Cancer is a life-threatening disease. 80% to 90% of all cancers are the result of the things we do to ourselves. Among women, breast cancer is the second most common cancer.
cancer of breast , this slide cointains detailed information about the breast cancer that is definition, causes and risk factor, sign and symptoms, management of patient with cancer , giving psychological support .treatment
Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy.
A standout among the best cancer treatment modalities is the gene therapy which is direct in situ insertion of exogenous genes into the tumors which could give a powerful remedial way for the treatment of benign tumors. Similarly, hormonal treatments are also widely used for cancer malignancies and generally considered as cytostatic. Hormonal treatment restricts tumor development by limiting hormonal growth factors. It most likely acts via the down direction of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, blockage of hormone receptor, and restraint of adrenal steroid synthesis.
Psychosocial aspects (Cancer patients has to cope with a variety of stressors)kalyan kumar
A diagnosis of cancer begins a long journey that can affect physical health, mental well-being, and relationships with loved ones. While getting treatment for the physical aspects of cancer, patients should not neglect the emotional issues associated with cancer. One of the best things patients can do to improve their quality of life is to learn more about their cancer. This can make the disease seem less mysterious and frightening. Information from your doctor and other credible sources can be very helpful in this respect.
Oncology Nursing:-An oncology nurse is a specialized nurse who cares for cancer patients. These nurses require advanced certifications and clinical experiences in oncology further than the typical baccalaureate nursing program provides. Oncology nursing care can be defined as meeting the various needs of oncology patients during the time of their disease including appropriate screenings and other preventive practices, symptom management, care to retain as much normal functioning as possible, and supportive measures upon the end of life.
What is oncology?
Oncology is the branch of medicine that researches, identifies, and treats cancer. A physician who works in the field of oncology is an oncologist.
Oncologists must first diagnose cancer, which is usually carried out via biopsy, endoscopy, X-ray, CT scanning, MRI, PET scanning, ultrasound, or other radiological methods. Nuclear medicine can also be used to diagnose cancer, as can blood tests or tumor markers. Oncology is often linked with hematology, which is the branch of medicine that deals with blood and blood-related disorders.
Treatment
Once a diagnosis is made, the oncologist discusses the disease stage with the patient. Staging will dictate the treatment of cancer. Chemotherapy — which is defined as the destruction of cancer cells — may be used, as well as radiation therapy. Surgery is used to remove tumors. Hormone therapy is used to treat certain types of cancers, and monoclonal antibody treatments are gaining popularity. Research into cancer vaccines and immunotherapies is ongoing. Palliative care in oncology treats pain and other symptoms of cancer.
Treatment team
Cancer is often treated in a team effort, with at least two or three types of oncologists, including medical, surgical, or radiation. The oncology treatment team may also include a pathologist, a diagnostic radiologist, or an oncology nurse. In the event of a new or a difficult-to-treat case of cancer, the oncology care team may consult a tumor board, made up of various medical experts from all relevant disciplines. The tumor board reviews the case and recommends the best course of cancer treatment for the patient.
Oncology nurse
The oncology nurse has many roles, from helping with cancer screening, detection, and prevention, to the intensive care focus of bone marrow transplantation. Work settings for oncology nurses also vary and include acute care hospitals, ambulatory care clinics, private offices, radiation therapy facilities, and home care agencies. Oncology nurses work with adult and pediatric patients with cancer.
Pediatric Oncology
Pediatric oncology is a medical specialty that focuses on cancer care for children.
The National Cancer Institute estimates that 10,270 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in children in 2017. Of these, 1,190 children will die from the disease.
Pediatric oncology is an important medical field that treats all pediatric cancer types, including acute lymphocytic leukemia,
Cancer is a life-threatening disease. 80% to 90% of all cancers are the result of the things we do to ourselves. Among women, breast cancer is the second most common cancer.
cancer of breast , this slide cointains detailed information about the breast cancer that is definition, causes and risk factor, sign and symptoms, management of patient with cancer , giving psychological support .treatment
Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy.
