Swine flu and bird flu: Mode of transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment

2. Bird flu
• also called avian influenza, is a viral infection
that infect birds.
• H5N1 is the most common form of bird flu.
• It’s deadly to birds and can easily affect
humans and other animals that come in
contact with a carrier.
• range of responses from almost no signs of
the disease to very high mortality.
• The incubation period ( 3 to 7 days).

3. Mode of transmission
• Direct or indirect contact with infected live or
dead poultry.
• No evidence – cooked food.
• No human to human transmission.
• But mutation – human to human transmission.
• Host :
Usually chickens, ducks, and turkeys.
• Environmental :
Usually winter, Overcrowding.

5. Symptoms
• High grade fever >38 deg. C
• Cough/sore throat
• Diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, chest
pain and bleeding from nose and gum.
 Complications :
1. Hypoxemia
2. Multiple organ dysfunction
3. Secondary bacterial and fungal infections

7. Diagnosis
• Nasopharyngeal aspirate/wash
• Nasopharyngeal / oropharyngeal /throat swab
• Paired serum
• Immuno fluorescent assay (IFA)
• Viral culture
• RT-PCR

8. Management
• General and supportive treatment
• Hospitalize and isolate
• Monitor vital signs
• Maintain ABC
• Maintain hydration, electrolyte and nutrition
• Oxygen
• Fever - Paracetamol

9. Treatment
• Oseltamivir – 75mg BD for 5 days
• After discharge – infection control
precautions – 7 days
• For children less than 12 years –
21 days

10. Chemoprophylaxis
• Neuraminidase inhibitors :
A. Oseltamivir
B. Amantadine derivatives
C. Amantadine and Rimantadine
• Above 1 year :
A. 5 mg/kg/ day (max 150 mg) in two divided
doses – up to 9 years
B. Above that 100 mg bd daily 5- 8 weeks

11. Prevention and control
• Early detection and management
• Containment of transmission
• Decrease social disruption and economic loss
 What if human to human transmission occurs???
Social distancing – closure of schools and other
institutions – avoid social gathering
If large geographical area involved – restriction of
travel and trading

12. Prevention and control
 What if a human case suspected???
Samples – with in 72 hours of illness – within 24
hours to laboratory
Chemoprophylaxis
 What if human case is confirmed???
Isolation of case in a designated hospital
Chemoprophylaxis for contacts and health care
workers
Strict infection control policies in Hospital

13. Recommendations
• Cover the nose/mouth when coughing or
sneezing
• Perform hand hygiene if contact respiratory
secretions and contaminated objects
• Put on a surgical mask
• Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
• Use tissue paper to contain respiratory
secretions and dispose in the waste receptacle

14. Swine flu
• Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by
Type A influenza viruses that infect the
respiratory tract of pigs.
• The H1N1 is said to be a new strain of virus
that is mostly a combination of human
influenza, swine and avian.

15. Mode of transmission
• H1N1 virus can generally be spread through
airborne of droplet transmission.
• A person with swine flu can be contagious
when he coughs, sneezes, or produce droplets
that may land on another person’s open
surfaces, such as the eyes, nose, or mouth.
• Improper handling and cooking of pork
products from swine infested with the H1N1
virus can also be a way to get the illness.

17. Symptoms
• The symptoms of swine flu in people are
similar to the symptoms of regular human flu.
• fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, runny
nose, headache, chills and fatigue.
• Diarrhea and vomiting, but more manifested
by children.
• Rare cases, progression to pneumonia and
respiratory failure, leading to death.

19. Risk factors
• Average age increasing Median age 12 – 17 for illness.
• Risk factors contributing to:
• Serious case :
1. Cardiovascular
2. Respiratory
3. Diabetes
4. Cancer
• Severe case :
1. Asthma and other respiratory disease
2. Obesity
3. Pregnancy

20. Diagnosis
• To swine influenza A infection, a respiratory
specimen would generally need to be
collected within the first 4 to 5 days of illness.
• However, some persons, especially children,
may shed virus for 10 days or longer.
• Identification as a swine flu influenza A.
• virus requires sending the specimen to a
hospital laboratory for testing.

21. Prevention
• Follow precautions for seasonal influenza to
control spread of disease.
• Vaccine approved by US FDA.
• Priority for vaccination is :
1. Health care workers / pediatric care givers
2. Pregnant women
3. Schools (staff and students)
4. Under age 65 with risk factors

22. Prevention
• Wash hands regularly.
• Avoid contact with infected person.
• Always use a face mask
• Keep yourself isolated from people with
possible symptoms of flu.
• Avoid visiting places with higher possibility of
transmission.

24. Treatment
• oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) or
• zanamivir (Relenza®) for the treatment
and/or prevention of swine flu infection.
• Ayurvedic treatments : Septilin.
• Some vaccines available like Squalene
(Side effects: Autism)

25. Treatment
• Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines (pills,
liquid or an inhaler) that fight against the flu by
keeping flu viruses from reproducing in your
body.
• If you get sick, antiviral drugs can make your
illness milder and make you feel better faster.
They may also prevent serious flu complications.
• For treatment, antiviral drugs work best if
started soon after getting sick (within 2 days of
symptoms).

26. Made By:
Omar Hesham Abd Elaziz