This document discusses process mapping and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It covers three main UML diagram types - class diagrams, which model system information; activity diagrams, which are similar to flowcharts; and state diagrams, which show different statuses and transitions. Examples and notation symbols are provided for each diagram type. The purpose is to understand how to read and interpret these diagrams, which were originally developed for software design but can also be used for representing workflows and processes.
OOAD Part A Question with answer and Part B & C questions.
References :
1) Previous University Questions.
2) Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design and Iterative Development by Craig Larman.
3) Google search engine for text and images.
The document discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) and how it can be used for systems analysis and design. It provides an overview of UML, including its history and key diagrams. There are 14 diagrams grouped into structure diagrams and behavior diagrams. Structure diagrams represent static elements like classes and relationships, while behavior diagrams depict dynamic elements like interactions and states. The document outlines several UML processes, with common steps including creating use case, activity, sequence, and class diagrams to analyze business needs and design system structure. UML provides standard modeling notation but must be part of a defined development process to be effective.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the unified process modeling approach. It discusses key OOAD concepts like use cases, class diagrams, state diagrams, sequence diagrams, and the three phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also describes the unified process, which is an iterative methodology for developing software using these OOAD techniques and UML notation. The document aims to introduce the fundamental concepts and best practices of taking a problem domain through the object-oriented systems development lifecycle.
The document provides an overview of Unified Modeling Language (UML) and how it can be used for modeling software systems, including an introduction to UML, its basic building blocks such as diagrams and relationships, and descriptions of various UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and their purposes and notations. The document also discusses object-oriented concepts and how UML supports modeling objects, classes, interactions and behaviors through its different diagram types.
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) is a software engineering methodology that involves using object-oriented concepts to design and implement software systems. OOAD involves a number of techniques and practices, including object-oriented programming, design patterns, UML diagrams, and use cases.
The document provides an introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD). It discusses the key concepts of object orientation including objects, classes, attributes, methods, and interactions through message passing. It also describes the Unified Process, a popular iterative software development process used for object oriented systems. The phases of the Unified Process include Inception, Elaboration, Construction, Transition, and Production. Finally, it introduces various UML diagrams used in OOAD including use case diagrams, class diagrams, object diagrams, activity diagrams, and their applications and examples.
An employee who helps passengers
- A use case has a unique name and an optional description.
- Examples:
- Buy ticket: Purchase a ticket for travel
- Check schedule: Check train schedule and availability
- Provide location: Provide train location to passengers
Buy ticket
Check schedule
Provide location
Passenger
Assistant
GPS satellite
Use Case Modelling (Contd.)
Associations
- Associations connect actors to the use cases they are involved in.
- Types of associations:
1. Basic association: Actor uses the use case
2. Extend association: Extends the basic behavior of a use case
3
The document provides an introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD). It discusses the key concepts of object orientation including objects, classes, attributes, methods, and interactions through message passing. It also describes the Unified Process, a popular iterative software development process used for object oriented systems. The Unified Process consists of inception, elaboration, construction, transition, and production phases. Finally, the document introduces various UML diagrams used in OOAD including use case diagrams, class diagrams, object diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides examples of these diagrams for a passport automation system.
OOAD Part A Question with answer and Part B & C questions.
References :
1) Previous University Questions.
2) Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design and Iterative Development by Craig Larman.
3) Google search engine for text and images.
The document discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) and how it can be used for systems analysis and design. It provides an overview of UML, including its history and key diagrams. There are 14 diagrams grouped into structure diagrams and behavior diagrams. Structure diagrams represent static elements like classes and relationships, while behavior diagrams depict dynamic elements like interactions and states. The document outlines several UML processes, with common steps including creating use case, activity, sequence, and class diagrams to analyze business needs and design system structure. UML provides standard modeling notation but must be part of a defined development process to be effective.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the unified process modeling approach. It discusses key OOAD concepts like use cases, class diagrams, state diagrams, sequence diagrams, and the three phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also describes the unified process, which is an iterative methodology for developing software using these OOAD techniques and UML notation. The document aims to introduce the fundamental concepts and best practices of taking a problem domain through the object-oriented systems development lifecycle.
The document provides an overview of Unified Modeling Language (UML) and how it can be used for modeling software systems, including an introduction to UML, its basic building blocks such as diagrams and relationships, and descriptions of various UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and their purposes and notations. The document also discusses object-oriented concepts and how UML supports modeling objects, classes, interactions and behaviors through its different diagram types.
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) is a software engineering methodology that involves using object-oriented concepts to design and implement software systems. OOAD involves a number of techniques and practices, including object-oriented programming, design patterns, UML diagrams, and use cases.
The document provides an introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD). It discusses the key concepts of object orientation including objects, classes, attributes, methods, and interactions through message passing. It also describes the Unified Process, a popular iterative software development process used for object oriented systems. The phases of the Unified Process include Inception, Elaboration, Construction, Transition, and Production. Finally, it introduces various UML diagrams used in OOAD including use case diagrams, class diagrams, object diagrams, activity diagrams, and their applications and examples.
