Collective bargaining is a process where wages, benefits, and employment conditions are negotiated by a group of workers, usually represented by a union, with their employer. It involves collective negotiation and compromise between workers and management to reach agreements on terms of employment. Some key aspects of collective bargaining are that it is carried out by groups rather than individuals, focuses on rule-making around employment terms, and aims to reach agreements through a cooperative process rather than confrontation.

1. Collective Bargaining
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2. • Collective bargaining is that arrangement whereby the wages
components of remuneration and conditions of employement
of workmen are settled through a bargain between the
employer and the workmen collectively whether represent
through their union or by some of them on behalf of all them.
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3. • Collective bargaining is made up of two words – collective ,
which implies group action through its representatives, and
bargaining, which suggests haggling and /or negotiating .
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4. • collective bargaining is a process of negotiation by collective
action by a body of workers regarding their terms and
conditions of service such as wage leave, norms of
employment, gratuity, bonus and other benefits of the like
nature.
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5. Nature of Collective Bargaining
• It is carried out on a collective as distinct from an individual
basis. That is collective bargaining is bargaining by groups of
people
• In the bargaining process the main actors are employees,
employers and their associations
• The object of collective bargaining is rule making.
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6. • The main focus of these rules is on the terms and conditions
of employment.
• Collective bargaining is a “civilised bipartite confrontation”
between the workers and management with a view to arriving
at an agreement, for the object is not warfare but
compromise.
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7. Main features of collective
bargaining
• It is a group action as opposed to individual action and is
initiated through the representatives workers.
• It is flexible and mobile, and not fixed or static.
• It is a two party process
• It is a continuous process.
• It is dynamic and not static
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8. • It is industrial democracy at work.
• Collective bargaining is not a competitive process but is
essentially a complementary process.
• It is an art, an advanced form of human relations
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9. Pre- requisities of successful
collective bargaining
• There must be a change in the attitude of the employers and
employees.
• collective bargaining is best conducted at plant level.
• The employers and employees should enter upon negotiations
on points of difference or on demands with a view to reaching
an agreement.
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10. • Negotiations can be successful only when the parties rely on
the facts and figures to support their point of view.
• To ensure that collective bargaining functions properly, unfair
labour practice should be avoided.
• When negotiators result in an agreement, the terms of the
contract should be put down in writing and embodied in a
document.
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11. • Once an agreement is reached, it must be honoured and fairly
implemented.
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