. A novel tapered slot Vivaldi antenna is designed and simulated at double band frequency (Ku-band) using computer simulation technology (CST) software 2020. The dimensions of the antenna are 2.3 × 1 × 0.4 mm3 with a microstrip feed of 0.5 mm. The proposed antenna is improved by cutting a number of circle shapes on the patch layer in different positions. The simulation results are divided into more sections according to the number of circle shapes cutting. The results are good acceptance and make the improved Vivaldi antenna valuable in many future wireless communication applications.
Semi-circular compact CPW-fed antenna for ultra-wideband applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a simple structure and small size antenna design with dimensions of 43×47 mm2 to perform an ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range using a semicircular co-planar waveguide (CPW). This antenna has been designed and simulated by the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio suit. In this work, we design an ultra-wideband antenna (about 2 GHz to 10 GHz) by feeding a semi-circular compact antenna via a co-planar waveguide for input impedance of 50 Ω. The CST simulation results show that our designed antenna has a very good impedance and radiation characteristic within the intended ultra-wideband. Because of the small size and the suitable shape, this antenna can be used in many wireless communication applications, such as a radio frequency identifier (RFID), indoor wireless local area network or wireless fidelity (WiFi), internet of things (IoT), millimeter waves communications (mmWave), global positioning system (GPS), and many applications of 6G systems.
IRJET - Multiband Concentric Ring Circular Microstrip Patch AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes a multiband circular microstrip patch antenna with concentric rings. The antenna is designed to operate in the X-band frequency of 10 GHz but provides high gain and bandwidth across other frequency bands as well. The antenna structure consists of a circular patch surrounded by concentric circular strips connected to each other. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 6 frequencies between 7.6-12 GHz. The maximum gain is approximately 7.5 dBi and maximum bandwidth is around 500 MHz. The antenna design provides multiband capability with high gain using a simple, easy-to-fabricate structure.
Similar to Compact Power Divider Integrated with Coupler and Microstrip Cavity Filter for X-band Surveillance Radar System (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
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Bandpass Filter as shown in the block diagram of the radar depicted on Figure 1 with the focus
of research in this paper is on the components which is in the red circle.
Figure 1. Diagram Block of the Surveillance Radar
2. Theory and Design RF Module
2.1. Microstrip Cavity Bandpass Filter
A band-pass filter (BPF) is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and
rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that range. An example of an analogue electronic band-
pass filter is an RLC circuit (a resistor–inductor–capacitor circuit). These filters can also be
created by combining a low-pass filter with a high-pass filter [9].
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 2. (a) The Geometry of Filter with N=10, (b) Field Simulation Result,
(c) The Dimensional of Filter
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Bandpass is an adjective that describes a type of filter or filtering process; it is to be
distinguished from passband, which refers to the actual portion of affected spectrum. Hence,
one might say "A dual bandpass filter has two passbands". A bandpass signal is a signal
containing a band of frequencies not adjacent to zero frequency, such as a signal that comes
out of a bandpass filter [10].
Bandpass filter design using cavity method in microstrip with the resonator that is
connected to ground. This aims to increase the value of resistance in the filter, related to good
matching on input and output ports. In this paper the comparison about pole of the filter (N) with
N = 10 and N = 14, aimed for the different bandwidth on the filter.
The proposed design of bpf module with N=10 is depicted in Figure 2. The values of
parameter in this filter design as follows: St = 0.25 mm; St1 = 0.4 mm; y1 = 0.3 mm; y2 = 0.2 mm;
y3 = 0.45 mm; y4 = 0.2 mm; a = 2.425 mm; b = 6.1 mm; ws = 1.93 mm; ss = 0.4 mm; ᴓ r = 0.3
mm; wst = 1.5 mm; lst =3.25 mm; w = 13.3 mm; l = 12.6 mm; h = 0.51 mm.
