This document discusses different types of transmission media used in communications systems. It focuses on guided media, including twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. For twisted pair cables, it describes unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP), their types and applications. It also discusses coaxial cables, their types according to RG ratings, advantages of enhanced bandwidth and noise immunity, and disadvantages of limited connections. The document provides details on fiber optic cables in subsequent chapters.
#Data communication #transmission medias
Here is a presentation about transmission medias used in Data communication.
for such more presentation kindly visit my profile and youtube channel TECHISEASY
Transmission Media, Guided and unguided transmission mediaadnanqayum
Transmission Media and its types, Guided and unguided transmission media with examples (guided = (i) Twisted pair cable (ii) Coaxial cable (iii) Fiber optical cable, unguided = (i) Radio wave (ii) Microwave (iii) Infra-red wave)
#Data communication #transmission medias
Here is a presentation about transmission medias used in Data communication.
for such more presentation kindly visit my profile and youtube channel TECHISEASY
Transmission Media, Guided and unguided transmission mediaadnanqayum
Transmission Media and its types, Guided and unguided transmission media with examples (guided = (i) Twisted pair cable (ii) Coaxial cable (iii) Fiber optical cable, unguided = (i) Radio wave (ii) Microwave (iii) Infra-red wave)
2.a. Wired Media Type and ExplinationTwisted-Pair CableTwiste.pdfaquazac
2.
a. Wired Media Type and Explination:
Twisted-Pair Cable
Twisted-pair cable is a type of cabling that is used for telephone communications and most
modern Ethernet networks. A pair of wires forms a circuit that can transmit data. The pairs are
twisted to provide protection against crosstalk, the noise generated by adjacent pairs. When
electrical current flows through a wire, it creates a small, circular magnetic field around the wire.
When two wires in an electrical circuit are placed close together, their magnetic fields are the
exact opposite of each other. Thus, the two magnetic fields cancel each other out. They also
cancel out any outside magnetic fields. Twisting the wires can enhance this cancellation effect.
Using cancellation together with twisting the wires, cable designers can effectively provide self-
shielding for wire pairs within the network media.
Two basic types of twisted-pair cable exist: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted
pair (STP). The following sections discuss UTP and STP cable in more detail.
UTP Cable
UTP cable is a medium that is composed of pairs of wires . UTP cable is used in a variety of
networks. Each of the eight individual copper wires in UTP cable \\is covered by an insulating
material. In addition, the wires in each pair are twisted around each other.
UTP cable relies solely on the cancellation effect produced by the twisted wire pairs to limit
signal degradation caused by electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency
interference (RFI). To further reduce crosstalk between the pairs in UTP cable, the number of
twists in the wire pairs varies. UTP cable must follow precise specifications governing how
many twists or braids are permitted per meter (3.28 feet) of cable.
UTP cable often is installed using a Registered Jack 45 (RJ-45) connector The RJ-45 is an eight-
wire connector used commonly to connect computers onto a local-area network (LAN),
especially Ethernets.
When used as a networking medium, UTP cable has four pairs of either 22- or 24-gauge copper
wire. UTP used as a networking medium has an impedance of 100 ohms; this differentiates it
from other types of twisted-pair wiring such as that used for telephone wiring, which has
impedance of 600 ohms.
UTP cable offers many advantages. Because UTP has an external diameter of approximately
0.43 cm (0.17 inches), its small size can be advantageous during installation. Because it has such
a small external diameter, UTP does not fill up wiring ducts as rapidly as other types of cable.
This can be an extremely important factor to consider, particularly when installing a network in
an older building. UTP cable is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of
networking media. In fact, UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling. And
because UTP can be used with most of the major networking architectures, it continues to grow
in popularity.
Disadvantages also are involved in using twisted-pair cabling, howe.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2.a. Wired Media Type and ExplinationTwisted-Pair CableTwiste.pdfaquazac
2.
a. Wired Media Type and Explination:
Twisted-Pair Cable
Twisted-pair cable is a type of cabling that is used for telephone communications and most
modern Ethernet networks. A pair of wires forms a circuit that can transmit data. The pairs are
twisted to provide protection against crosstalk, the noise generated by adjacent pairs. When
electrical current flows through a wire, it creates a small, circular magnetic field around the wire.
When two wires in an electrical circuit are placed close together, their magnetic fields are the
exact opposite of each other. Thus, the two magnetic fields cancel each other out. They also
cancel out any outside magnetic fields. Twisting the wires can enhance this cancellation effect.
Using cancellation together with twisting the wires, cable designers can effectively provide self-
shielding for wire pairs within the network media.
Two basic types of twisted-pair cable exist: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted
pair (STP). The following sections discuss UTP and STP cable in more detail.
