Colonialism in africa6.2
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The Boers created two republics in South Africa as they did not want to be under British rule. This led to conflict and the Boer War between 1899-1902 which the British eventually won. They then established the Union of South Africa as a self-governing nation within the British Empire. Most European nations ruled their African colonies directly while the British used indirect rule, still maintaining control over major decisions and not allowing other groups to rule. In the early 1900s, educated African leaders began organizing movements to end colonial rule as they resented the unfair treatment of their people.
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Other states and paramountcies in the political revolution
1. The Gaza kingdom was established in 1830s Mozambique by Soshangane, a general who fled defeat in South Africa. He extended control over a large area and incorporated local groups, reducing the Portuguese to paying tribute. The kingdom lasted until 1897 when it was overthrown by the Portuguese.
2. Sobhuza I founded the Swazi kingdom in the 1810s-1820s, saving the area from the Ndwandwe and Zulu and incorporating other chiefdoms. Through diplomacy including marriage alliances and tribute, he avoided direct conflict and built a strong, unified kingdom.
3. After re-establishing itself under Sekwati following conquest in the 18
Political revolution in the northern and southern interior
The document summarizes political changes in southern Africa between 1820-1835, including the rise of two kingdoms:
1) In the northern interior, the Ndebele kingdom was established under the leadership of Mzilikazi, who defeated many Tswana chiefdoms but also absorbed people into his kingdom.
2) In the southern interior, the Basotho kingdom emerged under Moshoeshoe, who attracted thousands of followers to his stronghold at Thaba Bosiu. He used diplomacy to maintain relations with neighbors like the Zulu.
The document also discusses the role of Boer settlers, including voortrekkers, and their increasing conflicts with African kingdoms over land. Raiding
The positive and negative features of nationalism bosnia
Nationalism can have both positive and negative consequences. In Yugoslavia in the 1990s, destructive ethnic nationalism led to war as the country broke apart. In Bosnia, the most ethnically diverse republic, Serb nationalists pursued policies of ethnic cleansing against Bosniaks and Croats, leading to genocide and forcing millions to become refugees. An international peace agreement partitioned Bosnia but tensions between ethnic groups remain.
Moshoeshoe essay
Moshoeshoe was a successful leader who expanded his kingdom through the Mafisa system, gaining 40,000 followers by the 1840s. However, he faced challenges from Griqua and Boer raiders seeking land and resources. The British governor Harry Smith annexed surrounding lands and had the Warden Line drawn, granting land to white settlers and dividing Moshoeshoe's kingdom. This weakened Moshoeshoe's power and authority. Further conflicts with Boers and the establishment of Basutoland as a British colony marked the decline of Moshoeshoe's rule, though he was able to prevent his kingdom from being completely taken over.
Southern Africa 1750
Southern Africa in 1750 consisted of small chiefdoms that were ruled by chiefs and engaged in trade. By the mid-18th century, the region had not been greatly affected by European colonialism. However, from around 1750, the societies underwent a period of transformation known as the "time of troubles" or "Mfecane" where there were major political and social upheavals, wars, and migrations. The causes of this period were complex, but included some chiefdoms growing more powerful and tensions increasing, as well as expanding European colonial settlements placing more pressure on indigenous groups.
History of the Great Boer Trek
"The Great Boer Trek and the origin of the South African Republics: by Henry Cloete LLD published in London by John Murray in 1899:
"In this book, the authors, her Majesty's Commissioner for Natal, hon. Henry Cloete (LLD) and grandson W.B. Cloete - attempt to provide a record of the peoples of southern Africa and the historical animosity the Boers and English shared for one another.
Although blinded by his (English) patriotism and the English' "rights to empire building and their automatic domain over any nation seen as uncivilised" or those who stood in the way of colonialism, he does make a particular effort to record the peoples (nations) of southern Africa.
The authors attempted to enlighten their British countrymen about the peoples the Empire is warring against: (Anglo-Boer War in 1899).
Of utmost importance is his meticulous categorisation of peoples - but the name 'Afrikaner' does not appear at all:
What’s quite evident from this account of history in 1899, is that no peoples called Afrikaners are recorded. Not ONE mention is made of them in the book and yet somehow today the Afrikaners claim to be Boer. The authors have never met or encountered the Afrikaners or acknowledged their role in the formation of the Natal Republic or any of the Boers, who they so fondly and persistently also call “the emigrants”.
These "Boers" are clearly identified as those white people who left the domain of the British colonies and “protectorates” in the search of other lands – away from the Cape colony.
Those staying behind are then by default quite content with British rule and identity and therefore cannot claim to be the Boer people.
These are naturally the "colonials, settlers and Cape Dutch" who stayed behind.
However, today it is these very "Afrikaners" who claim to have a right to the Boer identity and heritage – as well as their land.
The two authors listed the following peoples in South Africa in 1899:
• Bushman
• Hottentot
• Griqua
• Kafir (tribes)
• Amapondas
• Amabaka
• Barolong
• Matabelee
• Mantatee
• Zulu
• Frenchmen
• Germans
• Dutchmen
• Dutch farmers from the Cape Colony
• Saxon farmers
• Romans
• British settlers
• Scottish immigrants
• Boer farmers
• Boers
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10152487384005731&set=o.191882501009620&type=1
Political changes in the interior, 1750 1820
Political changes among the southern Tswana chiefdoms increased dramatically after 1750 due to growing populations, competition over resources, and European colonial expansion. Severe droughts and shifting alliances between chiefdoms led to more conflicts and disputes over cattle, land, and trade. As trade with Europeans through intermediaries like the Kora and Griqua grew, some Tswana chiefs became wealthier and more powerful, absorbing smaller chiefdoms and attracting more followers to form larger settlements. By the late 18th century, these political transformations resulted in expanded and more powerful southern Tswana chiefdoms with some settlements containing over 100 homesteads.
Kwame nkrumah
1. Kwame Nkrumah was a key leader in Ghana's independence movement and its first prime minister and president. He was heavily influenced by pan-Africanist ideas and helped establish Ghana as the first sub-Saharan country to gain independence from European colonial rule.
2. However, Nkrumah's authoritarian leadership style and controversial economic policies led to growing discontent, and he was overthrown in a 1966 coup. Nonetheless, he remains an important figure as one of post-colonial Africa's founding fathers.