An employee who helps passengers
- A use case has a unique name and an optional description.
- Examples:
- Buy ticket: Purchase a ticket for travel
- Check schedule: Check train schedule and availability
- Provide location: Provide train location to passengers
Buy ticket
Check schedule
Provide location
Passenger
Assistant
GPS satellite
Use Case Modelling (Contd.)
Associations
- Associations connect actors to the use cases they are involved in.
- Types of associations:
1. Basic association: Actor uses the use case
2. Extend association: Extends the basic behavior of a use case
3
The document provides an introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD). It discusses the key concepts of object orientation including objects, classes, attributes, methods, and interactions through message passing. It also describes the Unified Process, a popular iterative software development process used for object oriented systems. The Unified Process consists of inception, elaboration, construction, transition, and production phases. Finally, the document introduces various UML diagrams used in OOAD including use case diagrams, class diagrams, object diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides examples of these diagrams for a passport automation system.
The document describes the design of two software engineering case studies using Rational Rose:
1) A Student Mark Analysis System to allow students and faculty to view marks and generate report cards. Key modules include generating and distributing report cards, updating grades, and viewing grades. UML diagrams like use case, class, sequence, and deployment diagrams are developed.
2) An Online Quiz Management System to organize quiz programs and produce results. The system will be developed using UML components and offers reliability and efficiency.
Both case studies involve analyzing requirements, designing the system using UML diagrams in Rational Rose, and developing the necessary software engineering methodology and documentation for the projects.
This document provides an overview of Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the history and development of UML, what UML is used for, and its main building blocks - things, relationships, and diagrams. Specifically, it describes the different types of things in UML including structural and behavioral things. It also explains the basic relationships in UML including associations, generalizations, and realizations. Finally, it covers the main diagram types in UML including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, collaboration diagrams, class diagrams, and object diagrams.
This document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It outlines the course information for an Introduction to UML course, including aims, objectives, assessment, and recommended books. It then describes what UML is and lists common UML tools. The document explains that UML defines 13 types of diagrams divided into categories for structure, behavior, and interaction. Examples of different UML diagrams are provided, including class, object, component, and use case diagrams. Guidelines are given for modeling with UML, including the development process, types of models, and use case modeling syntax, semantics, and examples.
07. MTE - Studi Kasus Pemodelan Sistem.pptxAsalReview
The document discusses two case studies of system modeling: an ATM system and an embedded system for platform stabilization.
For the ATM system case study, it summarizes the objectives of modeling the system using UML, including class, interaction, activity, and use case diagrams. It provides examples of each diagram type.
For the embedded system case study, it discusses using UML/COMET modeling for requirements and analysis of a control system. It shows the use case, class, collaboration, and state diagrams developed.
Both case studies demonstrate how UML can be used to effectively model systems and analyze requirements. Examples of different UML diagram types are provided for each case study.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design with UML2 part1Haitham Raik
The document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOA&D) with UML. It discusses key concepts like use cases, requirements analysis, UML diagrams, and architectural analysis. The presenter provides an agenda that covers OOA&D overview, UML overview, requirements overview, use cases overview, basic OO concepts, and architectural analysis.
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module VII) Software Engineering
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is software?
Software classification
Attributes of Software
What is Software Engineering?
Software Process Model
Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Throw away prototype model
Evolutionary prototype model
Rapid application development
Programming styles
Unstructured programming
Structured programming
Object oriented programming
Flow charts
Questions
Pseudo codes
Object oriented programming
OOP Concepts
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Encapsulation
Generalization/specialization
Unified Modeling Language
Class Diagrams
Use case diagrams
Software testing
Black box testing
White box testing
Software documentation
This document outlines the syllabus for the course CS8592 - Object Oriented Analysis and Design (V-Semester). The objectives of the course are to understand object modeling fundamentals, the Unified Process approach, and designing with UML diagrams. The syllabus is divided into 5 units covering topics like the Unified Process, use case modeling, static UML diagrams, dynamic/implementation diagrams, design patterns, and testing. The outcomes are for students to be able to express software design with UML, identify scenarios based on requirements, transform designs into pattern-based designs, and understand various OO testing methodologies.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the basic concepts of OOAD and how UML uses diagrams to model software systems. UML diagrams can be used in all phases of the software development life cycle, including requirements analysis, design, implementation, and testing. The document also gives an overview of the different parts of UML, such as views, diagrams, relationships, and model elements.
