HIV can directly invade the brain after infection, replicating in brain cells and causing inflammation and neurological damage. This can lead to a range of cognitive, behavioral, and motor difficulties classified into three categories: asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, mild neurocognitive disorder (MND), and HIV-associated dementia (HAD). MND is characterized by mild cognitive impairment, while HAD causes progressive cognitive, motor, and behavioral disturbances such as slowed thinking, memory loss, and social withdrawal. Risk factors for these disorders include older age, lower CD4 count, higher viral load, and coinfections.
Encephalitis is an infection of the brain parenchyma that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoa. There are several types of encephalitis including bacterial (such as from tuberculosis or neurosyphilis), viral (caused by viruses like herpes simplex), HIV encephalopathy, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Bacterial encephalitis usually results from meningitis. Brain abscesses can arise from direct implantation, local extension from nearby infections, or hematogenous spread. Viral encephalitis is usually preceded by infection elsewhere in the body and viruses reach the brain via blood or nerves. Histologic features include perivascular infiltrates and neuronophagia.
Opportunistic infections and diseases of the central nervous system are common in patients with HIV/AIDS. Post-mortem studies show that up to 70% of AIDS patients have CNS abnormalities. Common conditions include HIV encephalopathy, which causes cognitive and motor impairment; cerebral toxoplasmosis, the most common mass lesion; and primary cerebral lymphoma. Other opportunistic infections that can affect the brain include cryptococcosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, tuberculosis, and herpes virus infections. Imaging findings may include cerebral atrophy, white matter lesions, enhancing mass lesions, meningeal enhancement, and hydrocephalus, depending on the specific condition.
1. The document discusses various parasitic diseases that can infect the central nervous system (CNS), including their clinical manifestations and imaging features.
2. Common parasitic infections that can affect the CNS discussed include neurocysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, strongyloidiasis, baylisascariasis, angiostrongyliasis, and gnathostomiasis.
3. Imaging modalities like CT and MRI play an important role in the diagnosis of parasitic CNS infections by revealing characteristic lesion patterns and anatomical involvement that can help differentiate between infections.
The document discusses various viral infections that can cause meningoencephalitis and myelitis. It provides details on imaging findings and differential diagnoses for different viruses. Key points include that herpes simplex virus is a common cause of viral encephalitis in the US. Japanese encephalitis virus typically causes bilateral thalamic hyperintensities on MRI. Congenital cytomegalovirus can cause microcephaly, cerebral calcifications, and cerebellar hypoplasia. HIV encephalitis is suggested by atrophy and symmetric periventricular or diffuse white matter disease on MRI.
The document discusses various viral infections that can cause meningoencephalitis and myelitis. It provides details on imaging findings and differential diagnoses for different viruses. Key points include that herpes simplex virus is a common cause of viral encephalitis in the US. Japanese encephalitis virus often shows bilateral thalamic hyperintensities on imaging. Congenital cytomegalovirus can cause microcephaly and cerebral calcifications. HIV encephalitis is suggested by atrophy and symmetric periventricular white matter disease. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis appears as multifocal white matter lesions following infection or vaccination.
1) Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain that is usually caused by a viral infection. Children, the elderly, and those with weak immune systems are most at risk.
2) Diagnosis involves imaging tests like MRI and CT scans to view brain inflammation, as well as tests of cerebrospinal fluid and blood to identify potential viral causes.
3) Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the inflammation. Supportive care aims to help the body fight infection, while antiviral drugs may be given if a viral cause is identified.
The document discusses central nervous system (CNS) infections, including viral and bacterial meningitis and viral encephalitis. It describes the anatomy of the CNS and how it is protected. It then explains how the CNS can be infected by various agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. It provides details on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis, acute viral meningitis, and viral encephalitis.
HIV can directly invade the brain after infection, replicating in brain cells and causing inflammation and neurological damage. This can lead to a range of cognitive, behavioral, and motor difficulties classified into three categories: asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, mild neurocognitive disorder (MND), and HIV-associated dementia (HAD). MND is characterized by mild cognitive impairment, while HAD causes progressive cognitive, motor, and behavioral disturbances such as slowed thinking, memory loss, and social withdrawal. Risk factors for these disorders include older age, lower CD4 count, higher viral load, and coinfections.
Encephalitis is an infection of the brain parenchyma that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoa. There are several types of encephalitis including bacterial (such as from tuberculosis or neurosyphilis), viral (caused by viruses like herpes simplex), HIV encephalopathy, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Bacterial encephalitis usually results from meningitis. Brain abscesses can arise from direct implantation, local extension from nearby infections, or hematogenous spread. Viral encephalitis is usually preceded by infection elsewhere in the body and viruses reach the brain via blood or nerves. Histologic features include perivascular infiltrates and neuronophagia.
Opportunistic infections and diseases of the central nervous system are common in patients with HIV/AIDS. Post-mortem studies show that up to 70% of AIDS patients have CNS abnormalities. Common conditions include HIV encephalopathy, which causes cognitive and motor impairment; cerebral toxoplasmosis, the most common mass lesion; and primary cerebral lymphoma. Other opportunistic infections that can affect the brain include cryptococcosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, tuberculosis, and herpes virus infections. Imaging findings may include cerebral atrophy, white matter lesions, enhancing mass lesions, meningeal enhancement, and hydrocephalus, depending on the specific condition.
1. The document discusses various parasitic diseases that can infect the central nervous system (CNS), including their clinical manifestations and imaging features.