Figure 3. Simulation Result S-Parameter of Band Pass Filter N=10
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 4. (a) The Geometry of Filter with N=14, (b) Field Simulation result, (c) The Dimensional
of Filter
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BPF by using pole N=10 is produces a bandwidth about 3 GHz shown by the value
under -15dB (<-15dB) is depicted on Figure 3. The cutoff of filter (-3dB down) at the frequency
of 9.0926 GHz to 9.5255 GHz and the bandwidth of passband is 432.9 MHz. The value of return
loss on each port (S11-S22) at 9.3GHz is -20,4669 dB.
The proposed design of bpf module with N=14 is depicted in Figure 4. The values of
parameter in this filter design as follows: St = 0.25 mm; St1 = 0.25 mm; y1 = 0.25 mm; y2 = 0.2
mm; y3 = 0.4 mm; y4 = 0.25 mm; a = 3.343 mm; b = 7.9 mm; ws = 1.55 mm; ss = 0.4 mm; ᴓ r =
0.5 mm; wst = 2.3 mm; lst =3.25 mm; w = 12.75 mm; l = 14.386 mm; h = 0.51 mm.
Figure 5. Simulation Result S-Parameter of Band Pass Filter N=14
BPF by using pole N=14 is produces a bandwidth about 2.2332 GHz shown by the
value under -15dB (<-15dB) is depicted on Figure 5. The cutoff of filter (-3dB down) at the
frequency of 9.1795 GHz to 9.463 GHz and the bandwidth of passband is 283.5 MHz. The value
of return loss on each port (S11-S22) at 9.3GHz is -16.16651 dB.
BPF with different pole N = 10 and 14 produce a different characteristics, the more of
poles (N) is smaller bandwidth, this can be proved BPF with N = 14, resulting smaller bandwidth
compared to BPF with N = 10. In the compact integration module, BPF used pole N = 10 in
terms of the return loss is better than BPF with pole N = 14
2.2. The 2-way Wilkinson Power Divider Design and Simulation
The 2-way Wilkinson Power Divider (WPD) usually work at quarter-wavelength
transmission line (λg/4) section at the design center frequency and Wilkinson power consists of
two quarter-wavelength line segments at the center frequency (fc)with characteristic impedance
√ Zo, and a 2*Zo lumped resistor connected between the output ports [11]. From the
explanation can be seen that the type of power divider has four sections as follows [12]:
1. Input port
2. Quarter-wave transformers
3. Isolation resistors
4. Output ports
Figure 6. The Wilkinson Power Divider; (a) An Equal-Split Wilkinson Power Divider in Microstrip
form, (b) Equivalent Transmission Line Circuit
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The smallest insertion loss result depends on designing of the width of λg/4 section (W)
at frequency center (fc). Based on Figure 6, the 2-way WPD has some ideal parameters that can
be implemented into a microstrip transmission line. We designed the 2-way WPD with 9.3 GHZ
Fc, Zo = 50Ω and deploy isolation resistor (R1= 100 Ω) between 2 port output.
(a) (b)
Figure 7. (a) Layout for Simulation 2-way WPD, (b) Field Simulation result
The design of 2-Way WPD depicted in Figure 7. The values of parameter in this filter
design as follows: Sw1 = 5.5 mm; Sw2 = 6 mm; Sw3 = 2 mm; lst = 0.9 mm; R1 = 4.8 mm; Rw = 8
mm; Sl1 = 1.5 mm, w = 14 mm; l = 29.6 mm; h = 0.51 mm.
Figure 8. Simulation Result Return Loss of 2-Way WPD(S11, S22, S33)
The result of this simulation contains graphs of the return loss, insertion loss and
isolation of the proposed design of 2-way WPD. From the simulation result, the input S11 (red
line) and output port S22 (green line) S33 (blue line) depicted in Figure 8 have a good return loss
is less than -28 dB this is indicating less than 0.158% of the power is reflected back. Figure 9
show the bandwidth of 2-way WPD is about 2 GHz categorized as wide band. These
specifications do not meet to apply on our radar, which requires a bandwidth of 60-150 MHz at
Fc 9.3 GHz therefore the output port needs to add a narrowband BPF.
