This document provides information on common health problems in elderly individuals, including constipation, urinary incontinence, skin issues, sleep problems, and dementia. It discusses the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for each condition. Constipation is defined as infrequent or difficult bowel movements and can be caused by low fiber intake, medications, or underlying diseases. Urinary incontinence affects at least 10% of those over 65 and has causes such as infection, weak bladder muscles, or neurological disorders. Skin changes with age including dryness, age spots, and reduced healing ability. Sleep problems are also common in the elderly due to medical issues or lifestyle factors. Dementia is assessed based on cognitive, functional, behavioral, and physical
Urinary Incontinence: Types, Causes & Prevention By Unique WellnessUnique Wellness
Adult Incontinence is a problem that affects millions of people around the world, and those that are affected by it are spending thousands a year to help manage their conditions. Incontinence can be divided into various parts and Urinary incontinence is one such part affecting men and women. In order to help you in understanding what is Urinary incontinence, what are the types and causes and is there any way to prevent this condition, We have created this video which will tell you everything about Urinary incontinence. Hope you enjoy and like this. For more information on incontinence problems, visit http://wellnessbriefs.com/
Get the best homeopathy medicines for painful bleeding, non-bleeding, external and internal piles,Fissure & Fistula which can avoid surgery and gives a permanent cure to piles.Visit Multicare Homeopathy
Visit:https://www.multicarehomeopathy.com/diseases/6-best-homeopathic-medicines-for-piles-which-can-avoid-surgery
GERD, diarrhea and colorectal cancer are examples of gastrointestinal diseases. When examined, some diseases show nothing wrong with the GI tract, but there are still symptoms. Other diseases have symptoms, and there are also visible irregularities in the GI tract. Most gastrointestinal diseases can be prevented and/or treated.
Global Medical Cures™ | What I Need To Know About BOWEL CONTROL
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Urinary Incontinence: Types, Causes & Prevention By Unique WellnessUnique Wellness
Adult Incontinence is a problem that affects millions of people around the world, and those that are affected by it are spending thousands a year to help manage their conditions. Incontinence can be divided into various parts and Urinary incontinence is one such part affecting men and women. In order to help you in understanding what is Urinary incontinence, what are the types and causes and is there any way to prevent this condition, We have created this video which will tell you everything about Urinary incontinence. Hope you enjoy and like this. For more information on incontinence problems, visit http://wellnessbriefs.com/
Get the best homeopathy medicines for painful bleeding, non-bleeding, external and internal piles,Fissure & Fistula which can avoid surgery and gives a permanent cure to piles.Visit Multicare Homeopathy
Visit:https://www.multicarehomeopathy.com/diseases/6-best-homeopathic-medicines-for-piles-which-can-avoid-surgery
GERD, diarrhea and colorectal cancer are examples of gastrointestinal diseases. When examined, some diseases show nothing wrong with the GI tract, but there are still symptoms. Other diseases have symptoms, and there are also visible irregularities in the GI tract. Most gastrointestinal diseases can be prevented and/or treated.
Global Medical Cures™ | What I Need To Know About BOWEL CONTROL
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Diagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - Incontinence – Urology SurgeryP Nagpal
Urinary Incontinence Surgery, Urinary Incontinence Surgery India, Urinary Incontinence Surgery Cost In India Info On Cost Urinary Incontinence Surgery Center Mumbai Delhi Bangalore India, Urinary Incontinence Surgery Doctors Hospitals India, Urinary Incontinence Surgeon India
For better results, wear Flamingo Premium Varicose Vein Stockings. Its four ways stretched advantage provides comfort and control compression to legs. Compression of varicose vein slows down the progression of varicose vein and their reoccurrence. It gives great relief to tired aching, heavy, tingling and burning numb legs, ankles and feet. Overlock design prevents impression on skin.
10 harmful effects of diabetes on the bodyMedylife
This PDF Describes some of the many Harmful Effects which Diabetes has on the Body.It is therefore very Essential to do whatever one can to ensure a Healthy Life
Piles, also known as hemorrhoids, are swollen veins and muscle around your anus or in your anal canal. Your anal canal is a short, muscular tube with blood vessels that connects your rectum (back passage) with your anus. Piles can develop when this tissue becomes swollen, possibly as a result of straining on the toilet. Sometimes, piles can be painful and bleed if they become damaged.