Recommended
Other states and paramountcies in the political revolution
1. The Gaza kingdom was established in 1830s Mozambique by Soshangane, a general who fled defeat in South Africa. He extended control over a large area and incorporated local groups, reducing the Portuguese to paying tribute. The kingdom lasted until 1897 when it was overthrown by the Portuguese.
2. Sobhuza I founded the Swazi kingdom in the 1810s-1820s, saving the area from the Ndwandwe and Zulu and incorporating other chiefdoms. Through diplomacy including marriage alliances and tribute, he avoided direct conflict and built a strong, unified kingdom.
3. After re-establishing itself under Sekwati following conquest in the 18
Political revolution in the northern and southern interior
The document summarizes political changes in southern Africa between 1820-1835, including the rise of two kingdoms:
1) In the northern interior, the Ndebele kingdom was established under the leadership of Mzilikazi, who defeated many Tswana chiefdoms but also absorbed people into his kingdom.
2) In the southern interior, the Basotho kingdom emerged under Moshoeshoe, who attracted thousands of followers to his stronghold at Thaba Bosiu. He used diplomacy to maintain relations with neighbors like the Zulu.
The document also discusses the role of Boer settlers, including voortrekkers, and their increasing conflicts with African kingdoms over land. Raiding
The positive and negative features of nationalism bosnia
Nationalism can have both positive and negative consequences. In Yugoslavia in the 1990s, destructive ethnic nationalism led to war as the country broke apart. In Bosnia, the most ethnically diverse republic, Serb nationalists pursued policies of ethnic cleansing against Bosniaks and Croats, leading to genocide and forcing millions to become refugees. An international peace agreement partitioned Bosnia but tensions between ethnic groups remain.
Moshoeshoe essay
Moshoeshoe was a successful leader who expanded his kingdom through the Mafisa system, gaining 40,000 followers by the 1840s. However, he faced challenges from Griqua and Boer raiders seeking land and resources. The British governor Harry Smith annexed surrounding lands and had the Warden Line drawn, granting land to white settlers and dividing Moshoeshoe's kingdom. This weakened Moshoeshoe's power and authority. Further conflicts with Boers and the establishment of Basutoland as a British colony marked the decline of Moshoeshoe's rule, though he was able to prevent his kingdom from being completely taken over.
Southern Africa 1750
Southern Africa in 1750 consisted of small chiefdoms that were ruled by chiefs and engaged in trade. By the mid-18th century, the region had not been greatly affected by European colonialism. However, from around 1750, the societies underwent a period of transformation known as the "time of troubles" or "Mfecane" where there were major political and social upheavals, wars, and migrations. The causes of this period were complex, but included some chiefdoms growing more powerful and tensions increasing, as well as expanding European colonial settlements placing more pressure on indigenous groups.
History of the Great Boer Trek
"The Great Boer Trek and the origin of the South African Republics: by Henry Cloete LLD published in London by John Murray in 1899:
"In this book, the authors, her Majesty's Commissioner for Natal, hon. Henry Cloete (LLD) and grandson W.B. Cloete - attempt to provide a record of the peoples of southern Africa and the historical animosity the Boers and English shared for one another.
Although blinded by his (English) patriotism and the English' "rights to empire building and their automatic domain over any nation seen as uncivilised" or those who stood in the way of colonialism, he does make a particular effort to record the peoples (nations) of southern Africa.
The authors attempted to enlighten their British countrymen about the peoples the Empire is warring against: (Anglo-Boer War in 1899).
Of utmost importance is his meticulous categorisation of peoples - but the name 'Afrikaner' does not appear at all:
What’s quite evident from this account of history in 1899, is that no peoples called Afrikaners are recorded. Not ONE mention is made of them in the book and yet somehow today the Afrikaners claim to be Boer. The authors have never met or encountered the Afrikaners or acknowledged their role in the formation of the Natal Republic or any of the Boers, who they so fondly and persistently also call “the emigrants”.
These "Boers" are clearly identified as those white people who left the domain of the British colonies and “protectorates” in the search of other lands – away from the Cape colony.
Those staying behind are then by default quite content with British rule and identity and therefore cannot claim to be the Boer people.
These are naturally the "colonials, settlers and Cape Dutch" who stayed behind.
However, today it is these very "Afrikaners" who claim to have a right to the Boer identity and heritage – as well as their land.
The two authors listed the following peoples in South Africa in 1899:
• Bushman
• Hottentot
• Griqua
• Kafir (tribes)
• Amapondas
• Amabaka
• Barolong
• Matabelee
• Mantatee
• Zulu
• Frenchmen
• Germans
• Dutchmen
• Dutch farmers from the Cape Colony
• Saxon farmers
• Romans
• British settlers
• Scottish immigrants
• Boer farmers
• Boers
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10152487384005731&set=o.191882501009620&type=1
Political changes in the interior, 1750 1820
Political changes among the southern Tswana chiefdoms increased dramatically after 1750 due to growing populations, competition over resources, and European colonial expansion. Severe droughts and shifting alliances between chiefdoms led to more conflicts and disputes over cattle, land, and trade. As trade with Europeans through intermediaries like the Kora and Griqua grew, some Tswana chiefs became wealthier and more powerful, absorbing smaller chiefdoms and attracting more followers to form larger settlements. By the late 18th century, these political transformations resulted in expanded and more powerful southern Tswana chiefdoms with some settlements containing over 100 homesteads.
Kwame nkrumah
1. Kwame Nkrumah was a key leader in Ghana's independence movement and its first prime minister and president. He was heavily influenced by pan-Africanist ideas and helped establish Ghana as the first sub-Saharan country to gain independence from European colonial rule.
2. However, Nkrumah's authoritarian leadership style and controversial economic policies led to growing discontent, and he was overthrown in a 1966 coup. Nonetheless, he remains an important figure as one of post-colonial Africa's founding fathers.
TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA AFTER 1750:Political revolution in the eas...
1. Between 1750-1820, dramatic political changes transformed societies in southeast Africa. New kingdoms emerged while others declined or were absorbed.
2. The Ndwandwe kingdom rose to power under King Zwide, competing with the Mthethwa kingdom led by King Dingiswayo. Zwide eventually defeated the Mthethwa.
3. Meanwhile, the Zulu kingdom began expanding under the leadership of Shaka. In 1826, Shaka defeated the Ndwandwe, breaking up their kingdom, after Zwide had attacked the rising Zulu kingdom years prior.