The document discusses the system development cycle, which involves planning, design, and implementation. It describes the main steps as understanding the problem, making decisions, designing a solution, and implementing and testing the solution. The document provides details on various modeling tools used at each stage, such as data flow diagrams, flowcharts, Gantt charts, and organizational charts. It also discusses methods for implementing solutions like direct, parallel, phased, and pilot conversion. Social and ethical issues related to system development are also briefly mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) including its history, purpose, key diagrams, and popular modeling tools. UML was developed to provide a standard modeling language for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting software systems. It includes nine commonly used diagram types for different views of a system. The diagrams can be categorized as static, dynamic, or implementation based on whether they describe a system's structure, behavior, or deployment. Popular UML modeling tools help generate code from diagrams and reverse engineer diagrams from code.
The document summarizes the phases of the software development life cycle (SDLC) and provides details about system requirement specification for an army management system project. It describes the typical phases in SDLC models such as waterfall, spiral, agile etc. It then covers the specific phases in more detail - preliminary analysis, system analysis, design, development, integration and testing, acceptance and deployment, maintenance. Lastly, it discusses system requirement specification, including UML notations, diagrams to be used and provides a brief overview of class diagrams.
REPORT IN PRODMAN Testing models and Examples Kevin Lime
The document discusses various techniques for business process modeling including BPMN, UML diagrams, flowcharts, data flow diagrams, role activity diagrams, role interaction diagrams, Gantt charts, IDEF, colored Petri nets, object oriented methods, workflow techniques, and simulation models. It provides details on each technique such as their basic building blocks, advantages, and uses. BPMN is highlighted as the most popular technique due to its standard syntax and support in most modeling tools.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and unified modeling language (UML) diagrams. It discusses the key concepts of object-oriented analysis, object-oriented design, and the phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also provides an overview of the different types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, use case, sequence, collaboration, state chart, and activity diagrams. The document emphasizes the importance of use case diagrams for requirements analysis and provides rules and examples for developing use case diagrams.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and unified modeling language (UML) diagrams. It discusses the key concepts of object-oriented analysis, object-oriented design, and the phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also provides an overview of the different types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, use case, sequence, collaboration, state chart, and activity diagrams. Finally, it discusses use case diagrams in more detail including their introduction, importance, rules, and examples.
This document discusses process diagrams for analyzing and documenting health care workflows. It introduces different types of process diagrams and the key process aspects they can represent, such as context, data flow, steps, and roles. The document recommends using context diagrams to show overall data flow and ISO 5807 flowcharts to diagram specific processes by mapping out steps, their sequence and control, and responsible roles. The intended purpose is to improve processes in public health systems.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for modeling software systems. It provides notation for visualizing, specifying, constructing and documenting software artifacts. The key components of UML include classes, attributes, operations, relationships, and diagrams. Common UML diagrams are use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and deployment diagrams. UML is widely used for object-oriented analysis and design. It helps model the problem domain, visualize the system design, and document implementation.
for coding and implementation, there is a need of more specific and detailed requirements. The output of this process can directly be used into implementation in programming languages.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented technology and software engineering approaches. It describes the structured and object-oriented approaches, the roles of modeling, notation, process and techniques in software development. It also summarizes the Unified Modeling Language (UML), Unified Process, View Alignment techniques, and the Visual Paradigm for UML (VP-UML) CASE tool.
This document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the origins of UML and how it was created through the unification of several object-oriented modeling languages. It then describes the main types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, activity diagrams, class diagrams, state machine diagrams, and others. For each diagram type, it provides an example diagram and discusses when and how it should be used. The document is intended to teach students about UML and the various diagrams that can be used for software modeling and design.
Object Oriented Analysis Design using UMLAjit Nayak
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key concepts in OOAD like analysis, design, domain modeling, use cases, interaction diagrams, and class diagrams. It then explains the basic building blocks of UML including things (classes, interfaces etc.), relationships (generalization, association etc.), and diagrams (class, sequence etc.). The rest of the document provides details on modeling classes in UML including attributes, operations, responsibilities and visibility.
Culture of healthcare_ week 1_ lecture_slidesCMDLMS
This lecture provides an overview of the culture of health care. It defines key terms like health, disease, illness, and health care. It explains that culture refers to integrated patterns of human behavior within groups, and defines the culture of health care. The lecture outlines several themes in the literature on the culture of health care, including patient and workforce diversity and various professional cultures. It emphasizes that health care involves a complex mix of cultures that are not always apparent from within.
Unhappy customers can significantly impact a company's bottom line through negative word-of-mouth advertising and lost sales. Studies show that 68% of unhappy customers felt disinterested or indifferent, and one dissatisfied luxury car owner can cost a dealership $100 million in annual revenue from lost sales. As social media has made it easier for customers to share negative opinions, companies place high value on resolving issues with challenging customers to maintain satisfaction and minimize financial losses.
The document describes the design of two software engineering case studies using Rational Rose:
1) A Student Mark Analysis System to allow students and faculty to view marks and generate report cards. Key modules include generating and distributing report cards, updating grades, and viewing grades. UML diagrams like use case, class, sequence, and deployment diagrams are developed.
2) An Online Quiz Management System to organize quiz programs and produce results. The system will be developed using UML components and offers reliability and efficiency.