Piles are also common during and after pregnancy. They may develop due to changes in the hormones (chemicals) in your body and the increased pressure in your abdomen (tummy), although doctors aren't sure. They usually get better once your baby is born.
6 Best homeopathic medicines for painful bleeding, non bleeding, external and internal piles which can avoid surgery and gives a permanent cure to piles.
Edema may be a normal and very treatable symptom for many individuals. But, if it is a persistent problem that seems to be worsening and it is not relieved by...
Get the best homeopathy medicines for painful bleeding, non-bleeding, external and internal piles which can avoid surgery and gives a permanent cure to piles.Visit Multicare Homeopathy
Know more: https://www.multicarehomeopathy.com/diseases/6-best-homeopathic-medicines-for-piles-which-can-avoid-surgery
http://curegoutpainnow.com
Ankle gout involves that part of the body swelling up and becoming very painful. It typically will affect the ankle joint bones, tendons and ligaments and that makes it very hard to walk
Global Medical Cures™ | AGING- Concerned about CONSTIPATION ?
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Diagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - Incontinence – Urology SurgeryP Nagpal
Urinary Incontinence Surgery, Urinary Incontinence Surgery India, Urinary Incontinence Surgery Cost In India Info On Cost Urinary Incontinence Surgery Center Mumbai Delhi Bangalore India, Urinary Incontinence Surgery Doctors Hospitals India, Urinary Incontinence Surgeon India
For better results, wear Flamingo Premium Varicose Vein Stockings. Its four ways stretched advantage provides comfort and control compression to legs. Compression of varicose vein slows down the progression of varicose vein and their reoccurrence. It gives great relief to tired aching, heavy, tingling and burning numb legs, ankles and feet. Overlock design prevents impression on skin.
10 harmful effects of diabetes on the bodyMedylife
This PDF Describes some of the many Harmful Effects which Diabetes has on the Body.It is therefore very Essential to do whatever one can to ensure a Healthy Life
Piles, also known as hemorrhoids, are swollen veins and muscle around your anus or in your anal canal. Your anal canal is a short, muscular tube with blood vessels that connects your rectum (back passage) with your anus. Piles can develop when this tissue becomes swollen, possibly as a result of straining on the toilet. Sometimes, piles can be painful and bleed if they become damaged.
Piles are also common during and after pregnancy. They may develop due to changes in the hormones (chemicals) in your body and the increased pressure in your abdomen (tummy), although doctors aren't sure. They usually get better once your baby is born.
6 Best homeopathic medicines for painful bleeding, non bleeding, external and internal piles which can avoid surgery and gives a permanent cure to piles.
Edema may be a normal and very treatable symptom for many individuals. But, if it is a persistent problem that seems to be worsening and it is not relieved by...
Get the best homeopathy medicines for painful bleeding, non-bleeding, external and internal piles which can avoid surgery and gives a permanent cure to piles.Visit Multicare Homeopathy
Know more: https://www.multicarehomeopathy.com/diseases/6-best-homeopathic-medicines-for-piles-which-can-avoid-surgery
http://curegoutpainnow.com
Ankle gout involves that part of the body swelling up and becoming very painful. It typically will affect the ankle joint bones, tendons and ligaments and that makes it very hard to walk
Global Medical Cures™ | AGING- Concerned about CONSTIPATION ?
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Similar to Common health problems in elderly.pptx (20)
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
2. CONSTIPATION
Is defined as having infrequent bowel movements or
having hard, dry stools that are difficult and painful to
pass.
Sometimes however, the problem may develop into fecal
impaction, a severe form of constipation in which a large
mass of stool cannot be passed. When this happens, you
need to inform the physician to have the stool removed
manually or by a mild enema.
The frequency of bowel movement in healthy people can
vary 3xa day to 3x a week.
Constipation can cause people to strain when having a
bowel movement.
This straining can lead to complication HEMORRHOIDS
(swollen and painful veins around the anus and lower
rectum) and FISSURES (small tear in the lining of the
anus that cause pain, bleeding and itching).
3. CAUSES OF CONSTIPATION
Not eating enough fiber, not drinking enough fluids
and not exercising regularly.
