Colonization and Conflict Look at the following images. Treat them as a visual puzzle. What story do they connect? Spend sometime thinking about the connection and then proceed to the rest of the presentation. Religious and Imperial Transformations The Protestant Reformation influenced the ideas of people that would travel to North America: What were Martin Luther’s critiques? Explore what these three terms mean: Protestantism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism. What was the Catholic Counter-Reformation? I. Religious and Imperial Transformations A. The Protestant Reformation 1. Martin Luther’s critiques—Arguing that faith led to salvation, Luther launched a critique of the Catholic Church, whose leaders had embraced indulgent materialism as a path to salvation. Luther’s philosophies gained the attention of a wide audience. 2. Protestantism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism—Luther’s followers became known as Protestants; his teachings appealed to literate middle-class Europeans. John Calvin created his own version of Protestantism based on the theory of predestination, or the notion that God had determined salvation at the beginning of time and that humans could not control their destinies. Anglicanism, or the Church of England, was established in the 1530s by King Henry VIII when the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. 3. Catholic Counter-Reformation—In an effort to stamp out the growth of Protestantism, the Catholic Church, along with governments in Spain and France, sought to reform the corrupt practices bishops and priests engaged in and founded seminaries to generate new confidence in the church. 4. Impact of religious turmoil—Europeans of both Catholic and Protestant faiths encouraged the spread of their beliefs across the Atlantic, and struggles at home sent religious minorities seeking religious freedom in North America. Conflicts in Europe generated growth in the Americas. As the Reformation took shape, Spain established centers of control and trade in North America As Reformation gets going in Europe…Spanish lay claims to North America. Notice hubs of trade and main routes of exploration. Spain’s Global Empire Declines What was Spain’s religious mission in the Americas? What violence was perpetuated against the Pueblo groups in late 16th early 17th centuries? What was the Pueblo resistance? I. Religious and Imperial Transformations B. Spain’s Global Empire Declines 1. Spain’s religious mission in the Americas—After 1573 the Spanish authorities determined that missionaries would have charge of new settlements, and Franciscan priests established missions north of Mexico in Pueblo villages. Some Pueblos converted, but they often retained elements of their traditional belief systems. 2. Violence against the Pueblos—In their effort to promote conversions to Catholicism, Spaniards forced the Pueblos to adopt European ways. In 1598 Juan de Oñate and his men slaughtered and raped members of Pueblo .

1. Colonization and Conflict
Look at the following images. Treat them as a visual puzzle.
What story do they connect? Spend sometime thinking about the
connection and then proceed to the rest of the presentation.
Religious and Imperial Transformations
The Protestant Reformation influenced the ideas of people that
would travel to North America:
What were Martin Luther’s critiques?
Explore what these three terms mean: Protestantism, Calvinism,
and Anglicanism.
What was the Catholic Counter-Reformation?
I. Religious and Imperial Transformations
A. The Protestant Reformation
1. Martin Luther’s critiques—Arguing that faith led to
salvation, Luther launched a critique of the Catholic Church,
whose leaders had embraced indulgent materialism as a path to
salvation. Luther’s philosophies gained the attention of a wide
audience.

2. 2. Protestantism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism—Luther’s
followers became known as Protestants; his teachings appealed
to literate middle-class Europeans. John Calvin created his own
version of Protestantism based on the theory of predestination,
or the notion that God had determined salvation at the
beginning of time and that humans could not control their
destinies. Anglicanism, or the Church of England, was
established in the 1530s by King Henry VIII when the pope
refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
3. Catholic Counter-Reformation—In an effort to stamp out the
growth of Protestantism, the Catholic Church, along with
governments in Spain and France, sought to reform the corrupt
practices bishops and priests engaged in and founded seminaries
to generate new confidence in the church.
4. Impact of religious turmoil—Europeans of both Catholic and
Protestant faiths encouraged the spread of their beliefs across
the Atlantic, and struggles at home sent religious minorities
seeking religious freedom in North America. Conflicts in
Europe generated growth in the Americas.
As the Reformation took shape, Spain established centers of
control and trade in North America
As Reformation gets going in Europe…Spanish lay claims to
North America.
Notice hubs of trade and main routes of exploration.
Spain’s Global Empire Declines
What was Spain’s religious mission in the Americas?
What violence was perpetuated against the Pueblo groups in late
16th early 17th centuries?