Both case studies involve analyzing requirements, designing the system using UML diagrams in Rational Rose, and developing the necessary software engineering methodology and documentation for the projects.
This document provides an overview of Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the history and development of UML, what UML is used for, and its main building blocks - things, relationships, and diagrams. Specifically, it describes the different types of things in UML including structural and behavioral things. It also explains the basic relationships in UML including associations, generalizations, and realizations. Finally, it covers the main diagram types in UML including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, collaboration diagrams, class diagrams, and object diagrams.
This document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It outlines the course information for an Introduction to UML course, including aims, objectives, assessment, and recommended books. It then describes what UML is and lists common UML tools. The document explains that UML defines 13 types of diagrams divided into categories for structure, behavior, and interaction. Examples of different UML diagrams are provided, including class, object, component, and use case diagrams. Guidelines are given for modeling with UML, including the development process, types of models, and use case modeling syntax, semantics, and examples.
07. MTE - Studi Kasus Pemodelan Sistem.pptxAsalReview
The document discusses two case studies of system modeling: an ATM system and an embedded system for platform stabilization.
For the ATM system case study, it summarizes the objectives of modeling the system using UML, including class, interaction, activity, and use case diagrams. It provides examples of each diagram type.
For the embedded system case study, it discusses using UML/COMET modeling for requirements and analysis of a control system. It shows the use case, class, collaboration, and state diagrams developed.
Both case studies demonstrate how UML can be used to effectively model systems and analyze requirements. Examples of different UML diagram types are provided for each case study.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design with UML2 part1Haitham Raik
The document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOA&D) with UML. It discusses key concepts like use cases, requirements analysis, UML diagrams, and architectural analysis. The presenter provides an agenda that covers OOA&D overview, UML overview, requirements overview, use cases overview, basic OO concepts, and architectural analysis.
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module VII) Software Engineering
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is software?
Software classification
Attributes of Software
What is Software Engineering?
Software Process Model
Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Throw away prototype model
Evolutionary prototype model
Rapid application development
Programming styles
Unstructured programming
Structured programming
Object oriented programming
Flow charts
Questions
Pseudo codes
Object oriented programming
OOP Concepts
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Encapsulation
Generalization/specialization
Unified Modeling Language
Class Diagrams
Use case diagrams
Software testing
Black box testing
White box testing
Software documentation
This document outlines the syllabus for the course CS8592 - Object Oriented Analysis and Design (V-Semester). The objectives of the course are to understand object modeling fundamentals, the Unified Process approach, and designing with UML diagrams. The syllabus is divided into 5 units covering topics like the Unified Process, use case modeling, static UML diagrams, dynamic/implementation diagrams, design patterns, and testing. The outcomes are for students to be able to express software design with UML, identify scenarios based on requirements, transform designs into pattern-based designs, and understand various OO testing methodologies.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the basic concepts of OOAD and how UML uses diagrams to model software systems. UML diagrams can be used in all phases of the software development life cycle, including requirements analysis, design, implementation, and testing. The document also gives an overview of the different parts of UML, such as views, diagrams, relationships, and model elements.
The document discusses the system development cycle, which involves planning, design, and implementation. It describes the main steps as understanding the problem, making decisions, designing a solution, and implementing and testing the solution. The document provides details on various modeling tools used at each stage, such as data flow diagrams, flowcharts, Gantt charts, and organizational charts. It also discusses methods for implementing solutions like direct, parallel, phased, and pilot conversion. Social and ethical issues related to system development are also briefly mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) including its history, purpose, key diagrams, and popular modeling tools. UML was developed to provide a standard modeling language for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting software systems. It includes nine commonly used diagram types for different views of a system. The diagrams can be categorized as static, dynamic, or implementation based on whether they describe a system's structure, behavior, or deployment. Popular UML modeling tools help generate code from diagrams and reverse engineer diagrams from code.
The document summarizes the phases of the software development life cycle (SDLC) and provides details about system requirement specification for an army management system project. It describes the typical phases in SDLC models such as waterfall, spiral, agile etc. It then covers the specific phases in more detail - preliminary analysis, system analysis, design, development, integration and testing, acceptance and deployment, maintenance. Lastly, it discusses system requirement specification, including UML notations, diagrams to be used and provides a brief overview of class diagrams.
REPORT IN PRODMAN Testing models and Examples Kevin Lime
The document discusses various techniques for business process modeling including BPMN, UML diagrams, flowcharts, data flow diagrams, role activity diagrams, role interaction diagrams, Gantt charts, IDEF, colored Petri nets, object oriented methods, workflow techniques, and simulation models. It provides details on each technique such as their basic building blocks, advantages, and uses. BPMN is highlighted as the most popular technique due to its standard syntax and support in most modeling tools.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and unified modeling language (UML) diagrams. It discusses the key concepts of object-oriented analysis, object-oriented design, and the phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also provides an overview of the different types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, use case, sequence, collaboration, state chart, and activity diagrams. The document emphasizes the importance of use case diagrams for requirements analysis and provides rules and examples for developing use case diagrams.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and unified modeling language (UML) diagrams. It discusses the key concepts of object-oriented analysis, object-oriented design, and the phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also provides an overview of the different types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, use case, sequence, collaboration, state chart, and activity diagrams. Finally, it discusses use case diagrams in more detail including their introduction, importance, rules, and examples.
