Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and employee representatives, such as labor unions. It allows both parties to come together to discuss work-related issues and agree on contracts that specify the nature of the employment relationship. Key aspects of collective bargaining include wages, working conditions, employment terms, occupational safety and health issues, and processes for resolving disputes. The goal is to establish fair standards and increase stability and prosperity for both employers and employees through open communication and a flexible problem-solving approach.

1. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Collective Bargaining

2. Collective Bargaining
• Group process of negotiating work-related issues with the anticipation of
agreeing.
• Bargaining is done between two parties: the employer & the employees.
• Collective:- both the employer & the employee act as a group rather than as
individuals.
• Bargaining:- the method of reaching an agreement involves proposals and
counter proposals, offers & counter offers & other negotiations.

3. Example
• Collective bargaining is a process in which the representatives of a labor
organization and the representatives of the business organization meet and
attempt to negotiate a contract or agreement which specifies the nature of the
employee-employer union relationship
• for example, Bargaining to ensure safe working conditions and job safety.

4. Features of Collective Bargaining
Group and Collective Action
• Group and Collective action is the main feature of collective Bargaining.
• Group and Collective action is a collective process in two ways.
• First, the workers collectively bargain for their shared interests and benefits.
• Secondly, the workers and management jointly arrive at an amicable solution
through negotiations.
Strength
• both parties bargain from a position of equal power.
• In collective Bargaining, the bargaining power of both parties is equal.

5. Continuous Process
• collective Bargaining is a constant process.
• collective Bargaining establishes a regular and stable relationship between the
parties involved.
• collective Bargaining involves not only the contract negotiation but also the
contract’s administration or application. The continuous process is the main
feature of Collective Bargaining.
• collective Bargaining means that Bargaining is a day-to-day process consisting of
several steps: organising, recognition, preparation for negotiation, negotiation,
and contract administration.

6. Flexible
• the parties must adopt a flexible attitude throughout the Bargaining process
since no party can afford to be rigid and inflexible.
• The unique feature of collective Bargaining is that both the parties concerned
start negotiations with entirely different views. But finally, reach a point
acceptable to both parties. It is, therefore, not a one-way street but a give-and-
take process.
Voluntary
• Collective Bargaining is a voluntary process by the management and workers.
• Both the parties come to the Bargaining to have a meaningful dialogue on various
troubling issues.

7. Dynamic
• Collective Bargaining is a relatively new concept and is growing, expanding, and
changing.
• it is scientific, factual, and systematic.
Power Relationship
• Collective Bargaining involves a power relationship.
• Workers want to gain the maximum from the management, and management
wants to extract the maximum from workers by paying as little as possible.
• Both must retreat from their positions to reach a solution, accept less than what
is asked, and give more than offered.

8. Scope of Collective Bargaining

9. The Cooperation & Communication b/w Trade Union Organization and the
Management
• covers matters such as employers’ duties to consult, inform & decide in
cooperation with the union and confidentiality clauses.
• employers support trade union activities by providing them with technical
facilities, etc.
Employment & Working Conditions
• employment contracts & termination of employment; principles of redundancy
policy.
• working time & working time schedules; & holiday & paid leave is included in it.

10. Wages & Remuneration
• It covers matters such as the wage system & minimum wage tariffs; payment for
working overtime & working on holidays. However, extra payments for difficult &
risky working conditions & night work; & severance payment in the event of
collective redundancies. In this area, the scope of Collective Bargaining is wide.
Occupational Safety & Health
• These matters such as employee duties & cooperation with trade unions on
safety and health issues. Preventive & corrective measures to improve working
conditions & to reduce risk at work. Also, the establishment of trade union Safety
& health delegates in companies.

11. Human Resource Development & Other Social Issues
• It covers matters such as Training & human resources development activities.
Moreover, the creation & utilization of the Social fund in an enterprise.
Reduction of Conflict between Management & Trade Unions
• It covers the procedures applied in serious disagreements between social
partners.

12. Functions of Collective Bargaining

13. 1. Economic Strength
• Increase the economic strength of employees & management.
2. Uniformity
• Establish uniform conditions of employment.
3. Fair Redressal
• Secure a prompt & fair redressal of grievances.
4. Norms
• Lay down Fair rates of wages & other norms of working conditions.
5. Efficiency
• Achieve an efficient functioning of the organization. It is the main collective
bargaining function.
6. Stability
• Build the stability & prosperity of the Company.

14. 7. Regulation
• It provides a method of regulating the conditions of employment of those directly
concerned about them. It is the very essential function of Collective Bargaining.
8. Solution
• It solves the problem of sickness in industry and ensures old benefits, age
pension benefits & other fringe benefits.
9. New Procedures
• It creates new & varied procedures for the solution of problems as and when
they arise. The employee is assured that he will be required to work under the
stipulated condition incorporated in the agreement. Also, the employer is
protected from unfair competition by those in similar industries.

15. 10. Flexible Means
• It provides a flexible means for the adjustment of wages & employment
conditions to economic & technological changes in the industry. Flexible means
are the collective bargaining function. As a result of which, the changes in
conflicts are reduced.
11. Democratic Principles
• As a vehicle of industrial peace, Collective Bargaining is an essential & significant
aspect of labor-management relations. Therefore, it extends the democratic
principle from the political to the industrial field.
12. Industrial Jurisprudences
• It builds up a system of industrial jurisprudence by introducing civil rights in the
industry. In other words, it ensures that rules rather than arbitrary decisions
conduct management.

16. Scope of the Impacts
of
Collective Bargaining Agreements

17. The scope of collective bargaining includes:
Wages & Remuneration
Occupational Safety & Health
Employment & Working Conditions
Reduction of conflict between Management & trade unions
Human resource development & Other Social issues

18. functions of the bargaining councils
Bargaining council have all the knowledge of the accounting information for fair
redressal.
Bargaining council has power to solve the industrial disputes and resolve the
conflicts.
Economic strength of the employees increases with the help of collective
bargaining.

19. THANK Q