Community Based Village Tourism in Nepal: Case Study of sirubari

Community Based Village Tourism in Nepal: A Case
Study of Sirubari Village, Nepal
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Award of the Degree of M.Sc. in Tourism, Travel and Hospitality
Management
Submitted By:
Mr. Rajiv Kumar Thakur
Roll No: TGOU/PG/363/THM/2011J
Submitted To:
Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management
The Global Open University
Nagaland, India
June 2013
i

THE GLOBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
(Established under the State Legislature and is empowered to award degrees as per UGC Act)
Recognized by Distance Education Council, Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Interim Headquarter: Dimapur- 797 112 Nagaland (India)
www.tgouonline.com
Date: June 2013
RECOMMENDATION LETTER
This thesis entitled, “Community Based Village Tourism in Nepal: A Case Study of
Sirubari Village, Nepal” has been completed by Mr. Rajiv Kumar Thakur under my
guidance and supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
M.Sc. in Tourism, Travel and Hospitality Management. I hereby forward this thesis for
its final evaluation and approval.
Dr. Bandana Trivedi
……………………
Thesis Supervisor
ii

THE GLOBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
(Established under the State Legislature and is empowered to award degrees as per UGC Act)
Recognized by Distance Education Council, Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Interim Headquarter: Dimapur- 797 112 Nagaland (India)
www.tgouonline.com
Date: June 2013
APPROVAL LETTER
This is certify that the dissertation entitled, “Community Based Village Tourism in
Nepal: A Case Study of Sirubari Village, Nepal” written and submitted by Mr. Rajiv
Kumar Thakur student of The Global Open University, Nagaland, India has been
examined. It has been declared successful for fulfillments of the academic requirements
toward the completion of M.Sc. in Tourism, Travel and Hospitality Management.
Evaluation Committee
Dr. Bandana Trivedi Dr. Azaharul Haque
Thesis Supervisor External Examiner
Dr. Avinash Chiranjivee
Head of Department
Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management
The Global Open University
iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my greatest heartfelt and sincere gratitude to Dr. Bandana Trivedi,
the Research Supervisor of this thesis for this invaluable support and guidance in
preparing this thesis. I cordially appreciate his active efforts, inspiring guidance and
precious suggestions during the writing and preparation of this thesis; and heartily
acknowledge his for his expertise and through instruction enabling me to complete this
dissertation from conceptualization to realization to the present shape.
I am also thankful to Ms. Jaya Ayer Director of Indian institute of ecology and
environment, New Delhi, India whose support was quite instrumental to produce this
manuscript in the present form. Similarly, my thanks go to Mr. Surendra Kumar Yadav
who has provided his invaluable time for guidance and cooperation to complete this
dissertation.
I am thankful to the Global Open University, Nagaland for the chances and opportunity to
complete Msc in Tourism, Travel and Hospitality Management through distance learning
education. I am also thankful to Mr Jum Bahadur Gurung and villagers of sirubari to
complete my dissertation.
My sincere acknowledgement goes to various organizations, NTB, VDC, TDCS that were
so kind as to give me the necessary materials, Data's and providing moral support and
encouragement to pursue this dissertation.
I am very thankful to my family for their moral support, encouragement and persistent
logistic support and cooperation in completing my degree. Similarly my sincere thanks are
due to my sister Dr. Manisha Bhardwaj for assisting me in my study.
Last but not the least, I would like to thanks my close friend Mr. Anil Kumar Tabdar who
helped me in Data collection and much more without his valuable support this thesis could
not been completed. I therefore thanks all those who have directly and indirectly helped
me to complete this thesis.
Finally, any errors and omissions in this dissertation are entirely mine.
June 2013 Mr. Rajiv Kumar Thakur
iv

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION
This paper draws upon case-study research assessing the monitoring and evaluation of a
community-based tourism programme in Sirubari in the mountain region of central
Nepal. To date, little attention has been given to the importance of monitoring and
evaluation in community-based tourism. Whilst the number of community-based tourism
projects and programmes have increased world-wide, including Nepal, there is a dearth
of research on how these programmes are monitored and evaluated to ensure maximum
economic benefits to local individuals as well as to the wider community, while
conserving the natural environment and socio-culture in community destinations.
Monitoring and evaluation of community-based tourism is important as it gives an
overall view of the tourism allowing project management authorities to take any
necessary action required for further improvement whilst keep the local people informed.
Nevertheless, in general comprehensive monitoring and evaluation programmes of
community-based tourism by involving local inhabitants are lacking.
Likewise, in the case of Sirubari, although the community-based tourism programme may
be considered successful from the perspective of forest conservation, local participation,
community development and visitors’ experience, the research findings indicate that little
thought has been given to how the programme is monitored and evaluated with due
consideration of end processes, particularly to the benefit of more people in the
community. These findings indicate the need for developing monitoring programmes
which include the core strategies for long term as well as short period action plans for
programme sustainability.
Mr. Rajiv Kumar Thakur
v

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page…………………………………………………………………………………i
Recommendation………………………………………………………………………….ii
Thesis Approval…………………………………………………………………………..iii
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………….iv
An abstract of the dissertation……………………………………………………………..v
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………vi
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………...viii
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………..ix
List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………..……………….x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….…1
1.1 Background....................................................................................................................1
1.2 Focus of the tudy............................................................................................................4
1.3 Statement of the Problem ..............................................................................................5
1.4 Objective of Study.........................................................................................................5
1.5 Significance of the Study...............................................................................................6
1.6 Limitation of the Study .................................................................................................6
1.7 Methodology…………………………..………………………………………………6
1.8 Organization of Study....................................................................................................7
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………….......................................8
2.1 Theoretical Review……………………………………………………………………8
2.2 Review of related study…………………………………………...............................16
2.3 Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………....24
vi

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………...…………………….…29
3.1 Selection of the study area…………………………………………………………...29
3.2 Nature and types of study………………………………………………....................29
3.3 Research design…………………………………………………………...................29
3.4 Sources of data……………………………………………………………………….30
3.5 Methods of primary data collection………………………………………………….30
3.6 Data analysis and interpretation ……………………………………………………..30
3.7 Limitation of the Methodology………………………………………………………31
3.8 Sample size of study…………………………………………....................................31
3.9 Research Questions…………………………………………………………………..32
3.10 Experiences during the field work………………………………………………….32
CHAPTER IV: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS……………………….33
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis……………………………………………………...33
4.2. Data presentation…………………………………………………………………....33
4.3 Data analysis…………………………………………………………………………33
4.4 Analysis of data obtained from the local people of sirubari………………………....35
4.5 Analysis of data obtained from the tourist who visited sirubari village……………..44
4.6 Major findings of the study………………………………………………………….51
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…….53
5.1 Summary……………………………………………………………………………..53
5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...54
5.3 Recommendation…………………………………………………………………….55
REFRENCES………………………………………………………………………..….56
APPENDIX I: Questionnaires for the villagers sirubari……………………..…………59
APPENDIX II: Questionnaires for the tourist who visit the sirubari village……….......62
APPENDIX III: Photograph of sirubari village…… …………………………………64
vii

List of Figures
Figure No. 2.1 Tourism management and operational modality of Sirubari ……………23
Figure No. 2.2: Sustainable community based tourism…………………………………26
Figure No. 2.3: conceptual framework of community based village tourism…………...27
Figure No. 4.1 Data Distribution………………………………………………………...34
Figure No. 4.2 Tourist satisfied from villager's hospitality……………………………...39
Figure No. 4.3 Tourism contribution in poverty reductions……………………………..40
Figure No. 4.4 Making and selling traditional handicrafts………………………………42
Figure No. 4.5 Purpose of visit…………………………………………………………..44
Figure No. 4.6 How did visitors find about sirubari village….………………………….45
Figure No. 4.7 Cooperation and friendliness of villagers toward tourist………………...46
Figure No. 4.8 Satisfied by the hospitality of villagers………………………………….46
Figure No. 4.9 Visitors activities during the period of stay……………………………...47
Figure No. 4.10 Tourist intension about revisit the sirubari village…………………….48
Figure No. 4.11 Main attractions of sirubari village……………………………………..48
Figure No. 4.12 Service cost of homestay……………………………………………….49
Figure No. 4.13 Which region you belong from…………………………………………50
Figure No. 4.14 visitors satisfied with the homestay service of sirubari village……...…50
viii

List of Tables
Table No. 2.1 Visitor's arrival in Sirubari 1998 to 2012…………………………………23
Table No. 3.1 Sample size and respondent………………………………………………32
Table No. 4.1 Data Distribution………………………………………………………….34
Table No. 4.2 Main occupation of local peoples………………………………………...35
Table No. 4.3 motivational factors to involve in tourism business……………………...36
Table No. 4.4 characteristic of sirubari village liked by tourist………………………….36
Table No. 4.5 Accommodation capacity at locals home………………………………...37
Table No. 4.6 Role of local community in tourism development………………………..37
Table No. 4.7 Organizations in decision making for tourism development in Nepal…...38
Table No. 4.8 Positive impact of tourism on community………………………………..39
Table No. 4.9 Negative impact of tourism on community………………………………40
Table No. 4.10 villagers average range of monthly income……………………………..41
Table No. 4.11 Total no. of employees is working in the homestay…………………….41
Table No. 4.12 Main attraction of sirubari………………………………………………43
Table No. 4.13 Future plan for tourism attracting in sirubari……………………………43
ix