Certain medication and vitamins can cause stools
to become hardened and difficult to pass. (antacids,
calcium channel blockers, calcium supplements,
analgesic, and anti histamine)
Readily ignoring the urge to have a bowel
movement
Disorders and diseases like thyroid problem,
colorectal cancer, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease
and depression.
4. SYMPTOMS OF CONSTIPATION
Straining to move bowels
Dry or hard stools, bloating of the abdomen
(belly).
Pain or bleeding from the rectum during or after
a bowel movement.
Feeling that the bowel movement wasn’t
enough.
5. TREATMENT
Eat more fiber foods such as whole grain bread and
fresh fruits and vegetables.
Drink plenty of water at least 8 glasses of water a
day.
Request for laxatives to be given to the patient.
If the patient develops fecal impaction, doctors would
recommend an enema.
Get moving. Exercise helps stimulate activity of the
bowel.
Never resist to urge to have a bowel movement.
6. LAXATIVE HABIT A BREAK
Most people who are constipated do not need laxatives.
In fact, laxatives are one of the leasing cause of
constipation. Here’s why: If you use laxatives regularly,
your body may become dependent on them. You will need
to take increasing amounts of the laxative to keep from
becoming constipated.
Experts recommend taking laxatives as a last resort after
all the self- efforts have failed.
They should be taken only under the supervision of a
physician.
7. FOOT COMPLAINTS
Our feet change, as we grow older
Our toenails get thicker and more brittle
Our skin become drier
The pads that cushion the bottom of our feet
become thinner and less protective
As we age we tend to put more weight, which adds
extra stress to the bones and ligaments of our feet
Our feet tends to spread although we often
continue to cram them into some old shoe size
Foot ailments come in different forms. Some are
inherited, but most are a result of years of neglect
or abuse.
8. BUNIONS
An enlargement at the joint of the big or
small toe.
Swelling
Redness
Pain at the joint of the big and small toe
Cause: Some people get bunion because
of the years of wearing tight poorly fitting
shoes. Heredity, however is the main
reason people get bunions. People with low
arches (flat feet) are more likely to develop
the problem. Bunions have also been linked
to arthritis in older people.
9. HAMMERTOE
A toe, usually the second toe bends up
permanently at the middle of the joint.
HEEL PAIN
Pain either below or behind the heel of the foot.
INGROWN TOENAIL
Pain and redness around the toenail, especially
on the big toe
10. CORNS AND CALLUSES
Corns
are smaller than calluses and have a hard
center surrounded by inflamed skin. Corns tend
to develop on parts of your feet that don't bear
weight, such as the tops and sides of your toes
and even between your toes. They can also be
found in weight-bearing areas. Corns can be
painful when pressed.
Calluses
are rarely painful. They usually develop on the
soles of your feet, especially under the heels or
balls, on your palms, or on your knees. Calluses
vary in size and shape and are often larger than
corns.
11. COMMON CONDITIONS OF ELDERLY
FOOT
Neuropathy
Reduced flexibility
Foot sores
Gouging toenails
Shoes that don’t fit properly
Pressure sores
Loss of circulation in legs & feet
Edema & swelling of feet and ankles
12. PROPER FOOT AND NAIL CARE
Check the Color and Temperature of the foot
Examine the Sole of the foot
Proper trimming or cutting of toe nails
Proper Sock and Shoes
Application of Moisturizing Lotion
Proper foot exercise
Proper Diet
Check the foot sensation
13. SLEEP PROBLEMS
Sleep problems are very common, particularly
among older people. As we age we tend to
sleep more lightly and for a shorter period of
time. But we still need to get a good night sleep.
Not getting enough sleep can leave us feeling
tired and irritable during the day. Judgement
and reaction time are also lessened making us
more prone to accidents.
Sleep problems often begin during the middle
age. Experts estimate that half of all people
over 65 have frequent sleep problems may be a
normal part of aging. Often, however, sleep
problems are the result of other Or medications
used to treat these illnesses. Most sleep
disorders can be treated.
14. INSOMNIA
Difficulty falling or staying sleep
It is the most common sleep complaint.
