This document discusses how pathogens are transmitted from humans to humans through direct contact, droplets from coughing/sneezing, or ingestion of contaminated food/water. It then provides more details on the transmission and symptoms of specific diseases like measles, influenza, and whooping cough. Measles spreads through respiratory secretions and causes a rash. Influenza spreads through sneezing/coughing and causes fever and body aches. Whooping cough is caused by bacteria in the respiratory tract and is preventable by vaccination.

2. THE WAYS PATHOGENS
ARE TRANSMITTED
•A. From Humans To Humans.
•B. From Animals To Humans.
•C. From Objects To Humans.

3. METHODS WHICH COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES SPREAD FROM PERSONS
TO PERSON
• 1. contact –spread by direct bodily contact
• spread through towels and combs
• 2. droplet –causative organisms(fungi, bacteria, virus)
expelled from infected persons by coughing, sneezing , or
breathing
• 3. ingestion –causative organisms transmitted via food and
water.
• 4. inoculation –if causative organisms is injected into human
body by an insect.

4. MEASLES
• Affected by infants and children
• Caused by measles virus
• Nasal and respiratory secretions are portal for exit of virus
• Incubation period is between one to two weeks
• Symptoms are sudden fever accompanied by sneezing, nasal,
discharge, cough, redness of eyes.
• After 3 to 4 days fine spots will appear on mucus membrane of
mouth and typical measles rashes appear allover the body
• Prevented by measles vaccine.
• Sufficient age- 9 to 12 months.

5. INFLUENZA
• Viral infection
• Germs are spread by sneezing, coughing, droplets and
infected discharge from mouth and nose
• Feels feverish, headache, shivering and perspiration.
• Temperature- 1040c to 1050c
• Isolate the patient and keep his utensils separate
• Do not send the child to school at least for 3 weeks in severe
cases.

6. WHOOPING COUGH
• Caused by a bacteria called coccobacillus
• Bacteria present in the upper respiratory
secretions
• Preventable by vaccination at proper age
• DPT is the most commonly used vaccine called as
Diphtheria
• The person should be isolated
• Child’s towels, utensils, bed etc. should be
segregated from the family.