A standout among the best cancer treatment modalities is the gene therapy which is direct in situ insertion of exogenous genes into the tumors which could give a powerful remedial way for the treatment of benign tumors. Similarly, hormonal treatments are also widely used for cancer malignancies and generally considered as cytostatic. Hormonal treatment restricts tumor development by limiting hormonal growth factors. It most likely acts via the down direction of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, blockage of hormone receptor, and restraint of adrenal steroid synthesis.
Psychosocial aspects (Cancer patients has to cope with a variety of stressors)kalyan kumar
A diagnosis of cancer begins a long journey that can affect physical health, mental well-being, and relationships with loved ones. While getting treatment for the physical aspects of cancer, patients should not neglect the emotional issues associated with cancer. One of the best things patients can do to improve their quality of life is to learn more about their cancer. This can make the disease seem less mysterious and frightening. Information from your doctor and other credible sources can be very helpful in this respect.
Oncology Nursing:-An oncology nurse is a specialized nurse who cares for cancer patients. These nurses require advanced certifications and clinical experiences in oncology further than the typical baccalaureate nursing program provides. Oncology nursing care can be defined as meeting the various needs of oncology patients during the time of their disease including appropriate screenings and other preventive practices, symptom management, care to retain as much normal functioning as possible, and supportive measures upon the end of life.
What is oncology?
Oncology is the branch of medicine that researches, identifies, and treats cancer. A physician who works in the field of oncology is an oncologist.
Oncologists must first diagnose cancer, which is usually carried out via biopsy, endoscopy, X-ray, CT scanning, MRI, PET scanning, ultrasound, or other radiological methods. Nuclear medicine can also be used to diagnose cancer, as can blood tests or tumor markers. Oncology is often linked with hematology, which is the branch of medicine that deals with blood and blood-related disorders.
Treatment
Once a diagnosis is made, the oncologist discusses the disease stage with the patient. Staging will dictate the treatment of cancer. Chemotherapy — which is defined as the destruction of cancer cells — may be used, as well as radiation therapy. Surgery is used to remove tumors. Hormone therapy is used to treat certain types of cancers, and monoclonal antibody treatments are gaining popularity. Research into cancer vaccines and immunotherapies is ongoing. Palliative care in oncology treats pain and other symptoms of cancer.
Treatment team
Cancer is often treated in a team effort, with at least two or three types of oncologists, including medical, surgical, or radiation. The oncology treatment team may also include a pathologist, a diagnostic radiologist, or an oncology nurse. In the event of a new or a difficult-to-treat case of cancer, the oncology care team may consult a tumor board, made up of various medical experts from all relevant disciplines. The tumor board reviews the case and recommends the best course of cancer treatment for the patient.
Oncology nurse
The oncology nurse has many roles, from helping with cancer screening, detection, and prevention, to the intensive care focus of bone marrow transplantation. Work settings for oncology nurses also vary and include acute care hospitals, ambulatory care clinics, private offices, radiation therapy facilities, and home care agencies. Oncology nurses work with adult and pediatric patients with cancer.
Pediatric Oncology
Pediatric oncology is a medical specialty that focuses on cancer care for children.
The National Cancer Institute estimates that 10,270 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in children in 2017. Of these, 1,190 children will die from the disease.
Pediatric oncology is an important medical field that treats all pediatric cancer types, including acute lymphocytic leukemia,
Chemotherapy is a widely used treatment for cancer. More specifically, this therapy is administered to destruct cancer cells. However, it may also include some antibiotics along with other medications for treating severe infection or illness.
A stoma is an opening that is created to allow stool or urine to pass out of the body.