List of Abbreviation
CBNRM Community-Based Natural Resources Management
CBT Community Based Tourism
CBVTM Community-Based Village Tourism Management
DDC District Development Committee
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GNP Gross National Product
HDI Human Development Index
INGO International Non-governmental Organization
ICIMOD International Center for Integrated Mountain Development
NGO Non-governmental Organization
NTB Nepal Tourism Board
NVR Nepal Village Resorts
PG Post Graduate
PATA Pacific Asia Tourism Association
RD Rural Development
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SECAM Secretariat for Eastern African Coastal Area Management
TDMC Tourism Development and Management Committee
TGOU The Global Open University
THM Tourism and Hospitality Management
TRPAP Tourism for Rural Poverty Alleviation Program
VDC Village Development Committee
WTO World Tourism Organization
x

CHAPTER: I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Throughout history, people have traveled for many different reasons. Tourism as an
industry, however, began to flourish after the Second World War, with per capita incomes in
the developed countries increasing significantly and the development of efficient mass air
transport. The tourism industry is the largest in the world and is a complex one. The
demands of international tourists, the consumers- and of international destinations, the
producers - are bridged by the tourism industry. The industry consists of a wide range of
enterprises supporting the mass movement of people across varied areas within a country
and across international boundaries, including a variety of wholesale and retail outlets for
hotels, airlines, tour operators, etc. The tourism industry sells a unique product, often called
an invisible export. The product may be sold and consumed locally, but foreigners, i.e., the
external market, consume it. Nepal is one such popular destination for tourists from all over
the world (ICIMOD, 1995:6).
Tourism is also a source of employment. It is a highly labor-intensive industry offering
employment to both the semi-skilled and the unskilled. Being a service industry, it creates
employment opportunities for the local population. It is a major source of income- an
employment for individuals in many places deficient in natural resources, which cannot
readily contribute to the economic prosperity of the area except through the medium of
tourism. This aspect of provision of employment becomes more important in a developing
country where the level of unemployment and underemployment tends to be high. Besides,
providing employment to a large number of people, tourism can be the instrument of
regional policy aimed at achieving an equitable balance between major industrial areas and
the rest of the country. Tourism enables to be transferred in part to another (Bhatia, 2000;
ix).
Tourism is one of the most thriving industries in Nepal. It is the large foreign currency
earner and employment provider. The sector has provided good employment opportunities
to a large number of people both skilled and unskilled. It is due to these reasons that tourism
industry is one of the successful stories in the development of Nepal's tourism industry.
Nepal is beautiful destination for international tourists. The snow-capped mountains, rich
culture of Nepalese, scenic places, rivers, lakes, flora and fauna, historical monuments,
different religious beliefs, bilingual, and hospitable people are the main attractions for the
foreign visitors.
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Nepal- located in South Asia is one of the small countries in the World. It is situated
between big Countries like China and India. It is land locked, specially called India locked
country, because only north side is bounded by China other three sides bounded by India. Its
total Area is 1, 47,181 sq. k.m. In addition, spread over 800
04 to 880
12 east longitude and
200
22’ to 300
27’ north altitude.
Topographically, Nepal is divided into three regions: The Himalayan region, Mountain
region and Terai Region. The Himalayan region account for about 15 percent of the total
land area and altitude 4,877m- 8,848m and including 8 of 14 highest summits in the world;
where exceed an altitude of 8,000m peaks such as Mt.Everest, Mt Annapurna, Mt.
Dhaulagiri, and others. Mountain region accounts for about 68 percent of the total land area
has an altitude range up to 4,877m from chure - Siwalik range. Terai region, the low land
Terrain occupies about 17 percent of total land area of the country. By another ways, the
country is divided based on watershed area, in three Zones, as Koshi, Gandaki and Karnakli.
Politically the country is separated into five-development region, 14 Zones and 75 districts.
There are 56 municipalities and 3913 VDC in the country.
Nepal has immense diversity in natural and socio- cultural aspect. Nepal is occupying only
0.03 percent parts of the earth but have home to 2 percent of all the flowering plants in the
world. 8 percent of the world population of birds (more than 848 species) 4 percent of
mammals of earth, 11 of world’s 15 families of butterflies (more than 500 species), 600
indigenous plants families, 319 species of exotic orchids (Nepal guide book, NTB, 2003).
The number of total population is 2, 31, 51,423 are living more than 60 ethnic groups and 70
language speakers reside in Nepal.
The country is the place of several world-listed heritage, such like world’s highest summit
Mt. Everest, Hanuman Dhoka, (Kathmandu Durbar square), Patan Durbar Square,
Pashupatinath temple, Swambhunath, Chitwan national park, Lumbini. It is the boron and
home place of world famous and religious hero: King Janak, Sita, Gautam Buddha, Araniko
and brave Gurkhas.
Being natural paradise, Nepal was region of attraction from ancient time. As puran and
epics, Pashupatinath and Muktinath are famous pilgrimages of Hindus. Many Hindu
religious people used to visit Nepal for pilgrimage from India since ancient time. In the
modern context visiting from outside hade began to Nepal from eighteenth century .In 1772
AD Abdul Kadik Khan and Hi-Dankun had come as English representative in the country
.In 1807 a group of 50 lead by Captain Max along with Dr.Hamiltan had visited Nepal. At
the time of Rana ruler's was strictly regulated and limited for foreign visitors to Nepal. So
only 153 people has visited during the period of 1807 to 1844 AD.
2

After the treaty of Sugaulee a British residence was appointed in Kathmandu. Dr.Wallich
visited Nepal in 1817 and carried on his Botanical researches for a year (Lamsal, 1997).Sir
Brain Holson, Sir Joseph Hooker Traveled the country for Botanical Survey and collection
of the Nepal's flora and fauna. King Goerge V came for his famous shoot (hunting) in
Nepal's Tarai in 1911. The Prince of Wales visited Nepal in 1921 on the invitation of Rana
prime minister. These visits were only for hunting and research purpose (Wagle, 2005).
By the geographical panorama, variety of flora and fauna, and other socio- cultural
phenomenon, Nepal is became so beautiful country, and anybody outsider may feel such like
a piece of heaven. Despite the all of natural and cultural resources, the country is not
prospering in the economic aspect. There is only 17 percent arable land but not been proper
utilized and 33 percent cover forest and woodland out of one total area. Nepal is also based
rural dominated economic condition. More than 80 percent people of the country live in
village area holding agricultural occupation and nearly 39.0 percent part of total GDP
contributed by agricultural sector. GNP in FY 2002/03 at current producers' price was Rs
454.93 billion. Growth rate was only 2.7 percent in that year. Per-capital income is 250 U.S.
$ (Economic survey-2004). Human Develop Index lies at 129 ranking in the world, 42
percent people are below the poverty line (HDI-1998). According the economic indicators,
Nepal has been ranking one of the poorest countries of the world.
However, the country is not poor in naturally and other development potentiality. The main
cause for poorness of the country is lack of proper utilization of natural resource, failing to
exploit available potentialities etc. Nepal was not success to gain expected progress in the
economic development in before, even the normal situation. Now, it is, moreover suffered
by violence and political instability. The country is facing great crisis in every aspect is
sinking is vicious circle.
Tourism sector is one most important sector of economy to overcome country from vicious
circle and poverty. It is not only contributed to earn of foreign currency, helps to develop
small cottage industries and creates the opportunities to employment. US $ 168100000
foreign exchange was generated from tourism in 1999AD. By 4, 81, 04 tourist were visited
Nepal in the period and 80 thousands of people are employed in this sector. It has shared
15.9 percent earning of total foreign currency and 3.6 percent in GDP in the year. This
sector is severally victimized by the unsecured condition of the country. That is caused to
downward rate was 23 percent of visitors and 23.8 percent revenue in 2003 A.D. (Economic
Survey, 2003).
Tourism being important sector in the economy, it is rapidly increasing than the other sector
of world trade. The international tourist arrivals increased from 25,282 thousand in 1950 to
616,635 thousand in 1997 with an average annual growth of about 7 percent up to forecast
the number of international arrivals is expected to reach US $937 million by 2010 A.D.
(WTO, 1998). The receipt from international tourism was US$ 2100 million in 1995, that
3

has increased to US$ 448,265 million in 1997 with an increase of 12.1 percent annual
growth rate (WTO 1998), That is growing faster than world trade in 1980.
With worldwide increasing trend of tourism, Nepal should catch that opportunity that would
comparably benefits to our economy. The country can improve the economy from advancing
the sector by using her potential resources of tourism. So Nepal holds great prospective of
tourism. There is need of suitable plan and policy for required management and marketing.
The country has done some efforts for promotion tourism but those are not enough. Various
beautiful destinations have not visualized and presented for tourism perspective, which
would help to develop the economy of the concern destination.
Nepal is predominantly a rural society with rich cultural and ethnic diversity. Community
based village tourism and home stays are part of ecotourism. It offers unique opportunity for
comfortable cultural immersion. Sirubari village is a model village that introduces the
concept of community based village tourism in Nepal and the Gurung indigenous people are
main inhabitant of the village. Rural tourism is one the immense areas of entire tourism
industry and one of the flourishing areas in the recent years. It is my assumption that when
the world becomes increasingly homogenous, indigenous culture will become increasingly
important for tourist to provide differentiation and authenticity. Furthermore, village tourism
provides the stronger driver to restore, protect and promote traditional culture. It is necessary
to examine village tourism as a new institution, how it will change and perhaps destroy
traditional culture in an effort to run it into a commercial product.
1.2 Focus of the Study
This study aims to focus on the community based village tourism and its influence over the
Gurung society and culture. The Gurung peoples are one of the major indigenous groups.
However, they still don’t have much cultural recognition like other indigenous groups. After
the introduction of community based village tourism program, the Gurung peoples are
gaining popularity in the Sirubari Village. The fascinating Gurung culture is the centre of
attraction of visitors in the Sirubari village. Villagers are found more enthusiastic to
welcome tourists to their home because it helps them to get empowered socially and
economically. On the other hand, some influences on the traditional culture have been
realized in that duration. Thus, the study also attempts to examine the rural tourism impact
on Sirubari village, impact of tourism on the Gurung indigenous culture including a
consideration of the impact on the Gurung endangered language, Assessing the features and
attractions of Sirubari. And observe the current trend of tourist inflow in the sirubari village.
4

