Transmission media are used to carry data signals from the sender to the receiver. There are two main types - guided and unguided media. Guided media include twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables which use wires or fibers to transmit signals. Unguided media uses wireless transmission through radio waves, microwaves or infrared without a physical medium. Each media has advantages and disadvantages for different applications based on data rate, distance, bandwidth, and cost. Common transmission impairments that degrade signals include attenuation, distortion, and noise.
My 4 Semester Networking Presentation,
Guided Media along with its types
Twisted pair
-Shield Twisted Pair
-Unshield Twisted Pair
Coaxial Cable
Fibre Optics
-SIngle Mode
-Multi Mode
-Graded Mode
Unguided Media along with its types
Radio Waves
Micro Waves
Infrared.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
My 4 Semester Networking Presentation,
Guided Media along with its types
Twisted pair
-Shield Twisted Pair
-Unshield Twisted Pair
Coaxial Cable
Fibre Optics
-SIngle Mode
-Multi Mode
-Graded Mode
Unguided Media along with its types
Radio Waves
Micro Waves
Infrared.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
5. What is Tranmission Media ?
5
I
n data communication,
• Transmission media isa pathway that carries the
information from sender to receiver.
• We use different types of cables or waves to
transmit data.
• Data is transmitted normally through electrical or
electromagnetic signals.
6. Description
• Transmission media are located below the physical
layer
• Computers use signals to represent data.
• Signals are transmitted in form of electromagnetic
energy.
6
8. Twisted-pair cable
Atwisted pair consists of two conductors
Basically copper based
With its own plastic insulation, twisted together.
8
9. Twisted Pair Description
• Provide protection against cross talk or
interference(noise)
• One wire use to carry signals to the receiver
• Second wire used as a ground reference
• For twisting, after receiving the signal remains same.
• T
herefore number of twistsper unit length, determines
the quality of cable.
9
11. Twisted Pair - Applications
• Very common medium
• Can be use in telephone network
• Connection Within the buildings
• For local area networks (LAN)
11
17. UTP connector and Tools
RJ45 (RJ stands for registered jack) is a keyed connector, it
means that it can be inserted in only one way
Crimper Tool
17
18. Advantages of UTP:
Affordable
Most compatible cabling
Major networking system
Disadvantages of UTP:
• Suffers from external Electromagnetic interference
18
19. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
• Pair of wires wound
around each other
placed inside a
protective foil wrap
• Metal braid orsheath
foil that reduces
interference
• Harder to handle
(thick, heavy)
19
20. STP Application
• STP is used in IBM token ring networks.
• Higher transmission rates over longer distances.
20
21. Advantages of STP:
Shielded
Faster than UT
P
Disadvantages of STP:
More expensive than UT
P
High attenuation rate
21
22. Co-axial cable carries signal of higher frequency ranges than twisted
pair cable
Co-axial Cable
• Inner conductor isa solid wire
• Outer conductor serves as a shield against noise and a second
conductor
22
23. Categories of coaxial cables
Coaxial cables are categorized by Radio Government (RG) ratings,
RG is De Jure standards
23
24. Coaxial Cable Connectors
24
BNC Connectors –Bayone Neil Concelman
To connect coaxial cable to devices we need coaxial connectors
BNC Connector is used at the end of the cable to a device
Example: TV set conenction
BNC T connector used to Ethernet networks to branch out
connection to computer or other devices
BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to prevent the
reflection of the signal
25. Coaxial Cable Applications
• Most versatile medium
• T
elevision distribution
• Long distance telephone transmission
• Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
• Short distance computer systems links
• Local area networks
25
26. ADVANTAGES
Easy to wire
Easy to expand
Moderate level of Electro Magnetic Interference
DISADVANTAGE
Single cable failure can take down an entire network
Cost of installation of a coaxial cable is high due to its
thicknessand stiffness
Cost of maintenance isalso high
COAXIAL CABLE
26
27. Fiber-Optic Cable
Afiber optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmit signals in
the form of light.
Nature of light:
Light travels in a straight line
If light goes from one substance to another then the ray of light changes
direction
Ray of light changes direction when goes from more dense to a less dence
substance
27
28. Bending of light ray
• Angle of Incidence (I): the angle the ray makeswith the line
perpendicular to the interface between the two substances
• Critical Angle:the angle of incidence which providesan
angle of refraction of 90-degrees.