UTP Cable
UTP cable is a medium that is composed of pairs of wires . UTP cable is used in a variety of
networks. Each of the eight individual copper wires in UTP cable \\is covered by an insulating
material. In addition, the wires in each pair are twisted around each other.
UTP cable relies solely on the cancellation effect produced by the twisted wire pairs to limit
signal degradation caused by electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency
interference (RFI). To further reduce crosstalk between the pairs in UTP cable, the number of
twists in the wire pairs varies. UTP cable must follow precise specifications governing how
many twists or braids are permitted per meter (3.28 feet) of cable.
UTP cable often is installed using a Registered Jack 45 (RJ-45) connector The RJ-45 is an eight-
wire connector used commonly to connect computers onto a local-area network (LAN),
especially Ethernets.
When used as a networking medium, UTP cable has four pairs of either 22- or 24-gauge copper
wire. UTP used as a networking medium has an impedance of 100 ohms; this differentiates it
from other types of twisted-pair wiring such as that used for telephone wiring, which has
impedance of 600 ohms.
UTP cable offers many advantages. Because UTP has an external diameter of approximately
0.43 cm (0.17 inches), its small size can be advantageous during installation. Because it has such
a small external diameter, UTP does not fill up wiring ducts as rapidly as other types of cable.
This can be an extremely important factor to consider, particularly when installing a network in
an older building. UTP cable is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of
networking media. In fact, UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling. And
because UTP can be used with most of the major networking architectures, it continues to grow
in popularity.
Disadvantages also are involved in using twisted-pair cabling, howe.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
5. Transmission media
5/19
• Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver.
• Different types of cables or waves are used to transmit data.
• Normally, data is transmitted through electrical or electromagnetic signals.
8. Guided media
8/19
• Guided media can be defined as, the media that provides a channel
from one device to another through cables.
• Types of guided media utilized in communication
1. Twisted – Pair Cables.
2. Coaxial Cables.
3. Fiber – Optic Cables.
9. Twisted Pair cables
9/19
• A twisted pair consists of two conductors, basically copper based, with its own plastic
insulation, twisted together.
• It provide protection against cross talk or interference (noise).
• One of the wires is used to carry signals to the receiver, and the second wire used as a
ground reference.
Advantages
1. Cheap
2. Easy to work
Disadvantages
1. Low data rate
2. Short range
Application
Very common medium that can be use in
1. Telephone network
2. Local Area Networks (LAN)
10. Twisted Pair cables types
10/19
• There are two types for twisted paid cables
1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
2. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP).
11. Unshielded Twisted Pair (uTP)
11/19
Description
• Pair of unshielded wires twisted around each other.
Application
• Telephone Networks.
• Local Area Networks (LAN).
UTP Cable Types
UTP are categorized according to the IEEE standards to:
• Cat 1.
• Cat 2.
• Cat 3.
• Cat 4.
• Cat 5.
• Cat 5e.
• Cat 6.
• Cat 7.
Advantages of UTP
• Affordable
• Most compatible cabling for
Major networking system
Disadvantages of UTP
• Suffers from external
Electromagnetic interference
15. shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
15/19
Description
• Pair of unshielded wires wound around each other inside a protective foil wrap, that
is used to reduce the interference.
Application
• Higher transmission rates over longer distance.
STP Cable Types
STP are categorized according to the Telecommunications Industry
Association (TIA) and Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) standards to:
• IBM Type 1.
• IBM Type 1A.
• IBM Type 2A.
• IBM Type 6A.
Advantages of STP
• More resistance to EMI, i.e. Shielded
• Faster than UTP
Disadvantages of STP
• More expensive than UTP
16. Coaxial cables
16/19
Description
• Co-axial cable carries signal of higher frequency ranges than twisted pair cables.
• The inner conductor is a solid wire, while, the outer conductor
serves as a shield against noise.
Application
• TV broadcasting.
• Short distance computer networks.
• Long distance telephone transmission.
• Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously.
Coaxial Cable Types
Coaxial cables are categorized by Radio Government (RG) ratings:
Advantages of Coaxial cables:
• Enhanced resistance to EMI due to its
better shielding especially compared to
twisted pair cables.
• Hight bandwidth (i.e. up to 1GHz).
• Enhanced noise immunity.
• Cheap installation.
Disadvantages of Coaxial cables:
• Limited number of connections.
• Cable terminals and connectors must be
done properly.
• More expensive when compared to
twisted pairs.
17. Coaxial cables connectors
17/19
• Coaxial connectors are required to connect coaxial cable to other devices.
1. BNC Connector
• Used at the end of the cable to a device, e.g. TV set connection.
2. BNC-T connector
• Used at Ethernet networks to branch out connection to computer or other devices.
3. BNC terminator
• Used at the end of the cable to prevent the reflection of the signal.