Figure 9 show the insertion loss, reverse transmission line S12 (red line) S13 (green line)
showed that this device as combiner have equal power with transmission loss about -3.183 dB,
it’s indicate the signal power will be transmitted only have a loss approximately 0.183 dB. The
graph also show for forward transmission line S21 (blue line) S31 (yellow line) showed that this
device as power divider have equal power with transmission loss about -3.192dB, its indicate
the signal power will be transmitted only have a loss approximately 0.192 dB from ideal split
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power of 2-Way WPD is. This 2 Way WPD have a good insertion loss refers to calculation 10
log 2 (the number of ports divided).
Figure 9. Simulation Result Insertion Loss (S12, S13, S21, S31)
Figure 10. Simulation Result Isolation between 2 ports (S23,S32)
Figure 10 show the isolation between the both output ports S23(red line) S32 (green line)
has good isolations about -33.828 dB, this value is better than the desired planning that is -
20dB. The isolation value of the proposed design is enough to prevent cross-talk between the
both output ports.
2.3. Directional Coupler Design and Simulation
The coupler designed using the coupled line directional couplers method. Basic
configuration of directional coupler shown in Figure 11, the characteristics from a directional
coupler can be describe by its coupling factor, directivity, reflection loss, isolation and the
impedance matching of port.
The design of coupler needed for coupling level accuracy -3 dB at 9.3 GHz and have a
phase different 90º on the output port. The length of transmission line on directional coupler
usually designs with quarter-wavelength. Directional couplers are most frequently constructed
from two coupled transmission lines set close enough such that energy passing through one is
coupled to the other. This technique is favored at the microwave frequencies where
transmission line designs are commonly used to implement many circuit elements.
However, lumped component devices are also possible at lower frequencies. Also at microwave
frequencies, particularly the higher bands, waveguide designs can be used. Many of these
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waveguide couplers correspond to one of the conducting transmission line designs, but there
are also types that are unique to waveguide.
Figure 11. A coupler model with Four – port; (a) forward, (b) backward
(a) (b)
Figure 12. (a) Layout for Simulation Directional Coupler, (b) Field Simulation result
The proposed design of directional coupler depicted in Figure 12. The values of
parameter in this coupler design as follows: w = 27.7 mm; l = 46.2 mm; Gap = 2.6 mm; wst = 1.5
mm; b = 14 mm; a = 19 mm; h = 0.51 mm.
Figure 13. Simulation Result Return Loss of Coupler (S11, S22, S33, S144)
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The result of this simulation contains graphs of the return loss, coupling and isolation of
the proposed design of coupler. From the simulation result, it have four port of coupler for
directivity port S11 S22 (green line) and for output port (coupling and isolation) S33 S44 (orange
line) depicted in Figure 13. The return loss on four port shows a value is below -38dB is good
and acceptable.
Figure 14. Simulation Result Isolation (S13) and Coupling (S14) of Coupler
Figure 14 show the isolation value and the couple value of directional coupler. The
isolation value S14 S41 (orange line) has good isolations about -26.74 dB. The couple value S13
S31 (blue line) has good value about -34.31 dB. The value of isolation and couple is considered
as good and acceptable for application on FWCM Radar.
3. Power Divider Integrated with Coupler and Microstrip Cavity Filter Design and
Simulation
The design of this Integration designed using microstrip calculation. Prior to integration
of each RF module, designed it first of each module (BPF, Power divider 2 way and Coupler).
The design integration is depicted on Figure 15 and 16 shows a compact form by combined
several RF module. Figure 17 shows the filters are used in the design. The Integrated module
design with 9300MHz frequency center (fc), Zo = 50Ω will be designed on a 0.51mm thick Roger
Duroid 5880 substrate which has relative permittivity of 2.2, the dissipation factor is 0.0009 and
conductor thickness of 35µm. The frequencies used for X-Band radar applications on the part of
transmitter and receiver.
