Howard Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences in 1983, which states that there are at least 8 types of intelligences that people use to understand and perceive the world. These include visual-spatial intelligence involving mentally visualizing objects and space; logical-mathematical intelligence involving reasoning, logic, and numbers; naturalistic intelligence involving appreciating nature; musical intelligence involving music, rhythm, and beats; interpersonal intelligence involving communicating with others; intrapersonal intelligence involving understanding one's own emotions and self-reflection; linguistic intelligence involving using spoken or written language; and bodily-kinesthetic intelligence involving controlling physical motion and the body's abilities.