Coastal landforms such as beaches, bays, capes, and peninsulas are shaped by the erosion and deposition of sediments from waves and tides. Coastal environments support a wide variety of plant and animal life, including mangrove forests, coral reefs, and migratory bird populations. Human activities like fishing, trade, tourism and urban development have drawn large populations to coastal areas but have also threatened coastal ecosystems through pollution, climate change, and overexploitation of resources. Coastal regions face risks from natural hazards exacerbated by sea level rise.

1. where the sea meets the land

2. Coastal landforms are produced by deposition or erosion
due to the the action of Waves and Tides

3. Ranging from gently sloping beaches to high cliffs, different sizes and shapes are found
here…

4. Bay
Cape
A large piece of land surrounded on three sides by water.
A part of the sea partly enclosed by a curve in the land.

5. Peninsula
A piece of land almost completely surrounded by water but joined to a large area of land.
Beach
A geological landform along the shoreline of a body of water.

6. Thunderstorms
Severe thunderstorms occur generally during the afternoon and evening hours.
Precipitation
Precipitation is high, particularly along the coast, and seasonal.
Temperature
Hot and humid.
Average annual high temperature is about 77 degrees.

7. Sandy soil is ideal for certain crops such as watermelons, peaches, coconuts etc
Saline soil contains high level of salts which is ideal for growing date palm,
sugar beet, cotton etc.

8. Mangrove soil: Bacterium from mangrove soil helps in the fermentation of
mangrove trees.
Peat soil- Soil that is derived completely from the decomposing remains of plants.
They are used for horticulture and for growing crops.

9. Coral reefs
Rocky structures are produced by living organisms found in marine waters
with little or no nutrients.
Coral reefs are warm, clear, shallow ocean habitats that are rich in
plant and animal life.

10. Mangrove forests
The forests transfer organic matter and energy from the land to the
sea, forming the base for many marine food webs.
They play a vital role in trapping sediments,
thereby stabilizing coastlines and protecting coral reefs and sea grass.

11. WILDLIFE
Coastal environment supports a large number of
migratory and breeding birds.
The coasts of Northern Europe are home for the Puffin.
Chough are found around coasts in West Wales.
Eider Duck are found in the Northern coasts of Europe, North America in large numbers.

12. Animals on the Coasts
The Pacific Razor Clam is a shellfish which ranges from California to
Alaska.
Pacific Razor Clam
Sea turtles are large, air-breathing reptiles that inhabit tropical and
subtropical seas such as the coasts of Orissa.
Turtles

13. Humpback Whales can be seen off Washington's coast,
in Mexico and Hawaii.
Humpback Whales

14. Grass TreesOyster Plant Big Cone Plant
Exposed places on the coast are the flourishing grounds for
beautiful and sea-tolerant plants…

15. 60 per cent of the world’s population lives within 60 km of a coast.
Some grew up around fishing communities.
Most coastal settlements have developed around docks, ports and harbours.
Some grew up around tourist hotspots.

17. Salt Pans
Shallow man-made ponds are designed to produce salt from sea water.
Notable salt ponds include the San Francisco Bay salt ponds in the
United States, Little Rann of Kutch in India
and the Dead Sea salt ponds in Israel.

18. Inland Farming
Coastline with its many inlets, peninsulas and offshore islands provides
plenty of habitat for coastal floras.
Palm Trees Black Berrys
Sea Oats

19. The tropical monsoon climate and fertile soils of the coastal plains favour spice
farming.
In fact, Asia is known as the ‘Land of Spices’ .
Thirteen major spices are produced in Asia.
Spice Farming
Black Pepper Clove Cardamom

20. Aquaculture
Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms.
Aquaculture includes fish farming, shrimp farming, oyster farming.

21. Fishing
Fishing industry is an important economic activity that provides food
and jobs for millions of people.
Includes all the activities involved in the
commercial and recreational production of fish and shellfish.

22. Coastal Tourism
The world’s largest industry and the fastest growing economic sector.
Golden sands, swinging trees, breeze waving through our hair
What life this if man can’t find time to stand and stare.

23. Shipping and Trade
Creates commercial relationship between widely separated parts of the World.
The major commodities that are moved by coastal shipping are
crude oil, coal, iron ore, steel, cement, medicines, etc.

24. People in the coastal areas consume fish, shellfish and a variety of plant foods
such as coconut, date palm etc.

26. Many of the World’s major cities such as New York, Sydney, Shanghai,
Mumbai etc. lie on the coast.
Coastal cities are the routes through which vital supplies of food,
petroleum and raw materials for industry enter a country.

28. The life of a coastal resident is vulnerable to natural disasters such as storms,
cyclone, hurricanes, land erosion, etc.
Shore line erosion

29. The ultimate recipients of marine pollution due to industrial effluents, human activities etc.
People face extreme possible impacts of climate change e.g. floods, tsunamis etc.
Tsunami, 26 December Impact of Coastal Flood

30. Coasts are facing environmental challenges related to human-induced activities.
There are various sources of pollution such as garbage and industrial debris,
oil spills from petroleum tankers etc.
Coastal Pollution

31. Climate Change
Contributes in rise of sea level, which threatens coastal habitat.
Extinction of Fishes
Due to habitat degradation, over fishing and climate change.

32. A relaxing breeze sweeps
Across the calm flat surface
of the sea
reflected deep azure,
the waves start to roll and tumble
in the sea
crash, crash, crash
waves smash on high rocky cliffs
beside the sea
the sky darkens
huge, fluffy grey candyfloss gathers
above the sea

33. wind roars, thunder cracks
water crashes down like waterfalls at the sea
schools of small fish panic, fear grips
they're being tossed around
through the sea
and eternity passes, clouds part
the sun shines down, heavens rays
onto the sea
tranquility is restored
gulls sqawk happily
near the sea
Rhythmic pattern of tides
a vast expance of blue water,
Remember the sea.