1.3 Statement of the Problem
Tourism is an important sector to generate revenue in one hand and employment on the
other for the sustainable development in the national economy. Tourism is emerging as the
most viable industry of Nepal which has been providing skilled and unskilled jobs to many
unemployed people and has helped to reduce rampant poverty in the country. Tourism not
only brings foreign currency but also other things such as changes in attitude and behavior
of people. It also has some negative impacts in the society. They are forgetting their own
culture and are copying the imported modern cultures and behaviors. In the present, the
basic goals of rural tourism are minimizing negative impacts, and maximizing benefits for
the local people and their natural environment, while providing positive experiences to
visitors Nepal is a multiethnic, multilingual, multi religious country. Every culture possesses
its own type of attitude, norms values, perspectives and perceptions of the society. In the
general observation, some cultures are dynamic and progressive and some others are static
and conservative under the similar circumstances in terms of climate, geography and
resources. In our societies, we can find these types of diverse cultures playing significant
role in the development activities such as women empowerment and building of local
infrastructure. The Gurung people in the Sirubari got involved into various cultural activities
after the program was launched. Now they grasp the good business opportunity and they
developed the village as a prime location of tourist stay. The indigenous communities and
the tourism products across Nepal are more or less same but they are deriving the benefit
from the similar opportunity in very different proportion. There are many indigenous groups
in the country but they are marginalized because culture is the influencing factor. It is
resource for development and sometimes it could be barrier. It is very essential to find out
whether culture is the influencing factor and how does the culture matter in the general.
1.4 Objectives of the study
General objective:
The general objectives of the study are mainly to evaluate the current trends of tourist's
inflow relatively to national level and highlighting the potentiality of tourism in sirubari
village.
Specific objectives:
 Analyze the role of village tourism to promote the culture and Tradition local
community.
 Assessing the features and attractions of Sirubari.
 To identify the rural tourism impacts on sirubari.
 Recommend suggestions on policies and plans for the development of community
based village tourism in Sirubari.
5

1.5 Significance of the study
Tourism being a major and important source of foreign exchange earner has an important
role in economic development in least developed country like Nepal. With the development
of this sector, employment opportunities will increase and Nation can be benefited directly
and indirectly. Taking into account this fact Nepal Government has adopted policy of
expanding and promotional activities related to tourism in the district. The fact that tourism
industry occupies important place in Nepal and that Nepal government putting efforts to
level based development of this sector is exhibited by Nepal government declared and
celebrated in 1998 as 'Visit Nepal Year', in 2005 ‘Destination Nepal’ and in 2011 ‘Tourism
Year 2011’. Expansion and explanation of more tourism destination and resources will help
to attract more number of tourists. This sector will be benefited by tourism promotional
activities adopted by central level and local level. This case study of Sirubari Village will
help to think and do about tourism promotion program and plan for government, other
stakeholders and develop as famous tourism destination.
1.6 Limitation of the Study
 The present study covers the tourist area namely Sirubari which is located on the
western development region.
 This is completely an academic work; as such there are enormous challenges during
field work.
 It may not be applicable to all villages in Nepal because of its geographical situation
and the unique characteristic features of Gurung community, which sometimes may
be same as of others.
 The study will fully dependent upon the field visit inspection as well as interviews,
data and response of local people of the study area which will conduct in 2012/13.
 The study has few literature reviews.
 This study focuses on tourism of shyangja district.
1.7 Methodology
The research design is case study type. Data, information, and facts used both are primary
and secondary. This study is conducted by generating primary data as well as secondary
data. In order to collect secondary information concerned people was consulted. Secondary
information was taken from Nepal tourism Board, related documents from Ministry of
Tourism, Department of tourism, National planning Commission, for required information
and data. Various bulletins and booklets on tourism and media source like newspaper,
Radio, Internet were also consulted. Local tourist hotel owners, Hotel managers, local
journalists, intellectuals, Politicians were also consulted for that.
6

The primary data and information is taken by questionnaire and interview method from local
tourist hotel, tourist visitors' .For primary data, 25 Home stay owners of Sirubari village and
75 Tourists' visitors were selected through convenience sampling for interview during the
survey. Almost data are analyzed and described in different chapter.
Data and information have analyzed mainly by descriptive method. Some aspects of this
thesis are used quantitative method by applying statistical tools; Rate value of average,
percentage, and mean and linear correlation, regression models and statically tests.
Approaches of analysis are both quantitative and qualitative types.
1.8 Organization of the Study
This thesis is present the overview of the development of village tourism in Nepal and its
impact on traditional Gurung culture. It is organized into five different chapters:
 The first chapter 'introduction' has included background introduction, focus of the
study, statement of the problem, and objectives of the study, significance of the study
and limitation of the study.
 The second chapter contains 'Review of literature' in which the review of the books,
journals and previous thesis has been done.
 The third chapter deals with 'Research methodology' it include the information on
research design, data collection procedure, data analysis tools etc adopted during the
study.
 The fourth chapter is the main body of research and includes data presentation and
analysis of the traditional culture of indigenous Gurung of sirubari village.
 The fifth chapter includes conclusion of the study. It also includes finding and some
valuable recommendations in the summarized form, references and appendices.
7

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
This study attempt to empirical review of literature regarding Community Based Village
Tourism in Nepal: A Case Study of Sirubari Village, Nepal. This section carry mainly three
parts, first theoretical review of the study, second is Review of related study and finally
conceptual framework of the study has been presented in this study.
2.1 Theoretical Review
The word 'tourism' is derived from French word 'Tourisme' consists of all those aspects of
travel through which people learn about each other's way of life. Tourism is defined and
explained various ways; according to Hunziker and Krapt: it is the sum of the phenomenon
and relationship arising from the travel and stay of non-residents in so for as they do not lead
to permanent residents and has not connected with any earning activities. It means tourism is
a temporary travel and staying in any place by people. It is temporary movement of people
to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence. The activities undertaken
during their stay in those destinations facilities catch their needs. To be tourist there should
be journey from own native place. As the dictionary of universe, the tourist is a person who
made journey for the fun of curiosity, for the fun of traveling or just to tell others that he has
traveled, in this way tourist is that who travel and goes to journey without their compulsion
for satisfaction and pleasure (Dahal, 2060 BS ;).
According to Bhatia (2000 AD) - tourism is also being recognized as a source of
employment, it is a highly labor intensive industry. Being a service industry, it takes
employment opportunities for local population. It has economic importance helps to reduce
economic inequalities. It enables the wealth earned in the part of the country to be
transferred in part to another.
Bhatia (2000 AD) further explains in his 'Tourism Development, Principles and Practice'
besides economic benefit to a country, by way of earning foreign exchange and employment
generation tourism also makes a tremendous contribution to the improvement of social and
political understanding. Travel in different countries fosters a better rapport between people
in various stocks. Personal international contacts have always been an important way of
spreading ideas about other cultures. Tourism is those an important means of promoting
cultural exchange and international cooperation. The experiences gained through travel have
a profound effect upon the life of the individual as well as open society as a whole. Travel
exercises very healthy influence on international understanding and appreciation of other
people's life (Bhatia 2000 AD).
8

Tourism those is highly complex phenomenon, it is an important human activity of great
significance in addition to economic significance it has socio-cultural, educational and
political significance as well. As mass phenomenon and essentially social nature, tourism
can longer be viewed as a triangle activity, both in the use it makes of time, space, and its
relationship with the production of goods and services. Tourism has become one of the
pivotal concerns of nations and of the international community (Bhatia 2000; ix).
Tourism is a package of activities consists certain components, according to Bhatia, three of
when may be considered as basic. These three basic components of tourism are transport
locale and accommodation. A tourist in order to get its destination has to travel and therefore
some mode of transport is necessary for this. This mode of transport may be motorcars,
coach, airplane, a ship or a train, which enables travelers to reach his predetermined
destination. The locale may be used to include the holiday destination and it offers to the
tourist. The holiday destination may offer natural attractions like sunshine, scenic beauty or
sporting facilities etc at these attractions. Accommodation is another basic component,
which is essential for providing food and rest. After having reached destination, a tourist
must have some kind of accommodation, which provides him food and sleep (Bhatia 2000
AD).
According to Robinson, the attractions of tourism are, largely, geographical in their
character. Location and accessibility are important. Physical space may be thought of as a
component for. There are those who seek the wilderness and solitude, scenario or landscape
is a compound of landforms, water and the vegetation and has an aesthetic and recreational
value. Climatic conditions, especially in relation to the amount of sunshine, temperature and
participation are of special significance. Animal life may be an important attraction, firstly,
in relation to birds watching or viewing game in their natural habitat; secondly for sporting
purposes, e.g. fishing and hunting. Man's impact on the natural landscape in the form of his
settlements historical monuments and archeological remaining is also a major attraction.
Finally, a variety of cultural features ways of folklore, an artistic expression etc. provides
valuable attractions to many.
In addition to, three basic components of tourism namely- transport, locale and
accommodation, there are certain elements or ingredients of tourism. These elements
predispose towards tourism development. These elements which are the fundamental
attractions of tourism are:
i) Pleasing weather
ii) Scenic attractions
iii) Historical and cultural factors
iv) Accessibility
v) Amenities
vi) Accommodation (Bhatia 2000 AD).
9