This document discusses process diagrams for analyzing and documenting health care workflows. It introduces different types of process diagrams and the key process aspects they can represent, such as context, data flow, steps, and roles. The document recommends using context diagrams to show overall data flow and ISO 5807 flowcharts to diagram specific processes by mapping out steps, their sequence and control, and responsible roles. The intended purpose is to improve processes in public health systems.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for modeling software systems. It provides notation for visualizing, specifying, constructing and documenting software artifacts. The key components of UML include classes, attributes, operations, relationships, and diagrams. Common UML diagrams are use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and deployment diagrams. UML is widely used for object-oriented analysis and design. It helps model the problem domain, visualize the system design, and document implementation.
for coding and implementation, there is a need of more specific and detailed requirements. The output of this process can directly be used into implementation in programming languages.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented technology and software engineering approaches. It describes the structured and object-oriented approaches, the roles of modeling, notation, process and techniques in software development. It also summarizes the Unified Modeling Language (UML), Unified Process, View Alignment techniques, and the Visual Paradigm for UML (VP-UML) CASE tool.
This document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the origins of UML and how it was created through the unification of several object-oriented modeling languages. It then describes the main types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, activity diagrams, class diagrams, state machine diagrams, and others. For each diagram type, it provides an example diagram and discusses when and how it should be used. The document is intended to teach students about UML and the various diagrams that can be used for software modeling and design.
Object Oriented Analysis Design using UMLAjit Nayak
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key concepts in OOAD like analysis, design, domain modeling, use cases, interaction diagrams, and class diagrams. It then explains the basic building blocks of UML including things (classes, interfaces etc.), relationships (generalization, association etc.), and diagrams (class, sequence etc.). The rest of the document provides details on modeling classes in UML including attributes, operations, responsibilities and visibility.
Culture of healthcare_ week 1_ lecture_slidesCMDLMS
This lecture provides an overview of the culture of health care. It defines key terms like health, disease, illness, and health care. It explains that culture refers to integrated patterns of human behavior within groups, and defines the culture of health care. The lecture outlines several themes in the literature on the culture of health care, including patient and workforce diversity and various professional cultures. It emphasizes that health care involves a complex mix of cultures that are not always apparent from within.
Unhappy customers can significantly impact a company's bottom line through negative word-of-mouth advertising and lost sales. Studies show that 68% of unhappy customers felt disinterested or indifferent, and one dissatisfied luxury car owner can cost a dealership $100 million in annual revenue from lost sales. As social media has made it easier for customers to share negative opinions, companies place high value on resolving issues with challenging customers to maintain satisfaction and minimize financial losses.
This document discusses key principles for effective communication between support agents and customers. It emphasizes that listening is an active skill that takes effort. Both parties must be actively involved in the interaction to ensure understanding and progress towards resolution. Trust in the relationship allows for open communication, while mutual alignment of goals establishes shared expectations for resolving issues.
The document lists several challenges that were addressed and initiatives that were implemented including stopping upselling, establishing a quality control team, enforcing support tickets, creating organizational structures, identifying talent, delegating responsibilities, developing KPIs, creating autonomous customer service units, implementing various tools like WalkMe and Izenda, conducting HIPAA awareness sessions, creating a client retention unit, using Power BI for reporting, conducting in-house marketing, and creating CRs for CureX. It also shows the results of a survey on recognition, feedback, suggestions, happiness, satisfaction, wellness, ambassadorship, relationships with managers, relationships with colleagues, and company alignment for the Operations team at CureMD.
This lecture discusses how health information technology can help facilitate error reporting and analysis to improve patient safety. It presents three key HIT mechanisms: automated surveillance systems, online event reporting systems, and predictive analytics/data modeling. The lecture also emphasizes the importance of a culture of safety that encourages open discussion and learning from mistakes without blame. Error reports are analyzed using a risk assessment model to distinguish near misses from events that cause patient harm.
This document discusses quality improvement tools for analyzing health information technology (HIT) errors, including root cause analysis (RCA), failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), and hazard analysis. RCA is a structured problem-solving process that considers all potential causal factors of an incident. FMEA prospectively predicts error modes by assessing the likelihood and impact of process failures. The document provides examples of using RCA and FMEA to analyze HIT-related errors and identifies key areas of focus for HIT safety measures.
