This document outlines a lecture on the nervous system presented by Ahmer Iqbal at Preston University, Islamabad. It begins with an overview of the topics to be covered, including the anatomy of the nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, central nervous system, functions of brain areas, the spinal cord, spinal cord injuries, and case studies. It then goes into detail about various aspects of the nervous system, describing the peripheral nervous system including the somatic and autonomic systems, the central nervous system focusing on the brain and spinal cord, and classifications of spinal cord injuries. Several case studies involving patients with conditions like spinal cord injury and stroke are also presented.

1. NERVOUS SYSTEM
BY
AHMER IQBAL
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY,
PRESTON UNIVERSITY,ISLAMABAD
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2. SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
 ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
 PNS
 CNS
 QUIZ
 FUNCTIONS ASSOCAITED WITH BRAIN
AREAS
 SPINAL CORD
 SCI & ASIA SCORING
 GROUP EXCERCISES
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3. NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
 Central Nervous System (CNS)
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4. NERVOUS SYSTEM
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5. NERVOUS SYSTEM
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6. PNS OF HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
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7. SOMATIC SYSTEM OF PNS
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8. SOMATIC SYSTEM OF PNS
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9. SOMATIC SYSTEM OF PNS
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10. SOMATIC SYSTEM OF PNS
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11. AFFERENT & EFFERENT NEURONS
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12. AFFERENT AND EFFERENT NEURONS
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13. SOMATIC SYSTEM OF PNS
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14. AUTONOMIC SYSTEM OF PNS
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17. AUTONOMIC SYSTEM OF PNS
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21. AUTONOMIC SYSTEM OF PNS
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22. AUTONOMIC SYSTEM OF PNS
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29. PNS
 SPINAL NERVES
 CRANIAL NERVES
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35. QUIZ
 WHICH SYSTEM OF PNS WILL
RESPOND TO SITUTIONS DEPICTED
IN NEXT TWO PICTURES
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38. ANSWER: SOMATIC SYSTEM OF PNS
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39. ANSWER: AUTONOMIC / SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM/AROUSING
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40. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
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41. HUMAN BRAIN
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43. THREE DIVISIONS OF BRAIN
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44. CEREBRUM AND CEREBELLUM
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45. FOUR LOBES OF CEREBRAL CORTEX
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46. RIGHT AND LEFT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
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53. HUMAN BRAIN
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54. HUMAN BRAIN
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55. BRAIN AREAS
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56. BRAIN AREAS
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57. BRAIN AREAS
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58. BRAIN AREAS
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60. SPINAL CORD
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65. SCI
AMERICAN SPINAL INJURY ASSOCIATION (ASIA) IMPAIRMENT SCALE
There is much confusion about the American Spinal Injury Association
Classification of spinal cord injury, also called the ASIA Impairment Scale. Here
is the definition again:
A = Complete: No motor or sensory function is preserved in the sacral
segments
B = Incomplete: Sensory but not motor function is preserved below the
neurological level and includes the sacral segments S4-S5.
C = Incomplete: Motor function is preserved below the neurological level,
and more than half of key muscles below the neurological level have a
muscle grade less than 3.
D = Incomplete: Motor function is preserved below the neurological level,
and at least half of key muscles below the neurological level have a
muscle grade of 3 or more.
E = Normal: motor and sensory function are normal.
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67. SCI
SPINAL CORD INJURIES CLASSIFICATION
 Spinal cord injuries are of various types.
Nearly all are severe. Destruction of a small
portion of the cord produces profound motor
and sensory changes below the level of the
lesion.
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68. SCI
Spinal cord injury/paralysis is classified as:-
1. TRAUMATIC
 Complete
 Incomplete
2. NON TRAUMATIC
a. Developmental
b. Acquired
c. Infective
d. Degenerative
e. Neoplastic
f. Vascular
g. Metabolic
h. Idiopahic
i. Iatrogenic
j. Psychological
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69. SCI
1. Infective – bacterial, TB Spine, viral
2. Degenrative Spondylosis
3. Neo plastic Neurofibroma Malignant
4. Vascular Cord hemorrhage.
5. Metabolic sub acute combined degeneration
of the cord
6. Idiopathic Multiple sclerosis,
7. Iatrogenic Radiation, surgical intervention
spinal injection, vaccination.
8. Psychological Conversion reaction.
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70. CASE STUDY 1
 A Patient of age 29 educated as an
engineer and working in
telecommunication company has been
referred to you by Spinal surgeon with
Diagnosis as SCI T4, Asia “A”. The
Patient is married with no kids. Family is
supportive.
 Please prepare Plan for Psychological
rehabilitation
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71. CASE STUDY 2
 A Patient of age 65 with diagnosis of CVA
Stroke (3 Wks) has been appeared
before you with referral of
Neurophyscian. His MRI report indicate
significant damage in frontal Lobe.
 Design Psychoneurological
assessment and identify possible
short term goals for up coming three
months.
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72. CASE STUDY 3
 A Patient of age 19 educated till
graduation is engaged to a relative
(Cousin) has been referred to you by
Rehab specialist with Diagnosis as SCI
T10, Asia “A”. Family is supportive.
 Please prepare Plan for Psychological
rehabilitation
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73. CASE STUDY 4
 You as Psychologist has been invited in a meeting
attended by different health care professionals.
Here is a patient with TBI. No MRI or CT Scan
reports are available. The patient is on wheel chair
responding to instructions. Neurosurgeon has told
you that surgery has been carried out in temporal
lobe and cerebellum.
 Please identify your assessment areas and
intended short goals
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74. CASE STUDY 5
 A child of 8 years has been referred to you by School
Teacher with chief complaint that he is slow to respond.
He is not attentive and paying no or little heed towards
instructions. A boy with enhanced reaction time. Otherwise
socially active and is pleasant in disposition. He is
command following, maintaining eye contact and can
recognize well, is abide by rules and regulation.
You plan for proper diagnosis and possible way
and time to achieve the goal.
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75. CASE STUDY 6
 You have received a call from ICU, Medical
for a patient who has suffered a massive
CVA Stroke. MRI report indicates large size
lesion on Left side of the Brain. The patient
is presently on ventilator. Lungs are
working at 50%.His GCS score is 7.
 You as Psychologist Plan your
Interventions and identify your role.
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76. CASE STUDY 7
 An educated young woman of 29 years of
age, married with one kid has suffered a
tragic episode of RTA. During the episode
she has suffered a SCI injury. Her injury is
at C4, ASIA “C”. She is now been referred
for Rehabilitation.
 Pl Plan for Psychological
Rehabilitation.
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