SYMPTOMS
Difficulty falling asleep
Difficulty staying asleep
Early walking
Daytime sleepiness
16. TIPS FOR GETTING A GOOD NIGHT
SLEEP
Get up about the same time every day
Go to bed when you are sleepy
Establish a relaxing pre sleep ritual such as a warm
bath, a light bedtime snack, or 10 minutes of reading.
Maintain a regular schedule . Regular time of eating
meals, taking medications, doing chores and
performing other activities that help the inner clock run
smoothly.
Don’t eat or drink anything containing caffeine within 6
hours before bedtime. Don’t drink alcohol several
hours of bedtime or when you are sleepy. Tiredness
can intensify the effect of alcohol.
Avoid smoking close to bedtime.
If client takes naps, try to do so at the same time
every day.
Avoid sleeping pills, or use them conservatively.
Never drink alcohol when taking sleeping pills.
17. URINARY INCONTINENCE
Incontinence is loss of bladder control or
involuntary leakage of urine. It can happen to
people at any age but is very common
among older people. At least 1 in 10 people
over the age of 65 have some type of urinary
incontinence. Women are more affected than
men are.
Incontinence can range from mild to
leakage of urine to severe and uncontrollable
wetting. It can sometimes lead to bladder and
UTI. The leakage can also cause skin
rashes. Despite its rather mild symptoms,
urinary incontinence is considered a major
health problem because it can lead to
disability and dependence. This is particularly
true among older people.
Fortunately, most cases of urinary
incontinence are curable, or at least treatable
18. CAUSES OF URINARY INCONTINENCE
Infection
Constipation
Weak or overactive bladder muscles
Nerve damage
Large fibroid or ovarian tumor
Decline in estrogen that occurs after menopause
Enlargement of the prostate gland
Diabetes
Stroke
Parkinson’s Disease
Multiple sclerosis
Alzheimer’s Disease
19. TREATMENT AND CARE
Bladder training, to delay urination after you get the urge to go. You may start by trying to hold off
for 10 minutes every time you feel an urge to urinate. The goal is to lengthen the time between
trips to the toilet until you're urinating only every 2.5 to 3.5 hours.
Double voiding, to help you learn to empty your bladder more completely to avoid overflow
incontinence. Double voiding means urinating, then waiting a few minutes and trying again.
Scheduled toilet trips, to urinate every two to four hours rather than waiting for the need to go.
Fluid and diet management, to regain control of your bladder. You may need to cut back on or
avoid alcohol, caffeine or acidic foods. Reducing liquid consumption, losing weight or increasing
physical activity also can ease the problem.
20. Kegels exercise
Medications (anticholinergic and Alpha blockers)
Electrical stimulation(Electrodes are temporarily inserted into your rectum or vagina to
stimulate and strengthen pelvic floor muscles).
Medical Insert (Urethral inserts and pessary)
Surgery
Absorbent Pads
Catheterization
21. SKIN CONCERNS
Our skin changes with age. It becomes less flexible,
thinner, drier and more wrinkled. Spots and growths may
appear. Older skin also takes longer to heal. Many of
these changes are natural and unavoidable. Some
however, can cause pain or discomfort. A few such skin
cancer pose a serious health problem and require
immediate medical attention.
AGE SPOTS
A medical name for these small, flat, brown spots. Many
people call them “liver spots” although they have nothing
to do the liver. They usually occur in the face, back,
hands and feet. Almost everyone over the age of 55 have
them.
CAUSE AND TREATMENT
Age spots, are caused by the sun. They develop over
many years and are a sign of sun damage. Age spots are
harmless and do not need to be treated. If client dislike
their appearances it can be lightened or removed.
22. DRY SKIN
Dry skin is a common problem for older
adults, especially those who live in cool dry, windy
climates. In fact about 85% of older people develop
“winter itch” a condition caused by dry, overheated
indoor air. Because dry skin can be easily irritated, it
often itches. Severe itching can make client anxious
and interfere with their sleep. Repeated scratching can
also lead to infections.
CAUSE
The skin become drier as we age because it
loses some of its sweat and oil glands. Other factors
can also contribute to the problem. These include
overusing soaps, antiperspirants, and perfumes or
bathing in overheated water.
TREATMENT
Using a moisturizer after bathing while the skin is still
damp can help relieve dry skin.
Moisturizers containing petroleum and lanolin are
particularly effective.