3. What was the Pueblo resistance?
I. Religious and Imperial Transformations
B. Spain’s Global Empire Declines
1. Spain’s religious mission in the Americas—After 1573 the
Spanish authorities determined that missionaries would have
charge of new settlements, and Franciscan priests established
missions north of Mexico in Pueblo villages. Some Pueblos
converted, but they often retained elements of their traditional
belief systems.
2. Violence against the Pueblos—In their effort to promote
conversions to Catholicism, Spaniards forced the Pueblos to
adopt European ways. In 1598 Juan de Oñate and his men
slaughtered and raped members of Pueblo communities who
resisted the Spaniards’ mission to establish a trading post.
Spaniards feared retaliation and abandoned the region.
3. Pueblo resistance—Pueblos tended to acquiesce to Spanish
control and acknowledged that coexisting with the Spanish
could provide some protection against Apache and Navajo raids.
When the benefits of allying with the Spanish seemed to wear
off, the Pueblos resisted and limiting that resistance prevented
the Spanish from expanding their empire.
France Enters the Race for Empire
What effects did the defeat of Spain’s King Philip II have in
North America?
French policies and settlements to colonization were different:
They sought collaboration with Indian groups
A French-Indian cultural exchange was developed around trade
The French move west very quickly through trade networks

4. I. Religious and Imperial Transformations
C. France Enters the Race for Empire
1. Effects of King Philip II’s defeat—The English and the Dutch
stopped a Spanish attempt to invade England and sought to
ensure that many nations had access to North America. When
King Philip II was defeated in Spain, the French took advantage
of an opportunity to gain a foothold in North America.
2. French policies and settlements—In an effort to establish a
fervent trade network, the French approach to colonization was
different than that of the Spanish. The French collaborated with
Native Americans and built relationships that facilitated trade.
3. French-Indian cultural exchange—French and Indian traders
did not solely trade goods; they also influenced one another’s
culture. French traders adopted Indian cultural patterns that
were beneficial to trade, including the use of canoes, an
embrace of women’s contributions to trade relationships, and
the acquisition of skills in native languages. Indians embraced
the use of European tools. Intermarriage was often a part of
this pattern.
4. The French move west—As the French sought to expand their
trade network, relations with Native Americans grew more
complicated. On leaving Montreal, they left the Huron open to
attack from the Iroquois, creating tensions in relations among
the French and various Indian groups.
The Dutch Expand into North America
What were the Netherlands’ economic goals?
By 1609, Dutch established settlements in North America
What were Dutch-Indian relations like?
I. Religious and Imperial Transformations

5. D. The Dutch Expand into North America
1. The Netherlands’ economic goals—The first Dutch colony in
North America, New Amsterdam, grew out of the Dutch East
India Company, an effort to control trade routes around the
world. The Dutch expanded their influence in Europe by
serving as a key center for trade.
2. Dutch settlements in North America—The Dutch set up trade
in present-day New York in 1609 and expanded trade routes to
Fort Orange, near Albany, New York. New Amsterdam, the
Dutch settlement on Manhattan Island, became the center of the
Dutch West Indies Company and drew settlers from a variety of
trades and backgrounds.
3. Dutch-Indian relations—The Dutch and the Algonquian
Indians in Manhattan were routinely at odds. Spurts of violence
and conflict grew increasingly intense and by 1643 Governor
William Kieft attacked and killed eighty Native Americans.
The conflict continued until the Algonquians were rendered
powerless. Meanwhile, the Dutch relied on Mohawk and
Iroquois trading networks.
English Establish Jamestown
What was the Virginia Company?
What relations developed between the English and American
Indian groups around Jamestown?
What occurred during the winter of 1609–1610?
Tobacco Fuels Growth:
What effects did tobacco cultivation have?
Initial English local governance:
House of Burgesses (1619)
English common law
What English-American Indian hostilities developed?

6. The English Seek an Empire
II. The English Seek an Empire
A. The English Establish Jamestown
1. The Virginia Company—Formed in 1606 by London
merchants, the Virginia Company set out to establish
settlements in North America, from North Carolina to New
York. The Virginia Company, in addition to fostering trade in
precious metals, had as a goal the propagation of Christianity.
2. English-Indian relations—The English established
communication with the Powhatan Confederacy, which
supported the settlers in Jamestown for its first two years.
Powhatan believed he could get English cloth and tools from the
English if he continued to support them, but conflict brewed in
the colony.
3. Winter of 1609–1610—Powhatan responded to a new influx
of settlers by initially offering provisions, but shortages meant
that the vast majority of colonists starved or died of disease.
The survivors planned to return to England but were met at the
harbor with three shiploads of colonists and supplies. Renewed,
the English grew increasingly aggressive toward the Indians.
B. Tobacco Fuels Growth in Virginia
1. Effects of tobacco cultivation—John Rolfe discovered a
variety of tobacco that grew well in Virginia by 1614, and the
product quickly became the key source of economic
sustainability in Jamestown. With the colony growing more
stable, the relationship between Powhatan and the English grew
tense and competitive, culminating in Rolfe’s marriage to
Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas, as an effort to create peace.
2. Local governance—Established in 1619, the House of