28
29. Optical fiber
• Uses reflection to guide
light through a channel
• Core isof glassor
plastic surrounded by
Cladding
• Cladding isof less
dense glassor plastic
An optical fiber cable has a cylindrical shape
and consists of three concentric sections:
the core, the cladding, and the jacket(outer
part of the cable).
Jacket
29
31. Fiber –Optic cable Connectors
31
Subscriber Channel (SC) Connecter
Straight-Tip (ST) Connecter
Same szie as RJ45 connector
32. Areas of Application
Telecommunications
Local Area Networks
Cable T
V
CCTV
Medical Education
32
33. Optical Fiber Advantages
Greater capacity
Example: Data rates at 100 Gbps
Smaller size & light weight
Lower attenuation
Electromagnetic isolation
More resistance to corrosive materials
Greater repeater spacing facility
Example: After every 10sof km at least
33
34. Optical Fiber Disadvantages
• I
nstallation and maintenance need expertise
• Only Unidirectional light propagation
• Much more expensive
34
37. Transmission Impairment
• The Imperfection in transmission media causes
signal impairment
• What issent isnot what isreceived
due to impairment
• T
hree causes of impairement are
1)Attenuation,
2)Distortion
3)Noise
ATTENUATION
DISTORTION
NOISE
37
38. • Attenuation means a loss of energy.
• Distortion means that the signal changes its form or
shape.
• Noise isanother cause of impairement.
• Several types of noise
Example:thermal noise, induced noise, crosstalk
Transmission Impairment
38
39. Unguided Media:Wireless Transmission
3 kHz
39
300GHz 400THz 900THz
Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a
physical conductor it is known as wireless communication.
Signals broadcast through free space and available to capable receiver
Electro magnetic spectrum for wireless communication:
Radio wave & Micro wave Infrared
40. Propagation methods
Unguided signals travels from the source to destination in
several ways it is known as propagation.
They are three types:
Ground propagation
Sky propagation
Line-of-Sight Propagation
40
41. Ground propagation:
Radio waves travel through the
lowest portion of the
atmosphere
T
ouching the earth.
Sky propagation:
Radio waves radiate to the
ionosphere then they are
reflected back to earth.
Line-of-Sight Propagation:
Instraight lines directly from
antenna to antenna.
41
42. Bands using propagation method
Band Range Propagation Application
VLF 3–30 KHz Ground Long-range radio navigation
LF 30–300 KHz Ground
Radio beacons and
navigational locators
MF 300 KHz–3 MHz Sky AM radio
HF 3–30 MHz Sky
Citizens band (CB),
ship/aircraft communication
VHF 30–300 MHz
Sky and
line-of-sight
VHF TV,
FM radio
UHF 300 MHz–3 GHz Line-of-sight
UHF TV, cellular phones,
paging, satellite
SHF 3–30 GHz Line-of-sight Satellite communication
EHF 30–300 GHz Line-of-sight Long-range radio navigation
42
44. Omnidirectional Antenna
Frequencies between 3
KHz and 1 GHz.
Used for
multicasts(multiple way)
communications, such as
radio and television, and
paging system.
Radio waves can
penetrate buildings easily,
so that widely use for
indoors& outdoors
communication.
Unguided Media – Radio Waves
44
45. An Antenna is a structure that is generally a metallic object may be a
wire or group of wires, used to convert high frequency current into
electromagnetic waves.
Antenna are two types:
• Transmission antenna
Transmit radio frequency from transmitter
Radio frequency then
Convert to electromagnetic energy by antenna
Then, radiate into surrounding environment
• Reception antenna
Electromagnetic energy get in antenna
Then Antenna convert radio frequency to electrical energy
Then, Goes to receiver
same antenna can be used for both purposes
Antennas
45
46. Microwaves are ideal when large areas need to be covered
and there are no obstacles in the path
Microwaves
46
47. Micro waves Transmission
• Microwaves are unidirectional
• Micro waves electromagnetic waves having frequency between
1 GHZ and 300 GHZ.
• There are two types of micro waves data communication system
:terrestrial and satellite
• Micro waves are widely used for one to one communication
between sender and receiver,
example: cellular phone, satellite networks and in wireless
LANs(wifi), WiMAX,GPS
47
48. Infrared
Frequencies between 300 GHz to 400 THz.
Used for short-range communication
Example: Night Vision Camera,Remote control,
File sharing between two phones,
Communication between a PC and peripheral
device,
48
49. Data communication and Networking,
fourth edition
By : BEHROUZA FOROUZAN
And various relevant websites
References
49