Tourism sector covers very vague scope of traveling activities. So there are various kinds of
purpose, style and activities in that field. Those kinds of activities are classified as types of
tourism. Although there is no one accepted way of classifying different types of tourism, one
could classifying tourism into four general types namely leisure tourism (shopping, general
observation) , recreational tourism (mountaineering, fishing, trekking, rafting etc.), cultural
tourism(archaeological, historical sites)and eco-tourism (birds and wild life watching,
photography, scenery, scientific tourism etc.) (ICIMOD, 1995). A type of tourism is
classified as Dahal Om Prasad in his work 'Rural tourism’ (2060BS) as international
tourism, domestic tourism. Tourism also classified based on purpose and destination. It is
classified as 1) Eco-tourism 2) Recreational Tourism 3) Cultural and Religious Tourism 4)
Historical Tourism 5) Agro-Tourism6) Adventure Tourism 7) Health Tourism 8) Sports
Tourism 9) Business and conference Tourism 10) Space Tourism etc.
The concept of mountain tourism highlighted by study of ICIMOD on mountain enterprises
and infrastructure at the title of "Mountain tourism in Nepal" as that mountain tourism
would be composed of recreational tourism, cultural tourism and eco-tourism. Recently the
concept of eco-tourism has gained much ground. For tourism and natural areas, recently a
new concept, eco-tourism is introduced and usage of this concept is simple to understand. In
the past few years, many definitions of eco-tourism have been introduced. The definition
varies from a description of nature tourism to a broader definition whereby not only the
activities of the tourists are involved but also elements such as the conservation of eco-
system and sustainable development (Kunwar, 1997).
"Eco- tourism seems to be a catchword that means many things to many people. To some it
means ecologically sound tourism. To others, it is synonymous with nature tourism. Eco-
tourism is both the things but it must go a step further. It must be a force for sustaining
natural resources. Eco- tourism is nature travel that advances conservation and sustainable
development efforts. It seems that the development of the eco- tourism concept has led to a
concept based on the desire to have ideal tourism term like most be and should be in these
definitions indicate this desire. There is however almost no indication on what ideal is and
how the development of this ideal situation should be organized (Kunwer, 1997). According
to father of eco- tourism, Prof. Lars Eric Indblad." Eco- tourism is a multi-disciplinary
equity approach where all disciplines can be allies rather than inevitable adversary and can
avoid negative dimensions".
Recent evidence further reveals that Nepal's capacity to realize the full benefits from tourism
are below optimum, primarily because of the overall low level of development in the
country, including import substitution industries. The scope for enlarging the tourism sector
to generate more income and employment is believed to be enormous. The natural beauty of
Nepal, especially in the northern half of the country that possesses many natural wonders,
has not been subject to development. Tourism development in these 'niche' of natural
wonders can generate income and employment to mitigate the rampant poverty of such
10

areas. Proper planning can help link mountain development with tourism development, and
the scope for providing income and employment in the mountain areas can be greatly
enhanced (ICIMOD, 1995).
There is, however, a need to exercise caution in the development of the fragile environments
of the hills and mountains. Although trekking and mountaineering tourism have had visible
positive effects in terms of employment and income generation, tourism has also generated
negative effects that are serious in some areas. Many lessons have been learned from
tourism activities in the hill and mountain areas; thus, past mistakes should not be repeated
while developing new areas for trekking and mountaineering tourism. The benefits resulting
from tourism have also not spread widely due to poor planning of tourism development. In
order to realize greater benefits from tourism and to minimize its negative effects in the
mountain areas, it is necessary to see mountain areas in terms of their different
environmental resources and their economic value (Baskota K1995; 2).
The main reason for the low returns from tourism in the mountain areas has been due to an
under-valuing of the environmental resources that the mountains harbor. Many of these
resources are unique and have no substitute, so that, theoretically, the scarcity value of such
resources should be high. Another related problem is the lack of integration of mountain
development and mountain tourism. Tourism development in the mountain areas should not
be undertaken in isolation from mountain development. Mountain tourism is but one
important dimension of overall mountain development. Given that the mountain
environment is endowed with unique resources, it should be conserved for future
generations. Hence, environmental conservation has to be the guiding philosophy of overall
mountain development, including trekking, mountaineering, and other forms of development
(Baskota and Sharma, 1995).
The benefits derived from mountain tourism have also been wanting. Benefits have been
realized primarily in terms of income and employment but more significant benefits based
on the value of the environmental resources remain to be realized. The concentration of
tourists in some mountain pockets, the seasonal nature of mountain tourism, and lack of
integration of tourism with the local economy are important issues that warrant concern
about the distribution of benefits from tourism. (Baskota K and Sharma B, 1995).The
economy and environment of the mountain areas need to be developed in a well-integrated
manner. The mountain environment cannot be expected to sustain the continuous growth of
tourism. The capacity of the environment to sustain economic development in the mountains
has to be better understood. The complementary nature of environment and investment has
to be studied and planned.
Remedial actions and a code of conduct have been formulated, but the fact that negative
impacts, or excess stress, on the carrying capacity continues to occur indicates the failure of
existing policies or their ineffective enforcement. Furthermore, in some mountain areas
11

visited by the tourists, tourism management is entirely absent. This has not helped local
people to realize greater benefits from tourism, nor has the effects on the environment been
monitored. Thus, effective policy and institutional frameworks are necessary to conserve the
environment as well as to promote income and employment in such areas (Baskota k and
Sharma B, 1995).
Human History of traveling very old and probably immemorial, it is hard to say where
people first started traveling to enjoy the Mother Nature. However with increased
urbanization and the introduction of faster mode of transport coupled with or raised in the
west, which gave rise to tourism as one of largest industries in the world. The important
point here is that one person's enjoyment becomes the livelihood for others (Bhatia, 2000).
Men since antiquity have been innovative traveler in ancient times. The main motivations
were trade, pilgrimage and conquest. The Renaissance aroused a new spirit of inquiry.
Travel became the means of acquiring culture in Europe. The tradition of grand tour when
started in the seventeenth century by the aristocracy of Europe was more firmly established
in the 18th
century and 19th century by the emergence of alleviant mercantile classes.
Another by the product of The Renaissance was the spirit of adventure and discovery as the
new motivation for travel. Columbus, Marco polo, Vastodagama and Sir Francis Drake were
few names who extended the horizons of the word (Wagley, 2005)
Until the First World War, travel was still the privilege of small segment of the society. The
First World War had kept the people in the cabin and confined for four years. Because of it
obstructed travel in the inter-war years. After that, travel for pleasure stated thereby
transformation of travel into tourism began. That era of organized tourism had started
(Bhatia 2000).
After the Second World War, Europe lay in ruins. The Marshal Plan that was introduced by
USA for the revival of the European countries made tourism ones of its plans. It provided
several billion dollars for the reconstruction of hotel and tourism infrastructure of Western
Europe. Tourism for the first time was viewed as an engine for economic development,
official tourist organization at the national and international level was established in most of
the European countries (Wagley 2000).
Various writers have studied about tourism in the global prospective Alvar W. Carlson
(1980) studied tourism under the topic of "Geographical research on international and
domestic tourism." According to him, tourism is a worldwide industry, which has become
important at all levels of economic development. Tourism was considered by academician,
for decades, to be primarily an economic activity. Geographers and others in 1970 turned
largely to amazing the impact upon cultures and the physical environments of the
destinations areas. The common goal is careful planning of future tourism development.
Tourism Master Plan (1972) highlighted potentiality tourism in Nepal as scenery beauties of
12

the natural environment are regarded, as it is new raw material for tourism, owing the
geographical setting. Nepal display an environmental spectrum of unmatched variety
ranging from the tropical Jungle belt to high alpine region abandoned of extremely scenic
landscape embarrassing richly varied wealth of recreational resources. It is those unique
with features some of earths most spectaculars tourist attractions. The magnificent mountain
mass of the Himalayas is lure for not only world's mountaineers but also representation of
fundamental asserts to recreational use and an important factor for cultural tourism. The
mid-altitude region set against the Snow-capped peaks and comprising the traditional zone
of cultural and civilization after a scenic potential suitable for recreation oriented tourism.
The master plan explained about plenty ness of recreational resources in like mountain range
and scenic beauties.
Cultural tourism is another potential sector of tourism in Nepal. The study for the Tourism
Master plan (1972) shows given the present situation where more than 90 percent of all
international visitors are attracted by cultural potential of Katmandu valley concludes that
cultural tourism playa the most important role in Nepal. Cultural resources of potential use
for tourism exists though in less spectacular, a combination of northern and southern Asian
culture representing no less than six major ethnic streams, a few dozens of dialects, three
major languages and two religions. It explained cultural heritages for tourism attracting as
an important resources for tourism in Nepal.
Shrestha (1999) in her Ph. D. dissertation Tourism in Nepal; Problems and Prospects, has
identified the basic problems of tourism in Nepal. The study also highlighted tourism
industry having great prospects in Nepal. The study has observed that the average growth
rate of tourist arrival in Nepal from 1975 to 1997 is 7.27 percent per annum. As regards that
arrival from SAARC countries, the highest numbers of visitors come from India while
arrival from other SAARC countries is around 1 percent or even less than that. It reveals that
Nepal has not been able to promote regional tourism and has relied on heavily only a few
countries. Nepal's share in international arrival rose from 0.04 percent in 1975 to 0.07
percent in 1997. On the other hand, the share of South Asia has increased from 5.91 percent
to 9.27 percent during the same period.
By increment of tourism, activities it develops as an important part of economics sector not
remain only cultural recreation matters. 'International Tourism' receipts grow faster than
world trade (i.e. commercial services and merchandise exports) in 1980. They now
constitute a higher proportion value of world export than all sectors other than crude
petroleum products and motor vehicles parts/accessories (The Qsoblal tourism forecast to
the year 2000 AD beyond, the world 1995 vii). The international tourists arrivals increased
from 25, 282 thousand in 1950 to 616,635 thousand in 1997 with an average annual growth
of about 700 percent' world tourism organization (WTO) forecasts the number of
international arrivals is expected to reach 2010. The receipt from international tourism was
13

