UML and Case study

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UML And Use Case Study

Classification: Restricted
Agenda
• UML - Unified Modeling Language
• Modeling
• Why UML for Modeling
• Object Oriented Concepts
• Object Oriented Modeling
• Basic Building blocks -UML
• Overview of UML Diagrams
• UML Diagrams - Basic Notations
• UML Diagrams - Relationships
• UML Diagrams - Structural diagram
• UML Diagrams - Behavioral diagram
• UML Diagrams - Architectural

UML - Unified Modeling Language
• UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for
specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of
software systems.
• UML is a pictorial language used to make software blueprints.
• The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the OO analysis
and design of software projects.
• UML can be described as the successor of object-oriented (OO)
analysis and design.

Modeling
• Describing a system at a high level of abstraction
– A model of the system
– Used for requirements and specifications
• Is it necessary to model software systems?

Why UML for Modeling
• Use graphical notation to communicate more clearly than natural
language (imprecise) and code(too detailed).
• Help acquire an overall view of a system.
• UML is not dependent on any one language or technology.
• UML moves us from fragmentation to standardization.

Object Oriented Concepts
Following are some fundamental concepts of the object-oriented world
Objects − Objects represent an entity and the basic building block. An object
contains both data and methods that control the data.
Class − Class is the blue print of an object.
Abstraction − Abstraction represents the behaviour of an real world entity.
Encapsulation − Encapsulation is the mechanism of binding the data together
and hiding them from the outside world.
Inheritance − Inheritance is the mechanism of making new classes from
existing ones.
Polymorphism − It defines the mechanism to exists in different forms.

Object Oriented Modeling

Basic Building blocks -UML
The building blocks of UML can be defined as −
• Things
• Relationships
• Diagrams

Basic Building Blocks – UML ( Things)
• Structural
• Behavioural
• Grouping
• Annotation
Structural : Static parts of UML models
Physical and conceptual models

Basic Building Blocks – UML ( Things)
Behavioural : dynamic parts of UML models.
Interaction − Interaction is defined as a behaviour that consists of a group of
messages exchanged among elements to accomplish a specific task.
State machine − It defines the sequence of states an object goes through in
response to events. Events are external factors responsible for state change

Basic Building Blocks–UML (Things)
Grouping : Group elements of a UML model together.
Package is the only one grouping thing available for gathering structural
and behavioral things.
Annotations : Mechanism to capture remarks, descriptions, and
comments of UML model elements.

Basic Building Blocks–UML (Relationships)
Relationship reflects the association between the elements
• Dependency : Change in one affects other
------------------->
• Association : set of links that connects the elements of a UML model
• Generalizations : Representing inheritance
• Realization : Representing Interface. One element describes some
responsibility, which is not implemented and the other one
implements them

Basic Building Blocks–UML (Diagrams)
All the elements, relationships are used to make a complete UML
diagram and the diagram represents a system.Dependency : Change in
one affects other
• Use Case Diagram
• Class Diagram
• Sequence Diagram
• Activity Diagram
• Collaboration Diagram
• State Diagram
This is only a subset of diagrams … but are most widely used

Structural
: element of spec. irrespective of time
o Class
o Component
o Deployment
o Object
o Composite structure
Overview of UML Diagrams
Behavioral
: behavioral features of a system / business
process
o Activity
o Use case
o State
o Interaction
o Sequence
o Collaboration
Architecture
: Overall framework
o Package

UML Diagrams : Basic Notations
Class Notation
Object Notation
Interface Notation Collaboration Notation
Actor

UML Diagrams : Basic Notations
Initial state Node Notation
Package Notation Note Notation
Final state

UML Diagrams - Relationships
• There are two kinds of Relationships
• Generalization (parent-child relationship)
• Association (student enrolls in course)
• Associations can be further classified as
• Aggregation
• Composition

UML Diagrams - Structural Diagram
Class Diagram
• Used to model the static view of an application.
• Describing responsibilities of a system
• Provide a conceptual model of the system in terms of entities and their
relationships
• Used for requirement capture, end-user interaction
• Base for component and deployment diagrams

UML Diagrams – Structural Diagram
The following points should be remembered while drawing a class diagram −
• The name of the class diagram should be meaningful to describe the
aspect of the system.
• Each element and their relationships should be identified in advance.
• Responsibility (attributes and methods) of each class should be clearly
identified
• For each class, minimum number of properties should be specified, as
unnecessary properties will make the diagram complicated.
• Use notes whenever required to describe some aspect of the diagram. At
the end of the drawing it should be understandable to the
developer/coder.
• Finally, before making the final version, the diagram should be drawn on
plain paper and reworked as many times as possible to make it correct.
Class Diagram

• Each class is represented by a rectangle subdivided into three
compartments
• Name
• Attributes
• Operations
• Modifiers are used to indicate visibility of attributes and operations.
• ‘+’ is used to denote Public visibility (everyone)
• ‘#’ is used to denote Protected visibility (friends and derived)
• ‘-’ is used to denote Private visibility (no one)
• By default, attributes are hidden and operations are visible.
Class Diagram