INDICATIONS FOR OSTOMY
SITES OF STOMA
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE STOMA POUCH
STEPS TO CHANGE POUCH
IRRIGATION
COMPLICATIONS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
CERVICAL CANCER
By
Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer,BGSBU
outline
Definition
Causes
Types
Stages
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnostic investigations
Management
Complication
DEFINITION
Cervical cancer is a disease that develops quite slowly and begins with a precancerous lesion known as dysplasia .It is a malignant tumor deriving from the cells of the cervix.
incidence
Types of cervical cancer
STAGING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to various causes
Human papilloma virus enter into cervix
HPV Exposure(million /yr)
CONDYLOMA CERVICAL
DYSPLASIA
High grade cervical dysplasia
Invasive cancer
Metastasis
Clinical manifestations
Leg pain
Edema of the extremities.
Anaemic
Hematuria
Rectal pain
Diarrhoea
Blood per rectum
Uremia in late stage
Foul smelling urine
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS
Medical management
Medical management
CHEMOTHERAPY
Drug: Cisplatin
RADIATION THERAPY
External beam radiation therapy
HVD BBKHT7T6TGSERTYUIJKNBCFXHG
Surgical management
Laser surgery
LEEP
Hysterectomy
Bilateral pelvic adenectomy
Pelvic exenteration
Radical trachelectomy.
complications
Early menopause
Narrowing of the vagina
Bleeding
Lymphedema
conclusion
Cancer of Stomach - Easy explanation for Nurses- Swatilekha Das
Cancer of Stomach- Easy explanation for Nurses-
Introduction of Cancer of Stomach
risk factors of Cancer of Stomach
Clinical manifestations of Cancer of Stomach
Assessment & Diagnostic tests of Cancer of Stomach
Management of Cancer of Stomach
Surgical management
Chemotherapy & radiation therapy
Nursing Management
nursing Management
Nursing management of patients with oncological conditionsANILKUMAR BR
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
Cancer is caused by external factors and internal factors which may act together to initiate or promote carcinogenesis.
External Factors - chemicals, radiation, viruses, and lifestyle.
Internal Factors – hormones, immune condition, and inherited mutations.
Oncology branch of medicine deals with etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer.
Onco - is a Greek word meaning tumor .
Chemotherapy is a widely used treatment for cancer. More specifically, this therapy is administered to destruct cancer cells. However, it may also include some antibiotics along with other medications for treating severe infection or illness.
A stoma is an opening that is created to allow stool or urine to pass out of the body.
INDICATIONS FOR OSTOMY
SITES OF STOMA
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE STOMA POUCH
STEPS TO CHANGE POUCH
IRRIGATION
COMPLICATIONS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
CERVICAL CANCER
By
Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer,BGSBU
outline
Definition
Causes
Types
Stages
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnostic investigations
Management
Complication
DEFINITION
Cervical cancer is a disease that develops quite slowly and begins with a precancerous lesion known as dysplasia .It is a malignant tumor deriving from the cells of the cervix.
incidence
Types of cervical cancer
STAGING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to various causes
Human papilloma virus enter into cervix
HPV Exposure(million /yr)
CONDYLOMA CERVICAL
DYSPLASIA
High grade cervical dysplasia
Invasive cancer
Metastasis
Clinical manifestations
Leg pain
Edema of the extremities.
Anaemic
Hematuria
Rectal pain
Diarrhoea
Blood per rectum
Uremia in late stage
Foul smelling urine
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS
Medical management
Medical management
CHEMOTHERAPY
Drug: Cisplatin
RADIATION THERAPY
External beam radiation therapy
HVD BBKHT7T6TGSERTYUIJKNBCFXHG
Surgical management
Laser surgery
LEEP
Hysterectomy
Bilateral pelvic adenectomy
Pelvic exenteration
Radical trachelectomy.
complications
Early menopause
Narrowing of the vagina
Bleeding
Lymphedema
conclusion
Cancer of Stomach - Easy explanation for Nurses- Swatilekha Das
Cancer of Stomach- Easy explanation for Nurses-
Introduction of Cancer of Stomach
risk factors of Cancer of Stomach
Clinical manifestations of Cancer of Stomach
Assessment & Diagnostic tests of Cancer of Stomach
Management of Cancer of Stomach
Surgical management
Chemotherapy & radiation therapy
Nursing Management
nursing Management
Nursing management of patients with oncological conditionsANILKUMAR BR
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
Cancer is caused by external factors and internal factors which may act together to initiate or promote carcinogenesis.