us $ 2,100 million 1950. That increased to US$ 448,265 million in 1997 with an increment
of 12.1 percent annual growth rate (WTO, 1998 AD).
The receipts from international tourism can provide a valuable source of earnings for many
countries are the developed as well as developing. Although tourism is sensitive to the level
of economic activity in the tourism generating country, it provides more stable earnings than
primary products. The income from has tended to increase at a higher rate than merchandise
exports in a number of international tourism was US $2.100 million 1950. That increased to
US$448, 265 million in 1997 with an increment of 12.1 percent annual growth rate (WTO,
1998).
The receipts from international tourism can provide a valuable source of earnings for many
countries are the developed as well as developing. Although tourism is sensitive to the level
of economic activity in the tourism generating country, it provides more stable earnings than
primary products. The income from has tended to increase at a higher rate than merchandise
exports in a number of countries. There is how almost an assured channel financial flows
from the richer country to the not so richer and developing ones raising the volumes export
earnings and rate of economic growth. The Bhatia highlights the economic significance
tourism.
'Marketing of tourism is to be understood as systemic and coordinated execution of business
policy foresight undertakings whether or state owned at local, regional, national or
international level to achieve on appropriate return (Dahal, 2060BS; 32)
Tourism has been growing at outstanding ratio in the recent years and now, in terms of
economic volume, world's biggest and fasted growing exports industry. Many countries
commence fostering the development of tourism encouraged by the high increases and
potential benefits that accrue from tourism through increased income opportunities and fact
that earnings in tourism can gradually impose the balance payment (Nepal: Tourism Master
Plan, 1972).
'Tourism prospect in Nepal ' (Chetana august 1978), reports that the mystery filled art and
cultural stupidities, the national splendors, the challenge of the snowy height of Himalayas
and the lure of the peaceful hidden valleys of Nepal are becoming a source of special
fascination for many countries of the world ". So we can say that Nepal has a enormous
potential resource for tourism development.
Pilgrimage of Nepal (1979) has related tourism to the touristy blessing, as rich cultural
heritage, the temples dedicated to varies deities, the breath taking monasteries, the ageless
monuments there entire combine to make it a wonderful museum beneath the blue dome
sky.
14

Kayasth (1979) pointed out that natural as well as man-made beauty and wild life are
major attraction for the majority of tourist visiting in Nepal. The further revealed that the
purpose of outgoing Nepalese tourists to south Asian countries has been found particularly
for business and official work.
Nepal has always been a tourist destination. This has been possible because of existence of
interesting and unique things and experience in the country. Nepal is famous for the highest
mountain in the world along with other high mountain, historical cities and wide range of
geographical diversities within very limited land area. More important has been the culture
of the people. The most popular tourist activities have been pleasure and trekking. The
tourist industry comprises of hotel, travel and trekking agencies. Airlines and the best of the
other service sector (Dhakal, 1997).
A study made by Burger (1978:5) state tourism in Nepal is of rather recent origin. Before
1950, no foreigners were allowed to visit Nepal without the permission of the Rana rulers.
He indicated that more than 10000 tourist arrived Nepal in 1976. Since 1962, the number of
tourist arrivals has grown at an average rate of 20 percent per annum and more than 80
percent of the tourist arrived in the country by air and 20 percent arrived by road. He pointed
out that majority of tourists come for pleasure and sightseeing purpose. The most important
finding of his study was that only one out of six tourists who visited India also visited Nepal.
His study concluded with the view that although tourism is recent phenomenon in Nepal, it
has grown at an astonishing rate. The pointed out that Europe had been the major tourist
generator for Nepal in 1975.
Economic survey (1998-99) shows that for the period of one year, 1997, there was an
increase of 7.2 percent with the total numbers of tourist traveling to Nepal reaching 421857.
It is estimated that there was an increase in total tourist arrivals by 9.9 percent with 463484
visitors in 1998, while the average length of stay of tourist was 10.5 days in 1997, it is
estimated that it had risen to 10.5 days in 1998.
According to WTO Report (WTO:1998) the number of visitors has increased from 25 billion
in 1954 AD to 617 million in 1997 and tourism revenue has grown from US $ 2.1 billion in
1950 to US $448 billion in 1997.
Karki (The Rising Nepal 2000- Aug.) finds the following major point regarding to the
tourism. The number of tourist arrival in Nepal since 1975, has gone up from 92440 in 1975
to 162897 in 1980 with an average annual growth rate of 7.21 percent Tourist arrival by air
has also increased significantly from 78995 in 1975 to 442124 in 1999 with an average
annual growth rate of 7.22 percent. Annual growth rate of tourist has fluctuating.
A study of number of tourists' arrival growth rate and duration of their stay in Nepal reveals
that their arrival in Nepal has varied from year to year. By the end of 1997, such arrivals
have increased by 9.9 percent and in the following year-end of 1998, growth dropped to 6.0
15

percent to the total number of tourist arrival to 491504 at the end of 1998. At the following
year-end 1999, the growth in tourist arrival estimated to have further slide down by 9.1
percent to 447000. As regards the tourist stay it averaged 12.8 days in 1998 with the
marginal drop to 12 days in 1999 (Economic survey-2001)
The preceding paragraphs reveals that tourism is one of the popular activities from ancient
time to present that affects the economic as well social life of the people of the particular
destination and country. It is, therefore, relevant to study the Community Based Village
Tourism in Nepal: A Case Study of Sirubari Village, Nepal, which has prosperous the
village tourism resources and potentialities.
2.2 Review of related study:
This topic attempts to present the description of general terms that are often used in the
tourism practices. It also gives an overview of historical development of community based
village tourism in Nepal, so that readers would get accustom with the status of tourism
before and now. It tries to cover village tourism or community based village tourism as
significant factor for the promotion of traditional culture, language, attraction of study area
etc.
2.2.1 VILLAGE TOURISM EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT:
Nepal has more than 101 ethnic groups and 92 spoken languages and a rich variety of
cultures, lifestyles, values and traditions. Although the law and the interim Constitution has
provided equal rights to all ethnic and religious groups, Nepal is characterized by a highly
stratified social system, resulting in the presence of many castes. In Sirubari village, Syangja
district, west Nepal, which is the focus of this article, there are the Gurung and the Dalit
communities consisting of Damai, Kami and Sarki, which are often denoted as ‘occupational
castes’. The village tourism ‘product’, Sirubari, only showcases the Gurung community and
not the Dalit. With the exception of the Damai who are engaged in welcome, farewell and
portering, no other Dalit castes are involved in tourism activities. Locally as well as
nationally, the Gurung, who are officially Buddhist but also follow Hindu rituals and
festivals, have a higher socio-economic status than the Damai.
Due to the lack of alternative livelihood options the youth and productive work force are
compelled to emigration to cities and abroad. Over 86% of Nepal’s populations live in rural
areas, more specifically in 3,915 Village Development Committees (V.D.C.). Farming is the
main occupation and non-farming opportunities are very rare so the emigration is inevitable
in rural Nepal (Upadhyay, 2007).
16

To tackle this situation, the concept of village tourism was introduced for the first time in
Nepal in Sirubari village. The village is located at an altitude of 1,700 meter above sea level
and one can reach Sirubari either by Jeep ride from district headquarter Syangja bazaar
(Putalibazar) or by Bus/Jeep from Naudanda along the Pokhara-Sunauli Highway
(Siddhartha Highway). However, the trip from Helu-Lamachaur (about 50 kms south of
Pokhara) along the same highway offers the joint experience of adventure travel and short
trekking along the lush green valley and terraced farm land of Darau-Khola and then uphill
climb of about 2 hours from Arjun Chaupari. Visitors can choose either to walk (maximum
of 4 hours) from Helu-Lamachaur up to the village via Arjun Chaupari or can ride on
Bus/Jeep up to Arjun Chaupari and then a short trek. Nepal Village Resorts (NVR), a
Kathmandu based travel agency serving as s marketing agency of the village tourism
product of Sirubari, states that the first commercial groups of 16 Belgian tourists were taken
to Sirubari in October 1997.
Before the initiation of village tourism in 1997, the village was no different than any other
villages. However its unspoiled Gurung culture and intact rural traditions seemed to be a
strong foundation to on which to build village tourism.
NVR defines village tourism as, ‘tourism practices in which tourist is staying in or near the
villages, preferably unspoiled traditional village to learn about and experience village life.
This kind of tourism involves the provision of local style accommodation, locally produced
food items on the menu and the organization of visitors’ participation in village activities.
The villagers provide accommodation in their own homes, operate the tourist facilities and
services, and receive direct economic benefits from tourist expenditure’’ (NVR,). The
tourism that is promoted in Sirubari is a kind of home stay where the visitors sleep and eat in
the individual houses, giving them a sense of belonging to a local family as a family
member. Visitors both national and foreigner are not allowed to choose the host family, but
it is the Tourism Development and Management Committee (TDMC) of the village who
assign the visitors to the host on the rotational basis. This provides the opportunities to the
entire TDMC member households to welcome tourists and get tourism benefits in an
equitable manner.
In the initial stage of village tourism development, the model faced several challenges,
especially in the marketing and promotion category. NVR, assumed through a contractual
agreement the whole responsibility of marketing and promotion, making contacts with travel
and tour operators, and setting up a website. This example of village tourism was unique in
that it was developed from the supply side of the tourism market rather than the demand as
was the case in other parts of Nepal. It was created by the villagers themselves with strong
leadership and community participation. For example, the tourism infrastructure in Nepal’s
major tourism destinations such as Annapurna Conservation Area (trekking tourism),
Sagarmatha National Park (trekking tourism and mountaineering) and Chitwan National
Park (wildlife observation and bird watching) was established to cater to the growing
17