23. Bathe less often and using a milder soap or a
soap substitute
Use warm water rather than hot water
If in a dry climate, use a humidifier to keep the
air inside moist
Drink plenty of water
24. COMMON DISEASES IN ELDERLY
DEMENTIA
Is a clinical syndrome of cognitive deficit that
involves both memory impairments and a
disturbance in at least one other area of
cognition such as aphasia, agnosia, and
disturbance in executive functioning.
The most common forms of progressive
dementia are Alzheimer’s disease (AD),
vascular dementia, and dementia with Lewy
bodies; the pathophysiology for each is poorly
understood.
25. RISK FACTORS
Advanced age
Mild cognitive impairment
Cardiovascular disease
Genetics(family history of dementia,
Parkinson’s disease, stroke, presence of Apo
E4 allele on chromosome 19)
Environment (head injury and alcohol abuse)
26. PARAMETERS OF ASSESSMENT
No formal recommendation for cognitive screening are indicated in asymptomatic
individuals. Clinicians are advised to be alert for cognitive and functional decline in older
adults to detect dementia and dementia like presentation in early stages. Assessment
domains include cognitive, functional, behavioral, physical, caregiver and or environment.
Cognitive Parameters
1. Orientation: person, place, time
2. Memory: ability to register, retain, recall information
3. Attention: ability to attend and concentrate on stimuli
4. Thinking: ability to organize and communicate ideas
5. Language: ability to receive and express a message
6. Praxis: ability to direct and coordinate movements
7. Executive function: ability to abstract, plan, sequence, and use feedback to
guide performance
27. B. Functional Assessment
Test that assess functional limitations such as the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ)
can detect dementia. They are also useful in monitoring the progression of functional decline.
The severity of disease progression in dementia can be demonstrated by performance
decline in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) tasks
and is closely correlated with mental-status scores.
C. Behavioral Assessment
Assess and monitor for behavioral changes; in particular, the presence of agitation,
aggression, anxiety, disinhibitions, delusions, and hallucinations.
Evaluate for depression because it commonly coexist in individuals with dementia. The
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a good screening tool.
28. D. Physical Assessment
A comprehensive physical examination with a focus on the neurological and cardiovascular
system is indicated in individuals with dementia to identify the potential cause and/or
existence of a reversible form of cognitive impairment.
A thorough evaluation of all prescribed, over-the-counter, homeopathic, herbal, and
nutritional products taken is done to determine the potential impact on cognitive status.
Laboratory test are valuable in differentiating irreversible forms of dementia. Structural
neuroimaging with non contrast computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) scans are appropriate in the routine initial evaluation of patient with dementia.
29. E. Caregiver/Environment
The caregiver of the patient with dementia often has as many needs as the patient with
dementia; therefore, a detailed assessment of the caregiver and the caregiving environment
is essential.
Elicit the caregiver perspective of patient function and the level of support provided.
Evaluate the impact that the patient’s cognitive impairment and problem behavior have on
the caregiver (mastery, satisfaction, and burden). Two useful tools include the Zarit Burden
Interview (ZBI) and the Caregiver Strain Index (CSI) tool.
Evaluate the caregiver experience and patient-caregiver relationship.
30. NURSING CARE STRATEGIES OF
INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA
Monitor the effectiveness and potential side effects of medications given to improve
cognitive function or delay cognitive decline.
Provide appropriate cognitive enhancement techniques and social engagement.
Ensure adequate rest, sleep, fluid, nutrition, elimination, pain control, and comfort
measures.
Avoid the use of physical and pharmacological restraints.
Maximize functional capacity: maintain mobility and encourage independence as long
as possible; provide graded assistance as needed with ADL and IADL; provide
scheduled toileting and prompted voiding to reduce urinary incontinence; encourage an
exercise routine that expands energy and promote fatigue at bedtime; establish bedtime
routine and rituals.
31. F. Address behavioral issues
identify environmental triggers, medical condition, caregiver-patient conflict that may be
causing the behavior; define the target symptom (i.e., agitation, aggression, wandering) and
pharmacological (psychotropics) and nonpharmacological (manage affect, limit stimuli, respect
space, distract, redirect) approaches, provide reassurance; and refer to appropriate mental
health care professionals as indicated.