External Factors - chemicals, radiation, viruses, and lifestyle.
Internal Factors – hormones, immune condition, and inherited mutations.
Oncology branch of medicine deals with etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer.
Onco - is a Greek word meaning tumor .
Human health has many aspects, we need to feed the diet which provides better nutrition and gives good health, an absence of disease and good behaviour. There are many health-related problems and conditions are responsible for the weak health and sometimes death causing illness, in which cancer is one most common health risk in human healthcare. Cancer is the state in which cell division is uncontrolled which damage the cells and in the last stage, if incurable caused death. There are many reasons why cell got infected due to cancerous infections, in which food habits and quality of foodstuffs are also increased the risk of cancer, like mycotoxins contamination in the food. MSG additives, taste enhancer, food colouring etc. done by the chemical processing which produces toxins inside the during the oxidation process of food. Cancer is causes of death rate higher than other health risks all over the world. The number of cancer cases is likely to rise up to 24 million by 2035. Several studies were performed in the last years in order to explore and analyze associations between diet and risk of cancer. The risk of cancer is depending on the degree of exposure to contaminated food, availability of nutrients in the body, dietary pattern and lifestyle as well as food behaviour. Research from a number of sources provides information that some vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, dietary fibre, certain micronutrients, few fatty acids and physical activity protect against cancers. Whereas poor dietary intake, imbalanced nutrition, less physical activity trances fatty acids, food processing and cooking method may increase risks.
Keywords: Cancer, death, nutrition, fruits and vegetable
Cancer is a degenerative disease that can be prevented and managed by following proper nutritional considerations however the prognosis highly depends on the stage of diagnosis.
Oncology nurses are registered nurses who take care of either cancer patients or those with the potential of developing cancer. Oncology nurses work with physicians and other medical professionals to prevent, diagnose, treat, and manage cancer symptoms, as well as provide palliative care.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
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Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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2. TERMINOLOGY
Alopecia: Hair loss
Anaplasia: Cells that lack normal cellular characteristics and differ
in shape and organization with respect to their cells of origin.
Biological response modifier (BRM) therapy: Use of agents or
treatment methods that can alter the immunologic relationship
between the tumor and the host to provide a therapeutic benefit.
Biopsy: A diagnostic procedure to remove a small sample of tissue
to be examined microscopically to detect malignant cells.
3. Brachytherapy: Delivery of radiation therapy through internal
implants.
Cancer: A disease process whereby cells proliferate abnormally,
ignoring growth regulating signals in the environment
surrounding the cells.
Carcinogenesis: Process of transforming normal cells into
malignant cells.
Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to kill tumor cells by interfering
with cellular functions and reproduction.
Control: Containment of the growth of cancer cells.
4. Cure: Prolonged survival and disappearance of all evidence of disease
so that the patient has the same life expectancy as anyone else in his
or her age group.
Cytokines: Substances produced by cells of the immune system to
enhance production and functioning of components of the immune
system.
Dysplasia: Bizarre cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size,
shape, or arrangement from other cells of the same type of tissue.
Extravasation: Leakage of medication from the veins into the
subcutaneous tissues.
Grading: Identification of the type of tissue from which the tumor
originated and the degree to which the tumor cells retain the
functional and structural characteristics of the tissue of origin.
5. Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells of a tissue; most
often associated with periods of rapid body growth.
Malignant: Having cells or processes that are characteristic of
cancer.
Metaplasia: Conversion of one type of mature cell into another
type of cell.
Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to
distant sites.
Myelosuppression: Suppression of the blood cell–producing
function of the bone marrow.
Oncology: Field or study of cancer.
6. Palliation: Relief of symptoms associated with cancer.
Radiation therapy: Use of ionizing radiation to interrupt the
growth of malignant cells.
Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral tissues, often associated
with some chemotherapeutic agents.