UML Diagrams – Structural Diagrams
Account_Name
- Customer_Name
- Balance
+addFunds( )
+withDraw( )
+transfer( )
Name
Attributes
Operations
Class Diagram
Representation of a Class

Class Diagram

UML Diagrams : Structural
Object Diagram
• Object diagrams represent an instance of a class diagram
• The purpose of the object diagram can be summarized as −
• Object relationships of a system
• Static view of an interaction.
• Understand object behaviour and their relationship from
practical perspective.
• Object diagrams are drawn in following manner:
• First, analyze the system and decide which instances have
important data and association.
• Second, consider only those instances, which will cover the
functionality.
• Third, make some optimization as the number of instances
are unlimited.

Object Diagram

Component Diagram
• Component diagrams are used to model the physical aspects of a
system such as files, libraries etc..
• It does not describe the functionality of the system but it describes the
components used to make those functionalities.
• Before drawing a component diagram, the following artifacts are to be
identified clearly −
• Files used in the system.
• Libraries and other artefacts relevant to the application.
• Relationships among the artefacts.
• After identifying the artefacts, the following points need to be kept in
mind.
• Use a meaningful name to identify the component for which the
diagram is to be drawn.
• Prepare a mental layout before producing the using tools.
• Use notes for clarifying important points.

Component Diagram

Deployment Diagram
The purpose of deployment diagrams can be described as −
• Visualize the hardware topology of a system.
• Describe the hardware components used to deploy software
components.
• Describe the runtime processing nodes.
Before drawing a deployment diagram, the following artefacts should
be identified −
• Nodes
• Relationships among nodes
Deployment diagrams can be used −
• To model the hardware topology of a system.
• To model the embedded system.
• To model the hardware details for a client/server system.
• To model the hardware details of a distributed application.

Deployment Diagram

UML Diagrams : Behavioral
Use Case Diagram
To model a system, the most important aspect is to capture the
dynamic behavior. Dynamic behavior means the behavior of the
system when it is running/operating.
The purposes of use case diagrams can be said to be as follows −
• Used to gather the requirements of a system.
• Used to get an outside view of a system.
• Identify the external and internal factors influencing the
system.
• Show the interaction among the requirements are actors.
When we are planning to draw a use case diagram, we should have
the following items identified.
• Functionalities to be represented as use case
• Actors
• Relationships among the use cases and act

Use Case Diagram
Following guidelines to draw an efficient use case diagram
• The name of a use case is very important. The name should be
chosen in such a way so that it can identify the functionalities
performed.
• Give a suitable name for actors.
• Show relationships and dependencies clearly in the diagram.
• Do not try to include all types of relationships, as the main purpose
of the diagram is to identify the requirements.
• Use notes whenever required to clarify some important points.
** Use Case Diagrams are used to showcase the high level design of
the system.

Use Case Diagram

Use Case Diagram
Library System
Borrow
Order Title
Fine Remittance
Client
Employee
Supervisor
Boundary
Actor
Use Case

Activity Diagram
Activity diagram is basically a flowchart to represent the flow from
one activity to another activity.
The purpose of an activity diagram can be described as −
• Draw the activity flow of a system.
• Describe the sequence from one activity to another.
• Describe the parallel, branched and concurrent flow of the
system.
Before drawing an activity diagram, we should identify the
following elements −
• Activities
• Association
• Conditions
• Constraints

Activity Diagram

UML Diagrams - Behavioral
State Diagrams show the sequences of states an object goes through during
its life cycle in response to stimuli, together with its responses and actions;
an abstraction of all possible behaviors.
Unpaid
Start End
Paid
Invoice created payin
g
Invoice destroying
State Diagram

UML Diagrams – Behavioral
State Diagram

UML Diagrams – Behavioral
Yellow
Red
Green
Traffic Light
State
Transition
Event
Star
t
State Diagram

Interaction Diagram – Sequence Diagram
This interactive behavior is represented in UML by two diagrams known
as Sequence diagram and Collaboration diagram
The purpose of interaction diagram is −
• To capture the dynamic behaviour of a system.
• To describe the message flow in the system.
• To describe the structural organization of the objects.
• To describe the interaction among objects.
Following things are to be identified clearly before drawing the interaction
diagram
• Objects taking part in the interaction.
• Message flows among the objects.
• The sequence in which the messages are flowing.
• Object organization.

UML Diagram - Behavioral
Caller Phone Recipient
Picks up
Dial tone
Dial
Ring notification Ring
Picks up
Hello

Interaction Diagram – Collaboration Diagram
Method calls are similar to that of a sequence diagram. However, difference
being the sequence diagram does not describe the object organization,
whereas the collaboration diagram shows the object organization.

UML Diagrams : Architectural
Package Diagram
Package diagram is UML structure diagram which shows packages and
dependencies between the packages.

Thank you

UML and Case study

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