Shaka
The document discusses how the history of Shaka, the famous king of the Zulu, has been portrayed over time. It explains that early British accounts portrayed Shaka as a bloodthirsty savage, but historians now question the accuracy of these sources. The document also analyzes how visual sources may contain inaccuracies. More recently, Shaka has been depicted in popular culture as a superficial icon, while for some he remains an important part of South African heritage, as shown by a new statue of him at an airport.
Gr. 11 'Gold coast' to Ghana: Case Study
1) The document discusses the British colony of the Gold Coast in West Africa, which became the independent nation of Ghana in 1957 under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah.
2) Educated African elites who received schooling abroad, like Nkrumah, played an important role in developing African nationalism and the fight for independence from colonial rule. They were influenced by ideologies like pan-Africanism, socialism, and Marxism.
3) Major events like the 1937 cocoa farmers' strike and boycott in the Gold Coast, and the involvement of African soldiers in World War II, strengthened African nationalism and weakened the hold of European colonial powers in Africa. This set the stage for nations
Afrikaner nationalism
Afrikaner nationalism arose in the early 20th century as Afrikaners sought to protect and promote their unique culture and language. The National Party was formed to advocate for Afrikaner interests and the Afrikaner Broederbond secret society worked to advance Afrikaner control of the government, economy, and society. Afrikaner nationalism was strengthened by the Anglo-Boer Wars and the development of Afrikaans as an official language. After coming to power in 1948, the National Party implemented apartheid policies to formally separate racial groups in South Africa based on their ideology of protecting the unique Afrikaner "volk" or people.
1. gr. 10 historical sources.
This document discusses the historical evidence and sources used to understand the emergence of new states in southern Africa after 1750. It outlines that historians use four main types of sources: written documents, visual sources, material artifacts found through archaeology, and oral traditions passed down through generations. Oral traditions are an especially important source for pre-colonial and pre-literate histories. The document cautions that all sources reflect a particular viewpoint and that writing history involves interpretation of surviving evidence from the past.
Case study African nationalism
The document discusses the rise of African nationalism in South Africa in three parts:
1) It describes early organizations that resisted racial discrimination like the African People's Organization in the early 1900s and the formation of the South African Native National Congress in 1912.
2) It discusses how the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 which denied voting rights to black citizens, and how the 1913 Land Act restricted land ownership for black South Africans.
3) It outlines how World War II influenced growing African nationalism with ideas like the Atlantic Charter, and how returning black soldiers rejected their continued second-class status after fighting for South Africa in the war.
colonial expansion after 1750
The Dutch East India Company originally established control over the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th century to service ships traveling to the East. During the Napoleonic Wars in the early 1800s, the British took control of the Cape colony from the Dutch on two separate occasions. After the second invasion in 1806, the British gained permanent control over the Cape. While initially occupying the Cape to protect trade routes, the British soon saw the colony's potential and began developing it for their own needs.
A short history of
The South African flag was first introduced when the Portuguese and Dutch settled in the Cape in 1652 as the first Europeans. This was followed by the British who annexed the Cape in 1815. In response, the Boers embarked on a Great Trek inland in the 1830s to escape British control. Diamonds and gold were discovered in 1867, bringing foreigners and conflict. The Anglo-Boer War erupted between 1899-1902, with the Boers defeated and South Africa becoming a British colony. In 1910, the Union of South Africa was formed, but apartheid policies were introduced, segregating and oppressing non-white populations.
History nationalism 2
The document summarizes the rise of Afrikaner nationalism in South Africa in the 1930s-1940s. It describes how organizations like the Broederbond and Ossewabrandwag promoted Afrikaner identity and unity. The 1938 centenary trek celebrating the Great Trek boosted nationalism. The National Party came to power in 1948 on a platform of affirmative action for white Afrikaners and introducing apartheid policies to maintain white domination.
Algeria vs. kenya
The document compares the decolonization processes of Algeria and Kenya. In Algeria, French colonial policies turned Muslims into second-class citizens and sparked nationalist resistance movements like the FLN. An 8-year war resulted in Algerian independence in 1962. Kenya experienced resistance like the Mau Mau revolts against confiscation of land and segregation policies under British rule. Negotiations after containing the Mau Mau led to Kenyan independence in 1963 with continued close economic ties to Britain. Both countries experienced decolonization through nationalist armed resistance against oppressive colonial policies.
Algeria vs. Kenya - Decolonization
Algeria gained independence from France in 1962 after an 8-year war of independence led by the FLN and ALN resistance movements. Kenya gained independence from Britain in 1963 after the Mau Mau rebellion and negotiations led by Jomo Kenyatta. Both countries experienced violent resistance against colonial rule and achieved independence through nationalist movements, though Kenya had a more negotiated decolonization process than Algeria.
Nationalism in africa and the middle east
Nationalism grew in Africa and the Middle East in response to European colonialism and imperialism. Africans fought against being controlled by European countries and losing their right to vote and land. Segregationist policies in South Africa, like apartheid, aimed to ensure white supremacy through laws that restricted better jobs and living areas to whites only. African nationalism movements emerged seeking unity, independence, and an end to colonial rule, including pan-Africanism, Marcus Garvey's calls for "Africa to Africans," and Egypt gaining independence from Britain in 1922.
The History of South Africa in Depth.
These Slides are a very good summary if you want to learn about the History of South Africa. South Africa is one of the countries which were colonized during the 19th Century and therefore it is very important for people to know the events which took place.
South African History2
South Africa has a long history of migration and settlement by various groups starting 3000 BC. Major kingdoms were established by the Zulu and Xhosa tribes in the 1400-1600 period. The Dutch established Cape Town in 1652 and were the first Europeans to settle in South Africa. Apartheid was introduced in 1948, legally separating racial groups. Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years for opposing apartheid before being released in 1990. South Africa's first democratic elections open to all races were held in 1994, where Mandela was elected president, marking the end of apartheid.
Rise of nationalism
The document discusses the rise of nationalism in South Africa between 1910-1913. It summarizes that in 1910, South Africa gained independence from Britain and established self-governance, however only white men could vote or hold political office. The 1913 Land Act restricted Africans to just 7% of the land. Meanwhile, Afrikaner nationalism grew through organizations like the secret Broederbond society which promoted Afrikaner identity and culture. This set the stage for the formalization of apartheid in later decades.
