Colon Cancer Treatment
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Researchers at the University of Florida found that combining the chemotherapy drug temozolomide with a small molecule inhibitor of DNA polymerase beta was more effective at reducing tumor growth in colon cancer than temozolomide alone. Temozolomide is an oral chemotherapy drug commonly used to treat colon cancer that attaches alkyl groups to DNA, damaging it. However, cancer cells have mechanisms to repair this DNA damage. The small molecule inhibitor was designed to disrupt these repair mechanisms and thus make the chemotherapy more effective. When combined, the reduction in tumor growth was higher than with chemotherapy alone.
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E. coli O157:H7 is a pathogenic strain of the bacteria Escherichia coli that was first recognized in 1982 during an outbreak linked to contaminated hamburgers. It produces Shiga toxin which can cause bloody diarrhea and potentially fatal complications like hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Common modes of transmission include ingesting contaminated food, water, or contact with ruminant animal feces. Prevention focuses on proper hygiene like handwashing and thoroughly cooking foods. Between 1982-2002 in the US, outbreaks remained common with over half being foodborne, highlighting the ongoing need for food safety regulations and precautions.
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD), also known as mad cow disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by prions. Prions are abnormal, infectious protein particles that can be transmitted to humans through eating infected beef. Symptoms of CJD start with insomnia, depression and confusion and progress to dementia and involuntary movements. Eventually, all mental and physical functions are lost leading to coma and death. There is no cure and diagnosis can only be confirmed through autopsy. The disease originated in the UK where cattle were fed sheep brain and spinal cord.
Swine Flu
The document discusses the 2009 H1N1 swine flu virus outbreak. It originated in Mexico in the spring of 2009 when US tourists returning from Mexico showed symptoms of a strange form of flu. The virus is an influenza A H1N1 strain that contains genetic elements from viruses that affect humans as well as pigs. Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu and include fever, cough, sore throat and body aches. While most cases are mild, some can be severe or fatal. The virus spreads through airborne droplets or touching contaminated surfaces. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and antiviral drugs if needed. By the end of 2009, the outbreak was declining with around 4,000 deaths reported in the US.
Ebolavirus
Ebolavirus is a filovirus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. It is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids and targets endothelial cells. Initial symptoms are nonspecific but progress to vomiting, diarrhea and external bleeding. The incubation period is 2-21 days and fatality rates vary between virus strains but average around 50-90%. Diagnosis is through ELISA tests detecting antibodies. While there is no approved vaccine or treatment, supportive care improving hydration and nutrition can increase survival rates.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a coronavirus that leads to respiratory symptoms such as a high fever, cough and difficulty breathing. It spreads through close contact with infected individuals and surfaces. While there is no vaccine or cure, treatment focuses on supportive care and isolation of infected patients to prevent transmission. SARS outbreaks have been contained through public health measures like quarantine, hand hygiene and masks.
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