1. GOUT-NURAINI ENSIU (PHY001171010)
ALZHEIMER DISEASE-UMI HABIBAH
SUAIB (PHY001121010)

2.  Gout, a disease long known through history
as "The Disease of Kings" or the "Rich
Man's disease", is a severely painful
condition caused from too much uric
acid (monosodium urate) in the body.

4. 1-Gout happens when the excess uric acid in the
blood crystallizes into needle-like shapes within
the synovial fluid.
2-The immune system tries to purge the foreign
objects when they sensing that the uric acid
crystals do not belong in the synovial fluids.

6. 3-The immune system attacking the uric acid
causes swelling to occur.
4-As this swelling worsens, painful arthritis
develops within the afflicted joint. This arthritis
causes almost unbearable pain.

7. Stage 1 ( Asymptomatic )
 During the first stage,the patients develop
hyperuricemia ( urate levels rise but do not
produce symptoms )..
Hyperuricemia---> abnormally high amount
of uric acid in the blood stream.

8. Stage 2 (acute)
 During this stage, patient experiences
painful swelling and tenderness. Symptom
usually lead the patient to seek medical
attention.

9. Stage 3 ( intercitical )
 The third stage, the intercritical stage may
last for months to years. The patient may be
asymptomatic or experience exacerbations.

10. Stage 4 ( chronic )
 Chronic stage is gout is charaterized by
tophi, large masses of urates within the
subarticular bone or surrounding soft
tissues. Less commonly, tophi form in the
internal organs.Tophi deposists precipate
joint erosion and tendon rupture

15.  A tendency towards gout can be hereditary.
 I t can begin as a result of joint
injury, surgery, chemotherapy or even
losing weight rapidly on a crash diet.
 However, the main causes are fatty red
meats, certain seafood and all alcohol.

16.  Severe pain in the joints.
 Itchy and peeling skin later.
 Redness and inflammation.
 Red/purplish skin.
 Fever .
 Less flexibility .
 Nodules.

17. SELF CARE AT HOME
 Take medications as prescribed.
 While a joint is hot and swollen, you may want to use a
cane or similar support to keep your weight off that
joint.
 It may be helpful to keep the swollen joint elevated
above your chest as much as possible.
 Ice packs can be helpful in relieving pain and reducing
inflammation.

18.  Maintaining adequate hydration is key for
minimizing the frequency and intensity of
attacks.
 Cherry juice may decrease the intensity and
severity of attacks.

20. Stretching and flexibility Exercises
Aim:
 Reduce stiffness.
 Increase circulation.
 To help strengthen the muscle.
Example:Performing simple stretches, such as
knee bends, helps relieve tension in the joints
and reduce inflammation.Yoga.Taichi.

21. Endurance Program
Aim:
 Improve blood circulation, heart function and
relieve symptoms of gout.
 Because gout often attacks your feet, it's
important to engage in low-impact exercises
that won't put any additional strain on your
lower extremities. Physical therapy will include
a swimming or stationary cycling program.

22.  Use medications that help you excrete uric
acid (a class of drugs known as uricosuric
agents)
 Use medications that help you decrease the
production of urate (e.g., Allopurinol)
 Lose weight slowly. (Fast weight loss tends
to cause further attacks.)

23.  Diet Changes. This means avoiding increasing
fluid intake and avoiding:
 Alcohol (especially red wine and beer)
 Meats, poultry, fish and seafood.
 Fatty foods
 Certain vegetables--
asparagus, cauliflower, beans, peas, mushrooms and
spinach
 Protect the joint from further trauma by wearing
loose shoes, and avoiding occupations that are
hard on the feet.
 Follow up regularly with your physician. After their
first attack, patients should be seen every couple
months for a year and then every 6 months.

25. o Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that causes
problems with memory, thinking and
behavior. Symptoms usually develop slowly
and get worse over time, becoming severe
enough to interfere with daily tasks.
o AD begins slowly
o AD usually begins after age 60

26. o The cause of Alzheimer’s disease is
unknown, but there are factors are thought to
contribute:
 Viral factor such as slow-growing CNS viruses
 Trauma
 Genetic factors

27.  Memory loss that disrupts daily life
 Confusion with time or place
 Trouble understanding visual image and
spatial relationship
 New problem with word in speaking or
writing
 Withdrawal from work or social activity
 Difficulty having a conversation
 Difficulty manage a budget

28.  Stage 1
No impairment (normal function)
 Stage 2
Very mild cognitive decline (may be normal
age-related changes or earliest signs of
Alzheimer's disease)

29.  Stage 3
Mild cognitive decline (early-stage
Alzheimer's can be diagnosed in some, but
not all, individuals with these symptoms)
 Stage 4
Moderate cognitive decline
(Mild or early-stage Alzheimer's disease)

30.  Stage 5
Moderately severe cognitive decline
(Moderate or mid-stage Alzheimer's disease)
 Stage 6
Severe cognitive decline
(Moderately severe or mid-stage Alzheimer's
disease)
 Stage 7
Very severe cognitive decline
(Severe or late-stage Alzheimer's disease)

31.  Age
 Family history
 Sex
 Gender
 Genetic

32.  Eating a well-balanced and healthy diet
 Avoiding smoking and excess alcohol
 Maintaining your weight
 Keeping your cholesterol and blood pressure
levels in check
 Exercising regularly
 Getting regular sleep
 Maintaining a social network
 Stimulating your brain by doing the
crossword, taking dance lessons, or learning a new
language
 Protecting your brain by wearing a helmet when
you bike

33.  Balance exercise
 Strengthening exercise
 Stretching exercise
 Endurance exercise

34.  Medication
-aricept,cognex,exelon,rezadyne