G. Ensure a therapeutic and safe environment
provide an environment that is modestly stimulating, avoiding overstimulation that can cause
agitation and increase confusion, and under stimulation that can cause sensory deprivation
and withdrawal. Utilize patient identifiers (name tags), medic alert systems and bracelets,
locks, and wander guard. Eliminate any environmental hazards and modify the environment to
enhance safety.
32. H. Encourage and support advance care planning
Explain trajectory of progressive dementia, treatment options, and advance directives.
I . Provide appropriate end-of-life care in terminal phase
Provide comfort measures including adequate pain management; weigh the benefits/risks of
the use of aggressive treatment (e.g., tube feeding, antibiotic therapy).
J. Provide caregiver education and support
Respect family system/dynamics and avoid making judgements; encourage open dialogue,
emphasize the patient’s residual strengths; provide access to experienced professionals; and
teach caregivers the skills of caregiving.
33. STAGES OF DEMENTIA
1. Early stage dementia
- caregiver focus is encouraging the patient to remain independent and do their tasks.
2. Mid stage dementia
- is often most stressful for caregivers because the patients are still mobile and may
harm themselves. They get disoriented and confused and agitated.
3. Late stage dementia
- the patient is dependent for all activities.
34. PARKINSON’S DISEASE
A chronic neurological condition that develops
slowly over many years.
• Currently incurable, but good symptomatic
therapies are available.
• More than 1 million Americans live with PD,
60,000 new cases each year.
• More than 10 million people with PD worldwide.
• Reported that number of people with PD will
double by year 2040.
35. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Classic Motor Symptoms
Tremor of the limbs when at rest
Slow movement (bradykinesia)
Muscular stiffness (rigidity)
Change in walking and balance
36. NON MOTOR SYMPTOMS OF PARKINSON’S
DISEASE
Loss of smell
Fatigue, excessive daytime sleepiness
Apathy
Depression/ Anxiety
Problems with memory, concentration
Acting out dreams while asleep
Lightheadedness when standing
Constipation
Urinary frequency or urgency
Oily skin and dandruff
37. DIAGNOSIS
No specific blood or imaging test
available to diagnose PD.
Diagnosis based on medical history, a
neurological examination and response
to dopamine- based medications.
Sometimes blood test, brain MRI or DAT
scan may be performed to rule out other
conditions that have similar symptoms
38. Less than 10% of cases of Parkinson’s
disease are directly inherited (due to
specific gene mutations).
Directly inherited genes -
Alphasynuclein, Parkin and LRRK2
genes
In most inherited cases, there is a
strong
family history (more than one family
member) and most start at a young
age
(under age 40).
39. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND PD
1. Head Injury- repeated or associated with altered consciousness
2. Heavy Metals Exposure-higher incidence of PD in welders
3. Chronic amphetamine use Solvents
4. Long term- pesticide/herbicide exposure
40. TREATMENT
MOTOR SYMPTOMS
Levodopa
Dopamine
NON-MOTOR SYMPTOMS
Mood Disorder- Anti depressant/Benzodiazepines
Impaired Thinking and Dementia- Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Sleep Disorders- Melatonin and Anti- depressant drugs
• Establishing regular bedtimes and rising times
• Reducing caffeine and alcohol intake
• Limiting daytime naps
• Avoiding food and drink within several hours of bedtime
41. Orthostatic Hypotension
•Change positions slowly, particularly when rising from a seated to
standing position. Pause for several seconds between each move.
Walking with an assisted device (cane or walker) may also be helpful.
•Increase fluids, salt and caffeine in the diet.
•Wear support stockings and elevate legs periodically during the day.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Domperidone (Motilium)-Nausea and Vomiting Treatment
Constipation
• Drink plenty of water and fluids.
• Regular exercise
• Consume lots of dietary fiber in the form of fruits, fruit juices,
vegetables and cereals.
• Use appropriate fiber additives
42. Drooling (Sialorrhea)
Anticholinergic medicine
Botulinum toxin injections
Urinary Symptoms
Anti cholinergic drugs
Sexual Dysfunction
Seborrheic Dermatitis and Excessive Sweating
Pain
anti-inflammatories, muscle relaxants, gabapentin, tricyclic
Antidepressants