The Afrikaner Nationalsim:The birth of Apartheid presented by Mnyamatsi
The Afrikaner Nationalism developed in the late 19th century as Afrikaners sought to unite and promote their distinct language and culture in the face of British domination. Societies like the Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners advocated for the recognition of Afrikaans and belief in Afrikaner superiority. After defeat in the South African War, nationalist sentiment grew and the National Party was formed in 1914 to serve Afrikaner interests. In the 1930s, Afrikaner nationalism was strengthened through organizations, education, religion, and economic institutions that promoted the identity and supremacy of white Afrikaners. This growing nationalism ultimately led to the formalization of apartheid policies in the
Nationalism in african history
Nationalism led to independence in Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa in the following ways:
In Kenya, the Mau Mau secret society fought against British rule, leading to thousands of deaths and eventual independence in 1963. Nigeria gained independence in 1960 after nonviolent struggles against the British by student groups and politicians. In South Africa, the African National Congress fought against apartheid and countries imposed embargoes, resulting in Nelson Mandela becoming the first black president in 1994 after the end of apartheid.
Historynationalism2 171122021558
The document summarizes the rise of Afrikaner nationalism in South Africa in the 1930s-1940s. It describes how organizations like the Broederbond and Ossewabrandwag promoted Afrikaner identity and unity. The 1938 centenary trek celebrating the Great Trek boosted nationalism. The National Party came to power in 1948 on a platform of affirmative action for white Afrikaners and introducing apartheid policies to maintain white domination.
Latin America Lect #6
The document summarizes the origins and growth of the Atlantic slave trade between Africa and the Americas. It discusses how slavery already existed in Africa and was non-hereditary. The slave trade expanded dramatically between the 1500s-1800s to supply labor for plantations in the Americas, with over 9.5 million slaves transported under brutal conditions. The triangular trade routes involved slaves transported from Africa to the Americas and goods transported from the Americas back to Europe and Africa. The slave trade was officially abolished in 1807 although slavery continued in practice for decades more.
Imperialism in Africa and South Asia
1. European powers colonized Africa in the late 19th century, competing to claim territory and resources.
2. They imposed direct or indirect rule over African peoples and forced different ethnic groups together.
3. Decolonization began after World War 2, with most African nations gaining independence by the 1960s. However, apartheid continued in South Africa until the 1990s.
4. Post-colonial Africa still faces issues related to poverty, corruption, ethnic conflicts and disease. The Rwandan genocide resulted in Hutus killing 500,000 Tutsis in 1994.
Colonialism in africa
The Boer people created two republics, Orange Free State and the Transvaal, after moving from British rule, believing in white superiority over natives. Cecil Rhodes planned to overthrow the South African Republic without consent, starting a war from 1899-1902 where the British eventually won through their larger army, creating an independent South Africa within the British Empire. The British ruled Africa indirectly through native authorities to be cheaper and not disrupt customs, but administrators made major decisions, not allowing other rulers and causing tensions. New educated African leaders organized in the early 1900s to end unfair colonial treatment and assert their own nationality.
Age of Imperialism (Africa)
1) Europeans colonized much of Africa and Asia during the Age of Imperialism from 1850-1914, ignoring existing political structures and claiming large portions as colonies.
2) Imperialist motives included expanding markets for industrialized goods, competing for global economic and political power, and beliefs in social Darwinism and Western superiority.
3) European colonial powers divided Africa at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, and expanded their empires by taking territory from declining Muslim states like the Ottoman Empire.
4) Britain established control over most of India by the 1800s and large parts of Southeast Asia, while other European powers like France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the US also claimed Asian and Pacific territories.
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TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA AFTER 1750:Political revolution in the eas...
1. Between 1750-1820, dramatic political changes transformed societies in southeast Africa. New kingdoms emerged while others declined or were absorbed.
2. The Ndwandwe kingdom rose to power under King Zwide, competing with the Mthethwa kingdom led by King Dingiswayo. Zwide eventually defeated the Mthethwa.
3. Meanwhile, the Zulu kingdom began expanding under the leadership of Shaka. In 1826, Shaka defeated the Ndwandwe, breaking up their kingdom, after Zwide had attacked the rising Zulu kingdom years prior.
Shaka
The document discusses how the history of Shaka, the famous king of the Zulu, has been portrayed over time. It explains that early British accounts portrayed Shaka as a bloodthirsty savage, but historians now question the accuracy of these sources. The document also analyzes how visual sources may contain inaccuracies. More recently, Shaka has been depicted in popular culture as a superficial icon, while for some he remains an important part of South African heritage, as shown by a new statue of him at an airport.
Gr. 11 'Gold coast' to Ghana: Case Study
1) The document discusses the British colony of the Gold Coast in West Africa, which became the independent nation of Ghana in 1957 under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah.
2) Educated African elites who received schooling abroad, like Nkrumah, played an important role in developing African nationalism and the fight for independence from colonial rule. They were influenced by ideologies like pan-Africanism, socialism, and Marxism.
3) Major events like the 1937 cocoa farmers' strike and boycott in the Gold Coast, and the involvement of African soldiers in World War II, strengthened African nationalism and weakened the hold of European colonial powers in Africa. This set the stage for nations
Afrikaner nationalism
Afrikaner nationalism arose in the early 20th century as Afrikaners sought to protect and promote their unique culture and language. The National Party was formed to advocate for Afrikaner interests and the Afrikaner Broederbond secret society worked to advance Afrikaner control of the government, economy, and society. Afrikaner nationalism was strengthened by the Anglo-Boer Wars and the development of Afrikaans as an official language. After coming to power in 1948, the National Party implemented apartheid policies to formally separate racial groups in South Africa based on their ideology of protecting the unique Afrikaner "volk" or people.
1. gr. 10 historical sources.
This document discusses the historical evidence and sources used to understand the emergence of new states in southern Africa after 1750. It outlines that historians use four main types of sources: written documents, visual sources, material artifacts found through archaeology, and oral traditions passed down through generations. Oral traditions are an especially important source for pre-colonial and pre-literate histories. The document cautions that all sources reflect a particular viewpoint and that writing history involves interpretation of surviving evidence from the past.
Case study African nationalism
The document discusses the rise of African nationalism in South Africa in three parts:
1) It describes early organizations that resisted racial discrimination like the African People's Organization in the early 1900s and the formation of the South African Native National Congress in 1912.
2) It discusses how the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 which denied voting rights to black citizens, and how the 1913 Land Act restricted land ownership for black South Africans.