This lecture discusses learning from mistakes and errors in health information technology (HIT). It covers types of errors like slips, mistakes, active failures and latent conditions. It also examines unintended consequences of HIT like new or more work, workflow issues, overdependence on technology, and copy-paste errors. The objectives are to assess HIT for negative consequences and examine common HIT design deficiencies. References from AHRQ and other sources on error reporting and analysis in HIT are also provided.
This document discusses electronic clinical quality measures (eCQMs) which are designed to leverage health information technology (HIT) to improve quality measurement. eCQMs use standardized data elements and terminology to measure care quality based on information in electronic health records. Effective eCQM reporting requires structured, coded data and use of standards for measure specification, calculation, and reporting. Widespread use of eCQMs could revolutionize quality measurement by facilitating automated reporting and improving data quality.
This lecture discusses key attributes of data quality including consistency, currency, timeliness, granularity, precision, and relevancy. It provides examples of each attribute and recommendations for maintaining data integrity such as establishing data governance and defining standards for data collection. The lecture also notes that data quality is important for research and quality improvement efforts and that poor data quality can lead to errors.
This lecture discusses assessing data quality and identifies 10 key attributes of data quality: definition, accuracy, accessibility, comprehensiveness, consistency, currency, timeliness, granularity, precision, and relevancy. Poor data quality can threaten patient safety and quality of care, reduce effectiveness of decision making, and increase costs. The lecture provides examples and recommendations for ensuring each of the 10 data quality attributes.
This lecture discusses assessing data quality and improving it through health information technology (HIT). It identifies common causes of insufficient data quality, such as unclear definitions, incomplete data, and programming errors. Both systematic and random issues can negatively impact data quality. The lecture outlines best practices for preventing, detecting, and improving data quality issues. Standardizing terminology, structuring data entry, and utilizing technologies like voice recognition can enhance data quality. Overall, high quality clinical data is important for healthcare decisions, and HIT professionals can implement strategies to enhance data quality.
This document discusses strategies for implementing health information technology (HIT) systems. It compares "big bang" implementations, where a system is launched system-wide at once, to "staggered" or phased implementations. While big bang implementations have faster rollout, they carry higher risk. Staggered implementations have lower risk but slower return on investment. The document also emphasizes the importance of user training and long-term support during and after implementation to ensure success. Contextual factors like organizational culture and individual user needs must also be considered in planning. Nested implementation teams and designated super-users or internal consultants can help provide support.
The document discusses effective health IT implementation planning. It outlines characteristics of effective implementation teams, including communication, understanding roles, and practical expertise. Three key strategies for health IT implementation are reviewed: single vendor, best of breed, and best of suite. Clinical workflows and the needs of different care settings like primary care and critical access hospitals are also addressed. The goal is to assist organizations in designing customized implementation plans that meet their unique quality and safety needs.
This document discusses a lecture on how health information technology (HIT) can impact patient safety culture. The lecture covers strategies for adaptive work that can be useful for HIT initiatives, including being unwavering in goals while inviting others to help achieve them, addressing real and perceived losses from changes, and assuming healthcare providers want to help patients. References are provided for images and content used in the lecture.
This document discusses health information technology (HIT) and its impact on patient safety culture. It provides learning objectives on adaptive leadership, frameworks for patient safety culture, and differentiating technical and adaptive change. It also summarizes a 2013 medical error case study where a patient received a 39-fold overdose due to a 50-step error-prone process. Root causes of use errors with HIT are identified, such as patient identification errors and data accuracy errors. Frameworks for risk assessment and classifying human interaction with HIT systems are presented. The document concludes that HIT has potential to reduce errors but also introduce new opportunities for errors and overreliance on technology.
This document is a lecture on how health information technology (HIT) can impact patient safety culture. It discusses applying quality improvement tools to analyze HIT errors. It highlights the success of efforts led by Dr. Peter Pronovost to reduce central line bloodstream infections through standardization, independent checks, and learning from defects. Checklists, data collection, and adopting practices from high-reliability industries like aviation and Toyota have helped significantly reduce infection rates.
This document provides an overview of quality improvement methods and tools. It describes several common quality improvement models including the API model, Baldrige criteria, FOCUS-PDCA, PDSA cycle, ISO 9000, Kaizen, Lean thinking, and Six Sigma DMAIC. A variety of basic quality improvement tools are also outlined, such as flowcharts, cause-and-effect diagrams, control charts, Pareto charts, and checklists. Finally, potential mistakes in quality improvement initiatives are reviewed, including choosing an inappropriate topic, lack of defined roles/expectations, and failure to sustain improvements.
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1. Health Care Workflow Process
Improvement
Process Mapping
Lecture f
This material (Comp 10 Unit 3) was developed by Duke University, funded by the Department of Health and
Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award
Number IU24OC000024. This material was updated by Normandale Community College, funded under
Award Number 90WT0003.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
3. Process Mapping
Topics - Lecture f
• Purpose, symbols, and conventions for
UML
– Class,
– Activity and
– State machine diagram
• Reading and interpreting the diagrams
3
5. Background
• Developed by the Object Management Group
(OMG)
• First version, UML1 released in 1997
• Created to overcome incompatibility of different
notations for software modeling
– i.e., For software design and development, NOT
workflow or process representation.