Figure 15. Surface Current Simulation Result
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There are some important parameters to consider in this design such as Return Loss,
Insertion loss and narrow bandwidth. The functional of narrow bandwidth will eliminate the
harmonic signal from the antenna to the receiver components and vice versa from the
transmitter to the antenna components.
Figure 15 is the result of a simulation of the movement electric field on the surface of
the conductor material. The movement field starts from port 1 with effect of coupling to the
output port (port 4 and port 5) with the same power divide and same phase (red color on the
port 4 and port 5).
Figure 16. Power Divider Integrated with
Coupler and Microstrip Cavity Filter Design
Figure 17. Filter Design with Pole N = 10
The proposed design of integrated system depicted in Figure 16 and BPF used on
integrated module depicted in Figure 17. The values of parameter in this design as follows: L =
45.5 mm; W = 36.6 mm; Wst A = 1.5 mm; Lst A = 3.25 mm; Ltot F1 = 6.1 mm; Wtot F1 = 3.13 mm;
Lst B = 6.75 mm, Sk = 2.12 mm, Rw = 8 mm, RL = 4.8 mm, Lst C = 22.8 mm, Lst D = 15.85 mm, Lst
D = 8 mm.
Figure 18. Simulation Result S-Parameter of Compact Integrated Module
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Figure 18 show S-Parameter simulation result on each port. From the simulation result,
the input S11 (red line) and output port S22 (green line) S33 (blue line) S44 (orange line) S55 (pink
line) depicted in Figure19 have a good return loss is less than -20 dB this is indicating less than
1.01% of the power is reflected back. The value of return loss is good and acceptable for
application on FWCM Radar.
Figure 19. Simulation Result of Input Signal after a Power Divider to BPF (S14 and S15)
Figure 19 show the simulation result of Insertion loss, where the input signal after a
power divider will pass through a band pass filter. The resulting value (S14, S41, S15, S51) ) is
about -3.8 dB is good value approaching the design results (-3 dB). The output after BPF is
produces a bandwidth about 1.4 GHz shown by the value under -15dB (<-15dB) is depicted on
Figure 20.
Figure 20. Simulation Result of Input Signal from Coupler to BPF (S24 and S25)
Figure 20 show simulation result of Input Signal from Coupler to the output passes of
BPF. The resulting value (S24, S42, S25, S52 ) is bellow -21 dB is good value approaching desired
planning is must bellow -20dB these specifications suitable to be applied on our radar.
Figure 21 show the isolation between the both output ports through BPF S45(red line)
S54 (green line) has good isolations about -27.27 dB. The value is better than the desired
planning that is -20dB these specifications suitable to be applied on our radar. The isolation
value of the proposed design is enough to prevent cross-talk between the both output ports.
11. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
Compact Power Divider Integrated with Coupler and Microstrip Cavity… (Yudi Yulius Maulana)
237
Figure 21. Simulation Result of Isolation between Output Port through BPF (S45 and S54)
4. Conclusion
The compact integrated module of the proposed design has been designed and
simulated on Duroid RO5880 substrate which operates at 9.3 GHz frequencies. The modules
have a good return loss is less than -20 dB both on input (S11) and on output Port (S44-S55)
which indicates the VSWR in are less than 2. The value of return loss is good and acceptable
for application on FWCM Radar. The bandpass filter that used in integrated module have a
narrow bandwidth is applicable used in receiver and transmitter system. The proposed design
has eliminated three conventional devices (power splitter, coupler and BPF) integrated in a
single module aims to reduce the loss in the joint connectors. This proposed design is meet the
good specifications it will be installed on LPI (Low Probability of Intercept) Radar; Indonesia
Institute of Sciences PPET - LIPI.
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by Radar project at the Research Center for Electronics and
Telecommunications - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PPET-LIPI). The Authors would like to
thank for my colleagues in which joining the Antenna research group on the PPET-LIPI.
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