3) It outlines how World War II influenced growing African nationalism with ideas like the Atlantic Charter, and how returning black soldiers rejected their continued second-class status after fighting for South Africa in the war.
colonial expansion after 1750
The Dutch East India Company originally established control over the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th century to service ships traveling to the East. During the Napoleonic Wars in the early 1800s, the British took control of the Cape colony from the Dutch on two separate occasions. After the second invasion in 1806, the British gained permanent control over the Cape. While initially occupying the Cape to protect trade routes, the British soon saw the colony's potential and began developing it for their own needs.
A short history of
The South African flag was first introduced when the Portuguese and Dutch settled in the Cape in 1652 as the first Europeans. This was followed by the British who annexed the Cape in 1815. In response, the Boers embarked on a Great Trek inland in the 1830s to escape British control. Diamonds and gold were discovered in 1867, bringing foreigners and conflict. The Anglo-Boer War erupted between 1899-1902, with the Boers defeated and South Africa becoming a British colony. In 1910, the Union of South Africa was formed, but apartheid policies were introduced, segregating and oppressing non-white populations.
History nationalism 2
The document summarizes the rise of Afrikaner nationalism in South Africa in the 1930s-1940s. It describes how organizations like the Broederbond and Ossewabrandwag promoted Afrikaner identity and unity. The 1938 centenary trek celebrating the Great Trek boosted nationalism. The National Party came to power in 1948 on a platform of affirmative action for white Afrikaners and introducing apartheid policies to maintain white domination.
Algeria vs. kenya
The document compares the decolonization processes of Algeria and Kenya. In Algeria, French colonial policies turned Muslims into second-class citizens and sparked nationalist resistance movements like the FLN. An 8-year war resulted in Algerian independence in 1962. Kenya experienced resistance like the Mau Mau revolts against confiscation of land and segregation policies under British rule. Negotiations after containing the Mau Mau led to Kenyan independence in 1963 with continued close economic ties to Britain. Both countries experienced decolonization through nationalist armed resistance against oppressive colonial policies.
Algeria vs. Kenya - Decolonization
Algeria gained independence from France in 1962 after an 8-year war of independence led by the FLN and ALN resistance movements. Kenya gained independence from Britain in 1963 after the Mau Mau rebellion and negotiations led by Jomo Kenyatta. Both countries experienced violent resistance against colonial rule and achieved independence through nationalist movements, though Kenya had a more negotiated decolonization process than Algeria.
Nationalism in africa and the middle east
Nationalism grew in Africa and the Middle East in response to European colonialism and imperialism. Africans fought against being controlled by European countries and losing their right to vote and land. Segregationist policies in South Africa, like apartheid, aimed to ensure white supremacy through laws that restricted better jobs and living areas to whites only. African nationalism movements emerged seeking unity, independence, and an end to colonial rule, including pan-Africanism, Marcus Garvey's calls for "Africa to Africans," and Egypt gaining independence from Britain in 1922.
The History of South Africa in Depth.
These Slides are a very good summary if you want to learn about the History of South Africa. South Africa is one of the countries which were colonized during the 19th Century and therefore it is very important for people to know the events which took place.
South African History2
South Africa has a long history of migration and settlement by various groups starting 3000 BC. Major kingdoms were established by the Zulu and Xhosa tribes in the 1400-1600 period. The Dutch established Cape Town in 1652 and were the first Europeans to settle in South Africa. Apartheid was introduced in 1948, legally separating racial groups. Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years for opposing apartheid before being released in 1990. South Africa's first democratic elections open to all races were held in 1994, where Mandela was elected president, marking the end of apartheid.
Rise of nationalism
The document discusses the rise of nationalism in South Africa between 1910-1913. It summarizes that in 1910, South Africa gained independence from Britain and established self-governance, however only white men could vote or hold political office. The 1913 Land Act restricted Africans to just 7% of the land. Meanwhile, Afrikaner nationalism grew through organizations like the secret Broederbond society which promoted Afrikaner identity and culture. This set the stage for the formalization of apartheid in later decades.
The Afrikaner Nationalsim:The birth of Apartheid presented by Mnyamatsi
The Afrikaner Nationalism developed in the late 19th century as Afrikaners sought to unite and promote their distinct language and culture in the face of British domination. Societies like the Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners advocated for the recognition of Afrikaans and belief in Afrikaner superiority. After defeat in the South African War, nationalist sentiment grew and the National Party was formed in 1914 to serve Afrikaner interests. In the 1930s, Afrikaner nationalism was strengthened through organizations, education, religion, and economic institutions that promoted the identity and supremacy of white Afrikaners. This growing nationalism ultimately led to the formalization of apartheid policies in the
Nationalism in african history
Nationalism led to independence in Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa in the following ways:
In Kenya, the Mau Mau secret society fought against British rule, leading to thousands of deaths and eventual independence in 1963. Nigeria gained independence in 1960 after nonviolent struggles against the British by student groups and politicians. In South Africa, the African National Congress fought against apartheid and countries imposed embargoes, resulting in Nelson Mandela becoming the first black president in 1994 after the end of apartheid.
Historynationalism2 171122021558
The document summarizes the rise of Afrikaner nationalism in South Africa in the 1930s-1940s. It describes how organizations like the Broederbond and Ossewabrandwag promoted Afrikaner identity and unity. The 1938 centenary trek celebrating the Great Trek boosted nationalism. The National Party came to power in 1948 on a platform of affirmative action for white Afrikaners and introducing apartheid policies to maintain white domination.
Latin America Lect #6
The document summarizes the origins and growth of the Atlantic slave trade between Africa and the Americas. It discusses how slavery already existed in Africa and was non-hereditary. The slave trade expanded dramatically between the 1500s-1800s to supply labor for plantations in the Americas, with over 9.5 million slaves transported under brutal conditions. The triangular trade routes involved slaves transported from Africa to the Americas and goods transported from the Americas back to Europe and Africa. The slave trade was officially abolished in 1807 although slavery continued in practice for decades more.
Imperialism in Africa and South Asia
1. European powers colonized Africa in the late 19th century, competing to claim territory and resources.
2. They imposed direct or indirect rule over African peoples and forced different ethnic groups together.
3. Decolonization began after World War 2, with most African nations gaining independence by the 1960s. However, apartheid continued in South Africa until the 1990s.
4. Post-colonial Africa still faces issues related to poverty, corruption, ethnic conflicts and disease. The Rwandan genocide resulted in Hutus killing 500,000 Tutsis in 1994.