• Adapts and incorporates pre-existing notations:
– Flowcharts, Yourdon, Gane-Sarson, Entity-
relationship diagrams and ISO 5807.
5
6. Use
• Developed for visual modeling in software
development
• Later to automate software development
• 13 different diagrams for representing aspects of
computer software
– Functionality, data content, and data movement
– Not physical process steps
• Many IT professionals are trained in UML
• Workflow analysts may encounter UML
diagrams
6
10. Class Diagram Notation
• Classes are shown by boxes
• Associations are shown by lines
• Cardinality and modality are shown by numbers on
the lines
10
13. Activity Diagram Symbols
• Activities are shown by a long
rectangle with rounded corners
• Motion and direction are shown by
lines with arrow heads
• Branch points are shown by either
diamonds or heavy horizontal lines
•
Symbols that have a meaning
• Start of a process is shown by a solid
circle
• End of a process is shown by a solid
circle concentric with a “no fill” circle
13
18. Maintenance
• UML is an international standard and is
maintained by the OMG
• The standard is freely available from the
OMG web site
18
19. Process Mapping
Lecture f - Summary
• Purpose, symbols, and conventions for
UML
– Class,
– Activity and
– State machine diagram
• Reading and interpreting the diagrams
19
20. Process Mapping
References – Lecture f
References
Watson, A. (n.d.). Visual Modelling: past, present and future. Retrieved from UML
Website
Charts, Tables, Figures
3.5 Table: Methods for diagramming processes. Nahm, M., Duke University, 2012.
Images
Slide 9: Class Diagram Example. Nahm, M., Duke University, 2012.
Slide 10: Class Diagram Notation. Nahm, M., Duke University, 2012.
Slide 11: Class Diagram – Larger View. Nahm, M., Duke University, 2012.
Slide 13: Activity Diagram Symbols. Nahm, M., Duke University, 2012.
Slide 14: Activity Diagram Example. Nahm, M., Duke University, 2012.
Slide 16: State Diagram Symbols. Nahm, M., Duke University, 2012.
Slide 17: State Diagram Example. Nahm, M., Duke University, 2012.
20
21. Process Mapping
Lecture f
This material was developed by Duke University,
funded by the Department of Health and Human
Services, Office of the National Coordinator for
Health Information Technology under Award
Number IU24OC000024. This material was
updated by Normandale Community College,
funded under Award Number 90WT0003.
21
Editor's Notes
Welcome to Health Care Workflow Process Improvement, Process Mapping. This is Lecture f, Unified Modeling Language (UML).
The objective for this lecture is:
Read and interpret UML class, activity, and state diagrams.
Upon the completion of Lecture f, you should be able to:
Understand the purpose, symbols and conventions for UML Class, Activity and State machine diagrams and,
Read and interpret the UML diagrams
There are entire certifications in UML and Object Oriented Design. It would be impossible to cover the entirety of UML in this lecture. Similarly, it would be impossible to impart skills to create UML diagram sets. We use this lecture to introduce three UML diagrams most relevant to workflow analysis and process re-design, and refer the interested student to the publically available reading and training on UML and object oriented design.
Each of the methods for diagramming a process covers different process aspects.
Unified modeling language (UML) has diagrams to represent each of the process aspects that we are interested in for process analysis and re-design. These include use case diagrams that represent the context in which the system operates, process and data flow steps, information content, any information transformations that occur or should occur, the order or sequence of the steps involved in the process (including flow control and state), and the roles of the persons completing the steps in the process. There are 13 different types of UML diagrams, we will cover three of them here.
Unified Modeling Language is a standard developed and maintained by the Object Management Group (OMG).
The first UML standard, UML1 was released in 1997. (Watson, 2010)
The Object Management Group states the rational behind the creation of the UML standard was that, “visual software modeling was plagued by the incompatibility of different notations created by different modeling gurus. The absence of a standardized notation deterred potential users, and as an inevitable result the modeling tools market was tiny and fragmented.” (Watson, 2010)
UML is for software design and development, not workflow or process representation. However, software development necessitates process and workflow analysis and representation, thus, because they represent the same information, UML diagrams are sometimes used on workflow analysis and process redesign. Further, UML adapts and incorporates notations that existed in the early 1990’s, for example, ISO 5807 Flowcharts, Yourdon, Gane-Sarson, entity-relationship diagrams.
UML notation was developed to support visual modeling in the development of software, and later, to support using the models to automate software development.
UML provides different diagram types that represent aspects of computer software and system context, e.g., functionality, data content, and data movement, not physical process steps.
Many IT professionals are trained in UML, thus workflow analysts may encounter UML diagrams in practice. We present in this module how to read UML diagrams rather than detailed training on how to create UML models.
The thirteen UML diagrams fall into three categories.