demand and needs of increasing number of tourists. Thus, it was a bottom up and
decentralized approach in the planning stage. Experience shows that government support is
inevitable for the development of such type of tourism especially in the creation of
infrastructure that is beyond the villagers’ capacity such as road construction, establishment
of telephone and/or communication system, electricity, view tower construction etc. that
needs technical knowhow and resources. However, small scale development works such as
drinking water supply, local trail improvements, community hall establishment, repair and
maintenances of village temples and Gompas can be done by villagers themselves from their
community fund and voluntary contribution of labour and local skills. The Sirubari
experience shows that the utmost importance for the success of such type of tourism is the
local peoples’ participation (from cost to benefit sharing and in all stages of development)
and a feeling of ownership of the project.
Tourism development has also been quite easy in Sirubari because it had already some sort
of tourism infrastructure before the initiation of tourism. Strong unity among villagers,
active youth club and mothers group were key local features. Key factors also included a
supply of drinking water, experience in community forest management and good walking
trails.
In 1985, the Kathmandu Research Centre carried out a detailed study on the prospects of
village tourism in Nepal. Positive suggestions from foreign visitors/tourists paved the way
forward to clarify this concept. After a long battle, the government of Nepal included a
village tourism programme in its tourism policy, 1995 (Upadhyay, 2005). Nepal
government’s 9th five year plan (1997-2002) and 10th five year plan (2002-2007) gave due
consideration to village tourism too and promised to establish 14 different village tourism
destinations in each geographical region within five years (Pradhananga, 1999). However,
unlike Sirubari, the other destinations have not achieved worldwide recognition and
attention and tourism development is slow.
2.2.2 Background of community based village tourism in Nepal
Nepal tourism Board has been working in Nepal since 1998. Time, the organization has
gradually developed enterprises in small number of sectors and has limited its geographical
coverage and its number of target groups. Today, NTB is focused on the Western and least
developed part of the country, where most people live in poverty and the development
potential is generally low.
Presently, the focus of NTB/ Nepal is on community-based natural resources management
(CBNRM) and more specifically, on the creation of an enabling environment for such center
that will support CBNRM activities undertaken by the local people in Sirubari. All NTB
resources are aimed at building the capacity of these organizations to deliver better service
to community-based tourism.
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• Community-based village tourism makes use of traditional knowledge systems, and
activities can be arrived at inline weight the ability of the target group to deliver.
• Community-based village tourism can be effective and substantial way of making
use of the available natural resources in Nepal.
• Community-based village tourism can result in clear and substantial economic
benefits on the basis of well-established and effective modes of implementation.
• Community-based village tourism encourages the community to claim access to land
and natural resources.
• Community-based village tourism encourages the community to partner with other
stakeholders, such as private sector, and this gives it the option to tap into more
resources (finances, skill, networks, etc.)
• The government of Nepal and other stakeholders as an effective approach towards
rural development recognizes community-based village tourism.
Encouraging community-based village tourism is an innovative way to the improvement
livelihoods of people in the remote and impoverished communities of Nepal. This approach
ensures a sustainable use of resources it is based upon (the culture and the natural
environment) and it reflects the interest of most stakeholders involved. But doesn't
encourage self-sustained development process, more specifically, the resources and to tap
their potential? These considerations will be the subject of the case studies that follows
below.
The first case of study was undertaken in Sirubari area connecting three districts, Kaski,
Syangja and Tanahu. It covers the village of mid-Western Nepal. NTB has worked showing
that a small community can learn to design its own development program on the basis of
using the available natural resources in the sustainable manner. Community-based tourism is
an important component of the selected strategy. In the field visit of Sirubari, the researcher
found exclusively new feelings and experience that even one can get from 24 kilometers far
from Pokhara.
2.1.6 Area of Study and Short Description of the Gurung Ethnic Peoples
Syangja district, a part of the Gandaki Zone lies in the western part of Nepal. It covers an
area of 1,164 square kilometers and lies at the height of about 1088 meters feet above the
sea level. It is connected by one of the oldest highway, the Siddhartha Highway named after
Gautam Buddha.It is the place of different ethnic groups. The major groups consists of
Brahmin, Kshetriya, Gurung,Magar and among others. Gurung and Magar are renowned
because of their involvement in British Army Gurkha and Military of India while Bharmin
19

and Chetri are famous for their involvement in the governmental jobs. It has all together 65
Village Development Committee (VDCs) (CBS, 2004).
2.1.7 Panchamul Sirubari- A model Village
Nepal is well known for its natural beauty, mighty Himalayas, diverse culture and cheerful
people. These qualities make Nepal a unique place giving high potentialities for the growth
of the tourism industry. Tourism is not a new phenomenon, however, making tourism a
dynamic sector of economy and accepting it as a vehicle of poverty reduction is certainly
relatively new and timely thinking.
The Government of Nepal, along with Nepalese travel trade sector and concerned
organizations/experts, decided on October 25, 2008 to launch a national tourism campaign
"Nepal Tourism Year 2011". This announcement reflects the government’s anticipation to
bring into Nepal at least one million international tourists by the year 2011, and the tourism
industry’s exigency to organize a tourism promotion campaign for a wider impact. With the
badge of adventure destination glittering and the adage “Atithi Devo Bhava” (Guests are
Gods). (Nepal tourism Board 2008).
Sirubari is the first village of the country declared a model village in 1997. Ever since this
village has come a long way with many developments. The village has successfully
preserved the traditional Gurung culture (one of the ethnic groups in Nepal), that can be
observed throughout the village. This renowned tourist destination is located in Panchamul
VDC, Syangja. It lies about 1700 meters above the sea level. It seems that Mother Nature
has bestowed all her heavenly glory upon this exotic village, where every creation of nature
is simply awe-inspiring. Sirubari is not only popular for its scenic beauty but also for the art,
culture and tradition. There are some places which have historical and religious importance.
In recent days, the village has also made a significant progress in the field of education and
health sector. Sirubari, in conjunction with the Nepal Truism Board, was awarded the PATA
Gold award in recognitions of its efforts to preserve the culture and heritage of Nepali total
life (Hotel Nepal 2011).
Village tourism is a recent innovation successfully demonstrated at Sirubari in Syangja a
half days distance from Pokhara, (one of the famous cities in Nepal). It is a three-hour walk
from the road-head just 30 kilometers from Pokhara. A management committee takes
responsibility for visitors, welcoming the guests according to their own culture,
accommodation, and sightseeing and guiding, no individual villager can take tourist to their
house without the committee’s permission. The houses are mostly built from local arterials
and are well constructed and comfortable. The village consists of 60 households of which
many are offering guest accommodation. It is a very neat and clean village; the
accommodation is simple but comfortable with good bedding, as well as clean toilet
facilities (Holiday Nepal 2011).
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Sirubari Village has its own unique style of accommodation, the prices are the same for all
the rooms and this includes meals as well. Sirubari Village does not offer any luxurious
room with or the deluxe room. Moreover, interestingly, the village does not have a single
star hotel or guest house like in many cities and town, they just offer the clean
accommodation in typical Nepali style. The villagers are well-trained so that they know
what to do with the filth. As a result of the concerted efforts, the entire village looks
extremely sparkling. However, every house member in Sirubari is well trained to receive the
guests with the right spirit. Staying with these families the guests feel more like at home.
Each and every house in this village is equipped with all basic facilities expected by the
foreign tourists. The tourists may not get a swimming pool in the village, but they can enjoy
the glory of natural spring water coming down from the Himalayas. This unique experience
does not only surprise the foreign guests, but also Nepalese visitors. Every evening is special
in Sirubari. As soon as evening falls and the moon rises out of the clouds, the village echoes
with the music of madal, khaijari and flutes. Some enthusiastic foreign guests can also be
seen moving their feet to popular folk music (Holiday Nepal 2011).
Meals of daily fresh food are eaten with the family, and each evening there is entertainment
provided by the community, which is usually Gurung dancing and singing. Village treks can
be undertaken while experiencing village and rural life. Accommodation is in individual
guestrooms with host families, or in between villages, in tents. During trekking meals are
provided by professional teams, and in the villages visitors can try a delicious, hygienically
prepared Nepali Daalbhaat consisting of locally produced rice, lentils and garden-fresh
organically grown vegetables. The guestrooms are simple, but clean, with latrines available
and a water tap close by. Separate bathrooms are not available for the tourist but during the
winter water is heated by the solar system (Holiday Nepal 2011).
The local people of Sirubari receive domestic and foreign guests with equal respect. This is
the reason why more and more domestic tourists are encouraged to visit this village. Sirubari
is without question one of the most attractive village in Nepal, where the visitors can enjoy
the cultural show. The tourists are overwhelmed by the friendly gesture shown by the village
people. Panche baja, a popular Nepali set of musical instruments, are also played to
welcome the guests. The village is neat, and clean very colorful and warm, while the people
are friendly, well-educated and enthusiastic about tourism. Sirubari is a compact farming
community village. For the adventurous, Nepal has been synonymous with trekking,
mountaineering expiations, jungle safari, and river rafting. For those seeking spirituality
there has always been the people and the culture. The overwhelming impression of the
village is one of the odder and classiness but with a warm and welcoming feel to it. Foot
trails though the villages are all stone paved. The villagers love for flowers is shown in an
all-year-around riot of colors (Mero Syangja 2011).
21