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The Afrikaner Nationalsim:The birth of Apartheid presented by Mnyamatsi
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Similar to Colonialism in africa6.2
Colonialism in africa
The Boer people created two republics, Orange Free State and the Transvaal, after moving from British rule, believing in white superiority over natives. Cecil Rhodes planned to overthrow the South African Republic without consent, starting a war from 1899-1902 where the British eventually won through their larger army, creating an independent South Africa within the British Empire. The British ruled Africa indirectly through native authorities to be cheaper and not disrupt customs, but administrators made major decisions, not allowing other rulers and causing tensions. New educated African leaders organized in the early 1900s to end unfair colonial treatment and assert their own nationality.
Age of Imperialism (Africa)
1) Europeans colonized much of Africa and Asia during the Age of Imperialism from 1850-1914, ignoring existing political structures and claiming large portions as colonies.
2) Imperialist motives included expanding markets for industrialized goods, competing for global economic and political power, and beliefs in social Darwinism and Western superiority.
3) European colonial powers divided Africa at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, and expanded their empires by taking territory from declining Muslim states like the Ottoman Empire.
4) Britain established control over most of India by the 1800s and large parts of Southeast Asia, while other European powers like France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the US also claimed Asian and Pacific territories.
New Imperialism: Colonial encounters
1) Europeans established colonial empires through conquest and coercion between 1750-1914, focusing on dividing Africa and gaining control of Asia.
2) Under colonial rule, Europeans often forced local populations into manual labor and cash crop agriculture, disrupting traditional economies and societies.
3) Some colonial peoples cooperated by working for colonial governments, but this also led to rebellions, nationalism, and independence movements in the 20th century.
8 ss - the age of imperialism 1850 -- 1914
1) European imperialism in the late 19th century was driven by industrialization and the need for new markets, resources, and land for military and trade posts.
2) Europeans scrambled to claim territories in Africa, dividing the continent at the 1884 Berlin Conference with little regard for local populations and cultures.
3) British imperialism expanded to control many regions including India, Nigeria, and Southeast Asia, often exploiting local peoples for economic gain and imposing colonial rule.
4) Western imperialism challenged Chinese sovereignty through the Opium Wars and unequal treaties, fueling Chinese nationalism, while Japan modernized and itself became an imperial power.
4. life under the british empire
Britain's empire stretched across the globe by the end of World War 1, but life under British rule was not always easy. Locals had little opportunity for self-governance and non-white populations faced discrimination and second-class treatment. While some benefits were brought, like infrastructure development and a shared language, many people suffered exploitation through loss of lands, poor working conditions, and slavery. By 1918, opposition to British control grew as independence movements formed in India, Ireland, and South Africa seeking more local autonomy and civil rights.
COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION.ppt
The document discusses different methods of colonial administration in Africa. It describes how European powers initially ruled through chartered companies but found them incompetent and expensive. Countries then took direct control over colonies. Britain primarily used indirect rule, governing through local chiefs and political systems. This created tensions as chiefs were resented for being oppressive. Indirect rule also intensified ethnic divisions and tensions within colonies. Resistance arose against British-imposed rulers, such as the Nyangire Rebellion against Ganda chiefs in Bunyoro. Overall, the document assess that while aiming to be cost-effective, indirect rule had negative long-term political and social impacts within African colonies.
The age of imperialism
During the late 19th century, powerful European nations and imperial powers like Great Britain, France, and Germany colonized much of Africa and Asia in pursuit of raw materials, new markets, and national prestige through building overseas empires. This period of imperial expansion, known as the Age of Imperialism, saw European powers divide up Africa at the Berlin Conference without input from Africans. Resistance to imperialism emerged from colonized peoples in places like South Africa, India, and China, but European military superiority allowed them to maintain control over most colonized territories by 1914.
Height of imperialism
1) Between 1800-1900, most of Asia and Africa was colonized by Western European powers through both direct and indirect rule. Colonial powers exploited local peoples and resources to benefit their home economies.
2) Resistance to colonial rule emerged from local elites and nationalists who sought independence. Figures like Gandhi advocated non-violent resistance in India.
3) In Latin America, the decline of Spanish and Portuguese authority after the Napoleonic Wars led to wars of independence. Caudillos or strongmen vied for power in the new nations as the U.S. sought to increase its influence through the Monroe Doctrine and military intervention.
His 2002 Ch 20
The document summarizes the spread of European colonial rule in Africa and Asia in the 19th century. It discusses the economic and strategic motives for colonial expansion, as well as the tactics used like establishing trade outposts that eventually solidified into territorial control over most of Africa and Asia by 1900. It also describes some of the systems of rule like direct and indirect colonial administration and the impact it had on local populations, resistance to colonialism, and the emergence of anti-colonial nationalism.
Decolonization
The document summarizes the process of decolonization and nation-building after World War II. It discusses the rise of anti-colonial nationalism, patterns of independence like civil war, negotiated independence, and incomplete decolonization. It also examines decolonization processes in different regions, including French colonies in North Africa, West Africa, Southern Africa, Central Africa, and the Congo.
Age of Imperialism - Mayer's World History
During the Age of Imperialism from 1800-1914, European nations extended their political, economic, and social control over weaker nations in Africa and Asia. There were several factors driving this, including the need for raw materials and new markets due to industrialization, nationalism promoting colonial expansion, and beliefs of European racial and cultural superiority. Most of Africa and Asia was colonized by European powers through military force and unequal treaties. This led to exploitation of resources and oppression of local populations. By the early 1900s, only Ethiopia and Liberia in Africa remained independent, and European colonialism dominated Asia as well.
Imperialism in africa
The Age of Imperialism saw European nations scramble to colonize Africa during the late 19th century. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Factors like new technologies, weapons and the susceptibility of Africans to disease helped the Europeans dominate politically, economically and socially. At the Berlin Conference of 1884, European powers divided Africa without input from African rulers. Some groups like the Zulu and Boers resisted colonization through warfare but were ultimately defeated by European military superiority. While colonial rule had some positive impacts like reduced wars, improved infrastructure and economic growth, it largely exploited Africa for the benefit of European interests and negatively impacted African peoples, cultures and sovereignty.
Imperialism
Late 19th century European states expanded their imperial control over other regions and peoples through increasing political and economic dominance. Motivations included acquiring raw materials, new markets, and strategic locations. Technological advantages in transportation, military equipment, and communications facilitated the Scramble for Africa and colonization of Asia, Oceania, and parts of the Americas. Over time, colonized peoples increasingly resisted imperial rule, with movements like the Indian National Congress demanding more self-governance and eventually independence.