Staging: Process of determining the size and spread, or
metastasis, of a tumor.
Thrombocytopenia: Decrease in the number of circulating
platelets; associated with the potential for bleeding.
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN AND
MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS
BENIGN MALIGNANT
Well-differentiated cells that
resemble normal cells of the tissue
from which the tumor originated
Cells are undifferentiated and often
bear little resemblance
to the normal cells of the tissue
from which they arose
Tumor grows by expansion and
does not infiltrate the surrounding
tissues.
Grows at the periphery and sends
out processes that infiltrate and
destroy the surrounding tissues.
Rate of growth is usually slow Rate of growth is variable and
depends on level of differentiation.
8. BENIGN MALIGNANT
Does not spread by metastasis Gains access to the blood and
lymphatic channels and
metastasizes to other areas of the
body
Is usually a localized phenomenon
that does not cause generalized
effects.
Often causes generalized effects,
such as anemia,
weakness, and weight loss
Does not usually cause tissue
damage unless its location interferes
with blood flow.
Often causes extensive tissue
damage as the tumor outgrows its
blood supply. may also produce
substances that
cause cell damage.
9. ETIOLOGY
Certain categories of agents or factors implicated in
carcinogenesis include:
Viruses and bacteria - Epstein-Barr virus
Herpes simplex virus type II
Cytomegalovirus
Physical agents - Excessive exposure to the ultraviolet rays
of the sun.
Exposure to ionizing radiation
Chemical agents - Use of tobacco
Pesticides and formaldehydes
11. DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF CANCER
The American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute,
clinicians, and researchers have placed greater emphasis on
primary and secondary prevention of cancer.
Primary Prevention is concerned with reducing the risks of
cancer in healthy people.
Secondary Prevention involves detection and screening to
achieve early diagnosis and prompt intervention to halt the
cancer process.
12. PRIMARY PREVENTION
Assisting patients to avoid known carcinogens is one way to
reduce the risk for cancer. Another way involves adopting
dietary and various lifestyle changes that epidemiologic and
laboratory studies show influence the risk for cancer.
Nurses can use their teaching and counseling skills to
encourage patients to participate in cancer prevention
programs and to promote healthful lifestyles.
13. SECONDARY PREVENTION
To provide individualized education and recommendations for
continued surveillance and care in high-risk populations.
Nurses need to be familiar with ongoing developments in the field of
genetics and cancer.
Public awareness about health-promoting behaviors can be increased
in a variety of ways.
14. RISK FACTORS: TAKING STEPS TO REDUCE
CANCER RISK
1. Increase consumption of fresh vegetables because studies indicate that
roughage and vitamin-rich foods help to prevent certain kinds of cancer.
2. Increase fiber intake because high-fiber diets may reduce the risk for
certain cancers (eg, breast, prostate, and colon).
3. Increase intake of vitamin A, which reduces the risk for esophageal,
laryngeal, and lung cancers.
4. Increase intake of foods rich in vitamin C, such as citrus fruits and
broccoli, which are thought to protect against stomach and esophageal
cancers.
15. 5. Practice weight control because obesity is linked to cancers of the uterus,
gallbladder, breast, and colon.
6. Reduce intake of dietary fat because a high-fat diet increases the risk for
breast, colon, and prostate cancers.
7. Practice moderation in consumption of salt-cured, smoked, and nitrate-
cured foods, these have been linked to esophageal and gastric cancers.
8. Stop smoking cigarettes and cigars, which are carcinogens.
9. Reduce alcohol intake because drinking large amounts of alcohol increases
the risk of liver cancer.
10. Avoid overexposure to the sun, wear protective clothing, and use a
sunscreen to prevent skin damage from ultraviolet rays that increase the risk
of skin cancer.
16. WARNING SIGNS OF CANCER
CAUTION
C Change in bowel or bladder habits
A A sore that does not heal
U Unusual bleeding or discharge
T Thickening or lump in a breast or else where
I Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
O Obvious change in a wart or mole
N Nagging cough or hoarseness