The climate is ideal at all times of the year with no snow ever falling in the village itself,
however the ideal time for visit is between September and June, but visitors can view the
magnificent Himalayas view just in front of the village. The village is on the southern slope
of the ridge that is why the village can enjoy the long sunny days. The villagers are not only
concerned about the local tourism development; they have also given adequate attention to
conserving the flora and fauna of their area. For this purpose, about 500 hectare land has
been brought under conservation. A forty-five-kilometer long wall has been constructed to
protect wild life, herbs and plants. As a result of the hard work, now this reserve forest has
already transformed into a dense jungle, where birds and wild animals live without any
difficulty. Hunting and cutting of trees is strictly prohibited (Mero Syangja 2011).
The Sirubari Village is contributing an especial effort for the nation’s development as the
village motivates and supports others to start something in local community instead of going
abroad as a worker. Today almost two millions youths of Nepal are working abroad mostly
in Gulf Countries to have their families’ daily livelihood, whilst the villages of this village
promotes the village as a tourism destination and makes money in the local community. The
village has been a model village within Nepal.
22

Figure 2.1 Current tourism management and operational modality in Sirubari
Source: Tourism development and management committee, sirubari
Table No. 2.1 Visitor's arrival in Sirubari 1998 to 2012
Year Domestic Arrival International Arrival Total
1998 436 152 588
1999 764 201 965
2000 1322 268 1590
2001 1521 287 1808
2002 1435 288 1723
2003 92 24 116
2004 172 67 239
2005 179 25 204
2006 69 37 106
2007 222 35 257
2008 769 65 834
2009 439 69 508
2010 524 33 557
2011 599 66 665
2012 612 102 714
Grand total 9155 1719 10874
Source: TDMC, Sirubari
23

2.3 Conceptual Framework
The study makes use of two conceptual frameworks, Sustainable Tourism Management and
Community-based Village Tourism Management (CBVTM), both of which are explained
below.
2.3.1 Sustainable tourism development
Sustainable tourism is ‘tourism that is developed and maintained in a manner, and at such a
scale, that it remains economically viable over an indefinite period and does not undermine
the physical and human environment that sustains and nurtures it’ (Harris et al, 2002,36).
The concept of sustainable development gained prominence in the 1980s with the
publication of ‘Our Common Future’, sometimes referred to as the Brundtland Report. The
concept is becoming widespread in the tourism literature as the tourism sector tends to cause
deterioration on the ‘natural and cultural environments’ (Mc Intosh et al, 1995, 375).
Hunter (1997, 850 as cited in Scheyvens, 2002) defines sustainable tourism as ‘a set of
principles, policy prescriptions, and management methods which chart a path for tourism
development such that a destination area’s environmental resource base (including natural,
built, and cultural features) is protected for future development’. The Secretariat for Eastern
African Coastal Area Management (SECAM) considers the sustainability of community-
based tourism to be based on three dimensions, the social, economic and environmental
dimensions (as cited in Leballo, 2000, 7).
The environmental dimension is important because the healthier the environment, the more
attractive the destination area becomes to tourists. The continued conservation of the
environment will also lead to the sustenance of the local community (especially ones which
rely on natural resources) and ensures the sustainability of the environment for future
generations. This is a very important dimension as according to Plog (1974), ‘tourism
contains the seeds of its own destruction, tourism can kill tourism, destroying the very
environmental attractions which visitors come to a location to experience’ (as cited in
Mbaiwa, 2003, 5).
Furthermore, the social dimension is important in community-based ventures in that if
communities are involved from an early stage of the venture, they develop a sense of
belonging and ownership and would therefore work more towards the sustainability of the
community based venture. Finally, the economic dimension should help bring about socio-
economic development in the community and benefits should flow to as many people as
possible within the community (Leballo, 2000, 8).
Sustainability in tourism therefore calls for a need to improve the locals’ standards of living
by meeting their needs through the use of natural resources, the equitable distribution of
costs and benefits, management and decision-making and the use of renewable natural
24

resources at par with renewable rates (Mbaiwa, 2003, 4). SEACAM (Secretariat for Eastern
African Coastal Area Management) defines sustainable tourism development as ‘a
development (process) that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their needs. In the broadest sense, it refers to the achievement
of a situation in which tourism development can continue in to the future without degrading
the natural resource base or creating adverse effects on society’ (as cited in Leballo, 2000,7).
Sindinga (1999) states that sustainability in tourism implies resource conservation which
supports the local community’s level of technology and lifestyle and also allows for sound
environmental management. This concept is also in line with the principles adopted by the
1992 Rio Earth Summit which calls for increasing the capacity of increasing incomes and
employment, creating institutions and empowering local people and using tourism to ‘fuel
economic growth, alleviate poverty and to facilitate the equitable distribution of resources
(Sindinga, 1999, 114).
According to Rozemeijer (2001) therefore, CBT projects are economically viable if revenue
generated exceed the costs, ecologically viable if the environment does not decrease in
value, promote sustainable development if there is equitable distribution of costs and
benefits among all participants in the activity, and are institutionally consolidated when they
are transparent and are recognized by all stakeholders, represent the interests of the
community and reflect true ownership. This is shown diagrammatically in the figure below.
25

Figure No. 2.2: Sustainable community based tourism
Source: Four Dimensions of Sustainable Community-Based Tourism (Rozemeijer, 2001, 15
and Mearns, 2003, 30)
According to Brohman (1996, 60 as cited in Scheyvens, 2002) ‘community-based tourism
development should seek to strengthen institutions designed to enhance local participation
and promote the economic, social and cultural well-being of the popular majority’.
In addition, ‘sustainable development presumes the well-being of individuals and
communities in a people-centered and conservation-based development (Gakahu, 1992, 117
as cited in Sindinga, 1999). This, it is believed is because local people know their ecology
and can therefore be in a position to use resources in more sustainable manner. For tourism
to be sustainable, it requires conservation (ibid). According to Mc Kercher (1993b, 14 as
cited in Harris et al, 2002) ‘for sustainable tourism to occur, it must be closely integrated
with all other activities that occur in the host region’.
26

2.3.2 Community based village tourism
Figure No. 2.3: conceptual framework of community based village tourism
It has been said that as a concept is connected with rural area, low population densities and
open space with small scale settlements, generally less than 10,000 inhabitants. In recent
development, the whole world has seen new challenges. Nature conservation is increasingly
regarded as an important asset. Across the rural region of the economically developed world
the issue of population decline, economic change and community regeneration are common.
Strong trend of industrialization and urbanization have steadily alerted the economic and
27

cultural position of rural society, which is continued in Nepal as well. In the last 40 years
after the advent of tourism in Nepal these trends have intensified. Agriculture incomes have
fallen in real terms and technological changes have reduced agricultural employment. The
graphical condition and the landlockness have so far restrained Nepal to have tourism as the
largest potential industry. Tourism is never ending and ever changing subject matter. Rural
tourism, village tourism, agricultural tourism or farm tourism, green tourism or alternatives
tourism or ecotourism, whatsoever we put, it is not a new phenomenon concept. Nepal as a
mountainous country, trekking is developing in rural areas. Tourists staying villages to relax
and enjoy the enchanting natural beauties and having a meal in virgin land with natural
environment. This could also be one form of rural tourism village tourism, agricultural
tourism, farm tourism, green tourism or alternative tourism. But what we are thinking of is
slightly different than given technology. However, the idea of this project is to participate
the local people and community from the very beginning with the aim of making the entire
village prosperous through tourism by paying due attention to other social aspects as well
(sustainable tourism). In this case the villagers will get direct benefit from the tourism
(village tourism) which will eventually help the sustenance development of tourism in the
country as a whole (rural tourism, agriculture tourism, farm tourism, greenery tourism,
alternative tourism).
28

CHAPTER-III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research design is case study type. Data, information and facts are used both primary
and secondary types. The primary data and information is taken by questionnaire and
interview method from local home stay provider, tourist visitors and related government and
private agencies or organizations. Sampling survey method is applied. Table graphs pictures
rate value of average, percentage, and mean and linear correlation, regression models and
statistically tests are used. Approaches of analysis are both quantitative and qualitative type.
3.1 Selection of the study area
The village of Sirubari lies in Ward Number 4 of Pachamul VDC of the district of Syangja
in the western hills of Nepal. The main village is located at an altitude of 1700 meters above
sea level. The Village lies on the southern slopes and is a five and a half hours trek from the
nearest road head of Arjun Chaupari. The landscape of Panchamul Sirubari is unique as the
topography varies from agricultural fields to steep land features. The height of the village
varies from 1250 to 2003 meters. The highest peak is “Thumera Hill” (2003m or 6509.75
ft.) and is also the highest hill in the Syangja district. Other important hillocks are Hile
Danda and Dahere Deurali. From these hill tops, visitors can see a panoramic view of Mt.
Annapurna. The trek to Sirubari is ideal for less experienced trekkers unwilling to go on
long treks. The best season for tourist to visit Sirubari is in the winter or before the rains. It
is compact farming community village. The climate is ideal at any time especially during
September to June with warms days and cold nights. Most of the houses in the village are
built from local materials which are environmental friendly and comfortable. Foot trails
through the village are all stone paved. Flowers are blossoming all year round. Village lies
on the southern slopes of the ridge (ibid, 2001).
3.2 Nature and types of study
This study is both descriptive and exploratory in nature. Adequate efforts have been made to
gather information from varies relevant sources and field.
3.3 Research design
The research design of the study is case types of tourism sector in Sirubari Village. To get
the reliable primary information required for the study. Questionnaires were prepared for
field survey.
29