7. Burgesses gave Virginians some autonomy and the ability to
control their own colony. Members of the House of Burgesses
could tax and create laws for Virginians. The Virginia
Company supported the expanding colony by arranging for more
women to immigrate.
3. English-Indian hostilities—Under Chief Opechancanough, the
native American population continued to have a tense
relationship with the English and continued hostilities led the
English to declare that they owned the land on which they had
settled. Opposition to English expansion through royal
proclamation and retaliatory violence was unsuccessful;
violence continued into the 1640s.
Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
Make sure to understand the difference between Pilgrims and
Puritans.
Pilgrims Arrived in Massachusetts in 1620
Why did Pilgrims voyage to North America?
Settlement in Plymouth, 1620
What was the English-Wampanoag alliance?
III. Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
A. Pilgrims Arrive in Massachusetts
1. Pilgrims—The Pilgrims purchased a charter from the Virginia
Company to establish a community that was religiously isolated
and free from the influences of Catholics, Anglicans, and
European cosmopolitanism.
2. Settlement in Plymouth—After landing in Cape Cod, the

8. Pilgrims signed the first written constitution in North America,
the Mayflower Compact, and established the colony of
Plymouth. The local Native Americans, the Wampanoag, had
seen their population decimated earlier, and with the difficult
winter, the Pilgrims struggled to survive.
3. English-Wampanoag alliance—With natives and Pilgrims
struggling for survival, both sides created a mutually beneficial
system wherein the Wampanoag provided the resources that
allowed the English to survive. The English and Pilgrims
coexisted, and the English helped to defeat the Massachusetts
tribe, ensuring the Wampanoag’s dominance in the region.
Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
The Puritan Migration
What were the reasons for migration?
Why is the settlement in Boston successful?
What missionary work existed at this time?
III. Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
B. The Puritan Migration
1. Reasons for migration—Puritans had encountered persecution
in England, but they also believed that God was punishing
England in the form of social, economic, and environmental
problems. Puritans believed New England was a fresh start.
2. Successful settlement in Boston—With a better financial base
than other settlers, Puritans landed north of Plymouth and
established Boston. They established a commercial, self-
governing colony in which all males were political participants.
3. A stable and prosperous colony—With little difficulty, the
Puritans found themselves able to self-sustain and thus expand
their colony. Puritans engaged in commerce, shipping codfish,
lumber, wheat, rye, oats, pork, cheese, and other products to
England. The ratio of men and women was also even, allowing

9. for consistent growth.
4. Missionary work—Puritans built a friendly relationship with
the Massachusetts tribe and promoted missionary work and
religious education. Some Indian converts attended Harvard
College and, on a wider scale, Christianized Indians lived in
“praying towns.” Though missionary work was successful,
Indians continued to observe their traditional customs.
Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
What was the Puritan Worldview?
Calvinist principles?
God’s role in everyday life
Effects of religious unity?
Dissenters Challenge Puritan Authority
Explore Roger Williams’s expulsion (1636)
Examine the Anne Hutchinson heresy case (1638)
III. Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
C. The Puritan Worldview
1. Calvinist principles—Puritans believed that God had grown
frustrated with Christians who strayed from his teachings. They
believed that those who had received God’s grace were Saints,
and that one’s sainthood was predetermined.
2. God’s role in everyday life—Puritans believed that God was
responsible for all positive and negative aspects of life. They
saw positive advancements as “remarkable providences” and
setbacks as God’s work. This belief system allowed Puritans to
feel at ease with the world around them.

10. 3. Effects of religious unity—Puritans developed a successful
colony in part out of their unity. Conformity rather than dissent
was essential to the Puritan political process, but there were
instances of conflict and political critique.
D. Dissenters Challenge Puritan Authority
1. Roger Williams’s expulsion—Salem minister Roger Williams
criticized the Puritans in the 1630s, arguing that some were
destined for hell. Williams was critical in spite of reprimands,
and, on being forced out of Salem, moved south and established
Providence in present-day Rhode Island. Providence welcomed
members of all faiths and worked in alliance with the
Narragansetts.
2. Anne Hutchinson’s heresy—Hutchinson criticized Puritan
leadership on the basis of a revelation from God who, according
to Puritan doctrine, only spoke to males. Charged with sedition,
Hutchinson and her followers left for Providence.
Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
What was the Pequot War (1636-1637)?
Source: http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/41/123641-
004-1827792B.jpg
1. The Pequot War—Puritans and Pilgrims confronted the
Pequots in 1637, after both English groups realized that English
expansion was fueling resentment among Native Americans.
After the death of two Englishmen, English colonists, aided by
the Narragansetts, launched a brutal war against the Pequots,
killing about four hundred men, women, and children.

11. The Caribbean
Consider the following images and questions. Reflect on the
historical and contemporary importance of this region.
Instead of separate nations, think of the Caribbean as a region
bringing together a multitude of different societies, settlements,
communities, trade centers, and cultures. From the early 1500s
to the late 1600s, it is also the focal point for American-
European-African cultural-economic exchanges.
Triangle Trade
Who benefited from the exchange known as the Triangle Trade?
Push yourself to think beyond the obvious beneficiaries.
Modern Myths of the Caribbean
How else is the Caribbean still within U.S. popular culture?