Africa-History-Independence-Movements-Africa-Student-1x3g1lt.pptx
The document provides information about the independence movements and histories of South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria. It discusses how European colonial powers controlled these regions throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Nationalist sentiments grew as indigenous populations sought self-governance and control over their lands and resources. South Africa gained independence from Britain in 1961 but continued its system of apartheid. Kenya became independent in 1963 under its first president Jomo Kenyatta after the Mau Mau rebellion weakened British control. Nigeria achieved independence in 1960 but faced political instability, including several military coups.
Africa in the Age of Imperialism ppt.pptx
European powers divided up control of Africa in the late 19th century to avoid wars over territory. They established systems of direct rule over their colonies, replacing African leaders with European officials and institutions. This allowed the colonial powers to profit economically from exploiting African land and labor, through practices like taxation and forced labor. Their attitudes of cultural superiority also justified imposing European control and reshaping African societies.
The Scramble For Africa
The Scramble for Africa began with increased European exploration and competition for trade and resources in Africa in the late 1800s. King Leopold II of Belgium wanted to "civilize" Africa but was really interested in its resources, establishing the Congo Free State and imposing brutal forced labor. The French took control of Algeria and built the Suez Canal, while the British viewed the canal as essential and established Egypt as a protectorate. Africans' rights decreased as they faced apartheid in South Africa and were forced into labor, with some resisting through leaders like Samouri Toure and Menelik II of Ethiopia.
The Age of Imperialism
The Age of Imperialism from 1850-1914 saw European nations aggressively expand their colonial empires, driven by needs for raw materials and new markets. Key factors included racism towards non-European peoples, Social Darwinism which claimed Europeans were more evolved, and nationalism/economics as nations competed for global influence. Advances like the Maxim Gun and steamships empowered military conquests of Africa and Asia. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent in Africa, with new colonial borders dividing ethnic groups and cultures.
Eoct review questions gps 1 – 4
The document provides a summary of key events and developments in early American history from the founding of Jamestown in 1607 through the American Revolution. It discusses the establishment of the tobacco industry in Virginia, conflicts with Native Americans, the growth of slavery and the plantation system in the South, religious dissent that led to new colonies being founded, and the political and economic tensions that emerged between the colonies and Britain in the 1700s. Major events covered include the French and Indian War, responses to new British taxation like the Boston Tea Party, and the publication of Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence.
Last presentation
Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1835 and later joined the United States. This led to war between the U.S. and Mexico as U.S. troops invaded Mexican lands, capturing Mexico City in 1847. The Dutch settlers in South Africa resisted British rule in the early 1800s, leading to conflict between the British, Dutch, and Zulus. Cecil Rhodes expanded British control over South Africa. Britain went to war with China in the 1830s-40s after China tried to stop the British opium trade, resulting in treaties opening Chinese ports to Britain. Rebellions broke out across Europe in 1848 seeking more democratic governments and national independence.
Early british colonies
Early British colonies struggled at Jamestown until John Smith established farming and trade with local natives. Tobacco later saved the colony and fueled the use of indentured servants and African slaves to work tobacco plantations. Discontent among poor colonists and natives led to Bacon's Rebellion. Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony with intertwined politics and religion. King Philip's War erupted as natives fought colonists throughout New England. The Middle Colonies grew through trade while Pennsylvania offered religious freedom under Quaker William Penn. Tensions rose as the colonies expanded westward during the French and Indian War.
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Moral of the story
Fables are stories that focus on a moral or lesson, which is called a moral. A moral is a lesson or guide for living that you can apply to your own life. The moral is usually seen through what the characters learn in the story.
Historical settings
The document discusses how historical settings shape people's knowledge, beliefs, and possessions. It provides the example setting of Weston Ranch in 2012, noting how understandings and technologies like electricity, indoor plumbing, cell phones, education, and women's rights differ drastically from settings like 1600, when girls did not wear pants, marriage occurred very young, and the United States had not yet formed.
Nouns
Nouns are words that refer to people, places, things or ideas. All sentences must have a noun as the subject, which is who or what the sentence is talking about. Nouns can refer to people like boy or girl, places like school or park, things like book or pencil, or ideas like freedom or love.
Root words, prefixes, suffixes
This document discusses root words, prefixes, and suffixes used to build other words. It provides examples of root words like "like" that can be modified with prefixes like "dis" to form "dislike" or suffixes like "ed" to form "liked." Prefixes are placed at the beginning of words and convey meanings like "not" or "with." Suffixes are placed at the end and convey meanings like "kill(ing)" or being "one who believes." The document encourages practicing identifying words containing root words like "geo," "grad," "jud," "like," "count," and "photo."
Historical settings
The document discusses how historical settings influence people's knowledge, beliefs, and possessions. It provides the example setting of Weston Ranch in 2012, noting how things were different in 1600 compared to now - in 1600 girls did not wear pants, people married younger, electricity and indoor plumbing did not exist, and the United States had not yet formed.
Nouns
Nouns are words that refer to people, places, things or ideas. All sentences must have a noun as the subject, which is who or what the sentence is talking about. Nouns can refer to people like boy or girl, places like school or park, things like book or pencil, or ideas like freedom or love.
Moral of the story
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Mao Zedong led the Chinese communists to victory in the 1945 civil war, establishing the People's Republic of China. He launched campaigns like the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution to rapidly industrialize China and transform it into a communist state, resulting in the deaths of millions from famine and persecution. After Mao's death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping reformed China's economy and opened it up globally, leading to dramatic growth but also a movement for more political democracy and Western influences that the government continues to suppress.
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Europe and the u.s.
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3) Germany reunified in 1990 after the fall of the Berlin Wall, but rebuilding East Germany burdened the economy with high taxes and unemployment.
4) Britain saw economic reforms under Thatcher that reduced welfare spending and union power, improving the economy overall but hurting old industrial areas.
Western society and culture
1. Western society experienced significant changes in science, technology, population, and culture from the 1960s to early 2000s.
2. Major developments included the US landing on the moon in 1969, declining birth rates in wealthy nations, and the emergence of women's liberation movements.
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The great depression
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Emmett Till was a 14-year-old African American boy from Chicago who was visiting relatives in Money, Mississippi in the summer of 1955. While there, he was accused of flirting with a white woman in a grocery store. In response, the woman's husband and brother kidnapped Till from his uncle's home, beat him severely, gouged out one of his eyes, and shot him in the head before dumping his body in a river. His mother insisted on an open casket funeral to show the world what had been done to her son, sparking national outrage and awareness of the deep racial injustices still prevalent in the American South.