Structure Diagrams, of which there are six types, represent static aspects of system structure. One structure diagram, the UML Class Diagram, is covered here
Behavior Diagrams, of which there are three types, represent dynamic aspects of systems. Of these, two diagrams, the UML Activity Diagram and the UML State Machine Diagram are covered here.
Interaction Diagrams, of which there are four types, represent detailed behavior. Interaction diagrams are not covered here.
A class diagram is a model of the information stored in a system and in many ways, is analogous to the E-R diagram covered in a previous lecture.
A class diagram shows static information content, for example, data that are collected or used in patient care. Data collected and used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis are shown on the diagram in the slide. Class diagrams show the data in boxes and the relationships between the data, called associations. Like entity-relationship diagrams, class diagrams also show the minimum and maximum times an instance of one class can be related to an instance of another class, called cardinality and modality of the relationships.
A class, shown by a box, represents the information collected, generated by or used in a process.
An association, shown by a line, represents relationships between the information. Where an entity-relationship diagram shows only the number of times data can be related, class diagrams employ more types of relationships, including aggregation, composition and inheritance that are designated by different arrow heads. Navigability, i.e. direction of the relationship, is shown by an arrow head.
Cardinality and modality of the association are shown by numbers on the lines.
It is easier to see these in this larger view of the class diagram shown than of than the one shown on slide 9. In UML, the associations use different types of arrows. The black filled diamond signifies composition, for example, a package of skin tag removal supplies is composed of a set of tweezers, a pair of scissors, and some gauze. In this case, the black diamond would be “on” or attached to the “skin tag removal supplies” box.
An open diamond (not shown on the slide) signifies aggregation. In aggregation, the aggregate class (the box to which the open or white diamond is touching) is in some ways the “whole”, with the class on the other end of the association being some “part” of that whole.
The open triangle arrows signify inheritance. Inheritance means that one box, also called a class in UML, receives its properties from another. For example, boxes for “patient” and “pediatric patient” may have an inheritance association because all of the information that applies to a patient would also apply to a pediatric patient. In this case, the open arrow would be attached to the patient class.
A dependency, not shown on the diagram, signifies a relationship that is less direct or not directly dependent. Dependencies are shown with dotted lines.
Similar to a flowchart, an activity diagram shows movement of either tasks/steps or movement of information. In UML parlance, this is called the dynamic aspect of a process, or simply “behavior”, as opposed to class diagrams that show the “static” aspects.
Although activity diagrams have a significant number of features in common with flowcharts, the symbol set is smaller. Activity diagrams focus on the movement rather than using symbols to differentiate types of data, or types of task steps, etc.
An activity, shown by a long rectangle with rounded corners is a task that is performed either by a person or a computer system. Motion and direction, shown by lines with arrow heads, indicate the flow of the process or information.
Branch points in a process, shown by either a diamond or a heavy horizontal line, indicate when more than one option or path exists by which the process can proceed or the information can flow. The start and stop of a process or information flow, are shown by circles.
In this simplified activity diagram example, the process starts when a patient calls to schedule an office visit. The receptionist answers and attempts to schedule the appointment. If a mutually-convenient time is found, the appointment is scheduled, if not, the process ends. When the scheduled date arrives, the patient attends the visit (or not). The process is complete when the office visit is over.
A state machine diagram, also called state diagram, shows the different states, also called “statuses”, allowed as something moves through a process, for example, as information is processed by a system.
For example, a prescription may have any of the following statuses:
Requested by patient,
Authorized by provider,
Sent to pharmacy,
Filled, or
Not filled.
These would be examples of states, or statuses that an ePrescription may have. In real life applications, something like a prescription or other order may have 10, 20 or more states.
State diagrams symbols are simply rectangles and lines and arrows that denote transition.
This simplified state diagram example corresponds to the previous activity diagram example. The process starts when a patient calls to schedule an office visit. The receptionist answers and attempts to schedule the appointment. While trying to find a mutually convenient time, candidate time slots are marked as tentative. When a time slot that will work for both the patient and the practice is found, the appointment is scheduled. That state remains until the appointment has arrived (the patient has arrived). At the end of the time slot, visits that have not been arrived are marked as missed. If the time slot has been marked as arrived, it is given a status of complete when the claim form is entered, i.e., when the patient is leaving.
Importantly, the diagram shows valid transitions, for example, according to the diagram example, a scheduled slot can go to states of arrived or missed, but a scheduled time slot cannot go directly to a status of complete.
UML is an international standard and is maintained by the OMG.
The standard is freely available from the OMG web site.
In this lecture we provided a brief overview of Unified Modeling Language (UML) class, activity and state machine diagrams. We covered the purpose, symbols and salient conventions for each of the diagrams. This is the final lecture of six in the Process Mapping unit.
You should now be able to:
Understand the purpose, symbols and conventions for UML Class, Activity and State machine diagrams and,
Read and interpret the UML diagrams