3.4 Sources of data
This study is based on primary and secondary data and information. Primary information
collected from fieldwork. The tools of the data collection are questionnaires interview and
discussion are applied. The sources of primary information obtained by using structured
questionnaires with.
a) Home stay provider of sirubari village
b) Tourists visitors
Altogether, 25 Homestay owners and 40 tourists' visitors have been interviewed during the
field survey period August 2012 to February 2013. The respondents are done through
convenience sampling in the area. The respondents also selected to find pattern, main
purpose, destination and satisfaction level of visitors.
Furthermore additional information has been taken following source for secondary
information.
a) Homestay records
b) Local intellectuals
c) Tourism Board Office, Bhrikuti Mandop, Kathmandu and Pokhara
d) Sirubari Tourism development committee, sirubari
Other information are consulted from Ministry of Tourism, National annual statistical report
of Tourism department, National Planning Commission, Office of District Development
committee Shyangja, profiles of DDC and VDC, local journals and newspaper, library text,
local intellectuals and professionals.
3.5 Methods of primary data collection
The primary information is collected from Homestay provider and Tourists visitors in
sirubari Village. The required information also been collected through the used
questionnaires, interviews 25 homestay and 75 tourists responded is chosen during the
survey period. Convenience sampling is used for selection of respondents.
3.6 Data analysis and interpretation
Data and information obtained from the field have been thoroughly reviewed to avoid the
problems and ambiguities. Both quantitative and qualitative information are analytically
presented. The data are presented in table and figure. For analysis using simple statistical
tools such as average, percentage frequencies etc. simple correlation and regression models
30

are applied to calculate relative two variable data and fitting the trend line to predict relative
effect. Likewise, qualitative information's are presented in pre-used form in simple way.
Only relevant information are presented in the report to be more specific and consisted with
objectives of the study.
3.7 Limitation of the Methodology
The research design is case study type. Data, information, and facts used both are primary
and secondary. This study is conducted by generating primary data as well as secondary
data. In order to collect secondary information concerned people will consulted. Secondary
information will be taken from Nepal tourism Board, related documents from Ministry of
Tourism, Department of tourism, National planning Commission, for required information
and data. Various bulletins and booklets on tourism and media source like newspaper,
Radio, Internet were also consulted. Local tourist hotel owners, Hotel managers, local
journalists, intellectuals, Politicians were also consulted for that.
The primary data and information will take by questionnaire and interview method from
local tourist hotel, tourist visitors' .For primary data, Hotel owners of Sirubari village and
Tourists' visitors will be selected through convenience sampling for interview during the
survey. Almost data are analyzed and described in different chapter.
Data and information have analyzed mainly by descriptive method. Some aspects of this
thesis are used quantitative method by applying statistical tools; Rate value of average,
percentage, and mean and linear correlation, regression models and statically tests.
Approaches of analysis are both quantitative and qualitative types.
3.8 Sample size of study
The idea was to interview between 80 to 100 people including local villagers and tourist.
Therefore, the purpose behind selecting two groups was to select 100 respondents in total,
25 from community and 75 tourists. There were chances that all the samples might not be
available. Therefore, finally, 25 from local community side and 75 tourists were selected
randomly. Given the time limitation of the field-work and only 65 peoples out of 100
respondents were interviewed based on their availability.
31

Table No. 3.1 Sample size and respondent
S. n. Type of Respondent Sample size Respondent no.
1 Local people of sirubari 25 25
2 Tourist who visit sirubari 75 40
Total 100 65
Source: field survey 2012
3.9 Research Questions
Main research question
How far has the community based village tourism: A case study of sirubari village is to
develop their livelihoods? What is the outcome of the village tourism programmes?
Sub questions
1. What is the role of village tourism to promote the culture and Tradition local
community?
2. What is the impact of rural tourism on sirubari village?
3.10 Experiences during the field work
Reliable primary information could not obtain without field visits. In the field works creates
opportunity to feel live reality of concern sector. Field works is not a easy task. To get
required information properly needs to create a favorable situation, mood of spot and
respondent by researcher attitude and efficiency. Researcher should be succeeding to take
helps and support of respondent and concern stakeholders.
The researcher experienced both happiness and difficulties in the field visits. When
Researcher visit homestay owner with that purpose they were very positive and helpful.
They were eager to discuss about the sector and sincerely tried to provide available
information, experience and opinions. They help to motivate tourist respondent to fill up the
prepared questionnaire. Some visitors denied filling up that feeling fear ness. Questionnaires
form was filled by them. Some information was not cleared. Local people of village also
were helpful for that.
There are very difficulties not only to get primary information also secondary information.
When researcher reached to concern agency, there was not available expected information,
adequate and up-to-date data. Often they used to refer to another agency for but they were
also referred.
32

CHAPTER IV
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis
Data analysis shows the local peoples and tourists opinions about community based village
tourism, attraction of sirubari, about homestay concept, impact of tourism on sirubari, about
accommodation facilities etc. It also states employment activities and income generation by
village tourism. In order to achieve objective collected data are presented and analyzed in
this chapter.
4.2. Data presentation
The presentation and analysis of data is an important and a vital portion of a research. The
justification of any thesis is done on the basis of analysis and presentation of facts. In
addition, the valid conclusion and recommendation is drawn based on data analyzed and
interpreted by the researcher.
In this chapter, the data that has been collected from local peoples and tourists from sirubari
village with the quantitative research method. The results and findings have been presented
using tables and graphs.
4.3 Data analysis
The data has been presented and analyzed data through different bar diagrams and pie charts
and rational interpretations have been given to find out the actual impact of tourism on local
community toward the village and the views stated by the tourist about the community based
village tourism, facilities provided by villagers, about homestay concept etc. The researcher
had tried to include as many detail as possible to find out the rational of the study and tried
to make it as informative as possible.
33

Table No. 4.1 Data Distribution
Sn. Type of Respondent Sample size Correspondence
No.
Respondent
No.
Percent NA
1 Local peoples of
sirubari
25 25 25 100% 0
2 Tourists who visit
sirubari
75 75 40 53.33% 35
Total 100 100 65 65% 35
In the Table No 4.1 the total sample size of this case study was 100, 25 from locals of
sirubari village and 75 tourists who visited sirubari. but only 65 people responded the study
questionnaires,25 from local people of sirubari village out of 25 and only 40 tourist
responded out of 75 and 35 tourists have not respondent.
Figure No. 4.1 Data Distribution
25 25
75
40
Sample size Respondent No.
Data Distribution
Local peoples of sirubari Tourists who visit sirubari
Figure No. 4.1 shows group wise respondent out of 100 only 65 respondents were responded
the questannarai. 25 covered from local people of sirubari and 40 from tourists who visit the
village.
34

4.4 Analysis of data obtained from the local people of sirubari
Here is the data that is presented in the form of tables and graphs. After the research all the
results that were collected are presented here. Every question listed here is about community
based village tourism management which gives the idea about the importance of tourism,
community and working environment in the field of travel and tourism.
4.4.1 Main occupation of local peoples in the sirubari village
Table No. 4.2 shows the involvements of local's are in different occupations. Out of 25
respondents 18 villagers are involved in tourism related business,4 are engaged in farming, 2
are the job holder and only one villagers involved in other business.
Table No. 4.2 Main occupation of local peoples
Sn. Main occupations of local peoples No. of Respondents Percent
1 Tourism business 18 72%
2 Farmer 4 16%
3 Job holder 2 8%
4 Other business 1 4%
Total 25 100%
4.4.2 Motivational factors of local peoples of sirubari to involve in tourism business
Table No. 4.3 shows that the motivational factor that makes villagers to involve in the
tourism related business and activities. Out of 25 respondent 12 peoples motivational factor
are the tourism business is high respected business, 8 people involve in this business because
it is more income generating business, 2 people influenced by someone to choose this
business and 3 people says other factors to choose this business.
35

Table No. 4.3 motivational factors to involve in tourism business
Sn. Motivational factors No. of Respondents Percent
1 High respected business 12 48%
2 More income 8 32%
3 Influenced by someone 2 8%
4 Other factors 3 12%
Total 25 100%
4.4.3 Characteristic of sirubari village most liked by tourist
Table No. 4.4 show the characteristic of sirubari village most liked by tourist. Out of 25
villagers respondent 7 people says historical settlements, 4 peoples opinion is local
handicrafts, 9 peoples thinks that the gurungs hospitality and 5 people says that it’s a natural
beauty.
Table No. 4.4 characteristic of sirubari village liked by tourist
Sn. Characteristic of sirubari village liked by tourist No. of Respondents Percent
1 Historical settlements 7 28%
2 Local handicrafts 4 16%
3 Gurungs hospitality 9 36%
4 Natural beauty 5 20%
Total 25 100%
4.4.4 Capacity of accommodation at locals home
The villagers were asked to indicate about the accommodation capacity at their homes and
they replied as Table No. 4.5 shows. Out of 25 respondent 6 people can accommodate in
their home 2 to 5 peoples at once, 13 peoples can manage in their homes 5 to 10 pax at once
as like same 5 people says that he can manage 10 to 15 peoples accommodations facilities
and only one people can accommodate in their homes above 15 people at once.
36

Table No. 4.5 Accommodation capacity at locals home
Sn. Accommodation capacity at locals home No. of Respondents Percent
1 2 to 5 6 24%
2 5 to 10 13 52%
3 10 to 15 5 20%
4 Above 15 1 4%
Total 25 100%
4.4.5 Appropriate role of local community in tourism development
Table No. 4.6 shows the appropriate roles of villagers or local community in tourism
development and out of 25 respondent 12 people plays as a role of entrepreneur in
community based tourism development, 5 plays the role of worker at all levels, 2 peoples as
a policy maker and 6 as a decision maker for tourism development.
Table No. 4.6 Role of local community in tourism development
Sn. Role of local community in tourism development No. of Respondents Percent
1 Role as entrepreneur 12 48%
2 Role as worker at all level 5 20%
3 Role as policy maker 2 8%
4 Role as decision maker 6 24%
Total 25 100%
37

Community Based Village Tourism in Nepal: Case Study of sirubari

Community Based Village Tourism in Nepal: Case Study of sirubari

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