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一比一原版美国休斯敦大学毕业证如何办理
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The Indian Premier League (IPL) is one of the most prominent and lucrative Twenty20 (T20) cricket leagues in the world. Since its inception in 2008, the IPL has revolutionized the landscape of cricket by blending sports, entertainment, and commerce. This summary provides an overview of the IPL's history, structure, notable performances, controversies, and its impact on cricket and beyond.
History and Formation
The IPL was launched by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2008, inspired by the success of domestic T20 leagues like the English T20 Cup and the now-defunct Indian Cricket League (ICL). Lalit Modi, the then Vice-President of BCCI, played a crucial role in conceptualizing and launching the league. The inaugural season kicked off in April 2008 with eight franchises representing different cities in India.
Structure and Format
The IPL follows a franchise-based model, where teams are owned by a mix of corporations, Bollywood stars, and other high-profile individuals. The league originally started with eight teams, although the number has fluctuated over the years due to various reasons including expansions and terminations. As of the latest seasons, the IPL features ten teams.
The tournament format includes a double round-robin stage, where each team plays the others twice, followed by playoffs. The top four teams from the round-robin stage qualify for the playoffs, which consist of two qualifiers, an eliminator, and the final. This format ensures a highly competitive and engaging tournament, culminating in a grand finale to crown the champion.
Teams and Their Evolution
The founding teams of the IPL were:
Chennai Super Kings (CSK)
Delhi Daredevils (now Delhi Capitals)
Kings XI Punjab (now Punjab Kings)
Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR)
Mumbai Indians (MI)
Rajasthan Royals (RR)
Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB)
Deccan Chargers (now defunct, replaced by Sunrisers Hyderabad)
Over the years, the league has seen new teams such as Pune Warriors India, Kochi Tuskers Kerala, Gujarat Lions, and Rising Pune Supergiant. The most recent additions are the Gujarat Titans and Lucknow Super Giants, introduced in the 2022 season.
Iconic Players and Performances
The IPL has attracted the best talent from around the world, with numerous iconic players making significant contributions. Some of the standout performers include:
Sachin Tendulkar (MI): The "Little Master" brought his legendary status to the IPL, winning the Orange Cap (top run-scorer) in 2010.
Chris Gayle (RCB, KXIP): Known for his explosive batting, Gayle holds the record for the highest individual score in an IPL match (175*).
MS Dhoni (CSK): Dhoni's leadership has been instrumental in CSK's success, leading them to multiple titles.
AB de Villiers (RCB): Renowned for his innovative stroke play, de Villiers has been a consistent match-winner.
Virat Kohli (RCB): The highest run-scorer in IPL history, Kohli's batting prowess is unmatched.
La
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Our goals are:
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The sounds and sights in Geometry Dash are very interesting. Your attention will be drawn to the simple style and catchy melodies. While the game looks good, it's not just visually challenging; getting through the tricky rounds requires quick thinking and reflexes.
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uro Cup 2024 Tickets | Euro Cup Tickets | Euro Cup Final Tickets | Georgia Euro Cup Tickets
But Julian Nagelsmann will be out to recuperate the spirits of the home nation and recent victories over France and the Netherlands in friendly contests was a sign that Germany will be among the competitors for the title this summer.
Scotland, Switzerland and Hungary delay in Group A, with Germany kicking off the UEFA Euro 2024 against the Scots in Munich on June 13. Nagelsmann’s crew has been bolstered by Bayer Leverkusen’s remarkable unbeaten Bundesliga accomplishment, with star Florian Wirtz named player of the year in the German top-flight.
The 21-year-old star adds to a quantity of national team stalwarts who remain from Germany’s World Cup triumph in 2014, with Thomas Muller and Manuel Neuer amalgamated by the returning Toni Kroos, who is back from international withdrawal.
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Goalkeepers: Manuel Neuer (Bayern Munich), Marc-Andre ter Stegen (Barcelona), Oliver Baumann (Hoffenheim), Alex Nubel (Stuttgart),
Defenders: Waldemar Anton (Stuttgart), David Raum (RB Leipzig), Antonio Rudiger (Real Madrid). Moreover Nico Schlotterbeck (Borussia Dortmund), Jonathan Tah (Bayer Leverkusen). Benjamin Henrichs (RB Leipzig), Joshua Kimmich (Bayern Munich), Robin Koch (Eintracht Frankfurt), Maximilian Mittelstadt (Stuttgart)
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Midfielders: Toni Kroos (Real Madrid), Jamal Musiala (Bayern Munich), Aleksandar Pavlovic. Although, Robert Andrich (Bayer Leverkusen), Chris Fuhrich (Stuttgart), Pascal Gross (Brighton and Hove Albion). Florian Wirtz (Bayer Leverkusen), Ilkay Gundogan (Barcelona), (Bayern Munich), Leroy Sane (Bayern Munich)
Forwards: Thomas Muller (Bayern Munich), Deniz Undav (Stuttgart), Maximilian Beier (Hoffenheim), Niclas Fullkrug (Borussia Dortmund), Kai Havertz (Arsenal)
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Colonialism in africa6.2
- 1. Colonialism in Africa CH. 6 SECTION 2 CONT
- 2. Boer Republics Boer people moved because they did not like British rule Created two republics: Orange Free State and the Transvaal (Later the South African Republic) They put many of the natives from the area on reservations because they believed in white superiority British Prime Minister of Cape Colony, Cecil Rhodes, planned to overthrow the South African Republic of the Boers without British consent, starting a way
- 3. The Boer War Lasted from 1899-1902 Fierce resistance angered the British They burned crops and forced 120,000 women and children into detention camps British eventually won- much larger army Created an independent Union of South Africa which combined with Cape Colony A self-governing nation within the British Empire
- 4. Colonial Rule in Africa The British ruled in Africa through indirect rule Cheaper and easier and did not disrupt native customs Consequences: British administrators made all major decisions, the nations authorities only enforced those decisions Did not allow for other people to rule outside of the old elite, causing tribe and class tensions Most other European Nations governed through direct rule
- 5. Rise of African Nationalism New leaders, who had been educated in colonial schools, resented the unfair treatment of their people They wanted to assert their own nationality In the early 20th century native peoples began to organize political parties and movements to bring and end to colonial rule