2. Common parasitic infections that can affect the CNS discussed include neurocysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, strongyloidiasis, baylisascariasis, angiostrongyliasis, and gnathostomiasis.
3. Imaging modalities like CT and MRI play an important role in the diagnosis of parasitic CNS infections by revealing characteristic lesion patterns and anatomical involvement that can help differentiate between infections.
The document discusses various viral infections that can cause meningoencephalitis and myelitis. It provides details on imaging findings and differential diagnoses for different viruses. Key points include that herpes simplex virus is a common cause of viral encephalitis in the US. Japanese encephalitis virus typically causes bilateral thalamic hyperintensities on MRI. Congenital cytomegalovirus can cause microcephaly, cerebral calcifications, and cerebellar hypoplasia. HIV encephalitis is suggested by atrophy and symmetric periventricular or diffuse white matter disease on MRI.
The document discusses various viral infections that can cause meningoencephalitis and myelitis. It provides details on imaging findings and differential diagnoses for different viruses. Key points include that herpes simplex virus is a common cause of viral encephalitis in the US. Japanese encephalitis virus often shows bilateral thalamic hyperintensities on imaging. Congenital cytomegalovirus can cause microcephaly and cerebral calcifications. HIV encephalitis is suggested by atrophy and symmetric periventricular white matter disease. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis appears as multifocal white matter lesions following infection or vaccination.
1) Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain that is usually caused by a viral infection. Children, the elderly, and those with weak immune systems are most at risk.
2) Diagnosis involves imaging tests like MRI and CT scans to view brain inflammation, as well as tests of cerebrospinal fluid and blood to identify potential viral causes.
3) Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the inflammation. Supportive care aims to help the body fight infection, while antiviral drugs may be given if a viral cause is identified.
The document discusses central nervous system (CNS) infections, including viral and bacterial meningitis and viral encephalitis. It describes the anatomy of the CNS and how it is protected. It then explains how the CNS can be infected by various agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. It provides details on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis, acute viral meningitis, and viral encephalitis.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma that causes diffuse or focal neurological dysfunction. It is often caused by viral infections like herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus. Diagnostic workup includes imaging tests, lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and electroencephalography. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antiviral medications like acyclovir for suspected herpes infections. Prognosis depends on the cause, with viral causes generally having a better outlook than autoimmune or unknown causes.
Lect 4 Infections of the Central Nervous system.pptxAntnaSinek
The document discusses infections of the central nervous system (CNS). It describes the key causes as bacteria, fungi and viruses. It categorizes CNS infections as meningitis, encephalitis, or brain abscess. For meningitis, the document outlines the most common bacterial causes in children and adults, including Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. It provides details on symptoms, diagnosis and treatment for each.
The document discusses HIV infection and encephalitis. Some key points:
- HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS and can affect the nervous system directly or indirectly through opportunistic infections.
- Neurological features develop in 80% of infected individuals, manifesting as effects of HIV or infections/tumors due to immunodeficiency.
- HIV encephalitis refers to cognitive impairment from cerebral HIV infection and does not include opportunistic infections from immunodeficiency.
- Symptoms of HIV encephalitis include decreased cognition, psychomotor slowing, and motor symptoms like gait instability. Diagnosis involves neuropsychological testing and neuroimaging. Treatment includes antiretroviral therapy and
This document discusses the neurologic manifestations of HIV/AIDS in India. Some key points include:
- Opportunistic infections like cryptococcal meningitis and tuberculosis account for the majority (around 70%) of neurologic events seen in HIV patients in India.
- Conditions like progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and myelopathy are relatively rare compared to Western countries.
- Common neurologic manifestations include meningitis, mass lesions in the brain, and various neuropathies.
- The pattern of neurologic involvement tends to change as the CD4 count declines, with more severe complications occurring at very low CD4 levels.
The document discusses various central nervous system manifestations that can occur in HIV/AIDS patients. It covers conditions such as HIV encephalopathy, cerebral toxoplasmosis, primary cerebral lymphoma, cryptococcosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, tuberculosis, and aspergillosis. For each condition, it describes the clinical presentation, imaging findings on techniques such as CT, MRI, and spectroscopy, as well as treatment approaches.
This document provides information on various neurological infections. It discusses meningitis, defining it as an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It notes that meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other toxins. It also discusses types of meningitis such as bacterial, viral, and chronic meningitis. Additionally, it covers encephalitis, defining it as an inflammation of the brain tissue and membranes. It notes various causes of encephalitis and discusses associated clinical manifestations and treatment approaches.
The document discusses meningitis, including:
1. It defines meningitis as inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi or other microorganisms.
2. It classifies meningitis based on etiology, including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic meningitis. The most common bacterial causes are S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and H. influenzae.
3. It notes that while viral meningitis is more common, bacterial meningitis requires urgent treatment due to high mortality and morbidity. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical for improving prognosis.
This document discusses the neurological manifestations of HIV infection, including:
- Opportunistic infections like toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
- Neoplasms such as primary CNS lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma.
- Direct results of HIV infection including HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment.
- Specific conditions like aseptic meningitis, myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy.
This document summarizes various neurological complications of HIV/AIDS, including:
- Acute retroviral syndrome occurring in the majority after initial HIV exposure, potentially causing meningitis.
- HIV-associated encephalopathy, the most common HIV-related brain disease, presenting as cognitive and motor slowing.
- Myelopathy, characterized by vacuolar changes in the thoracic spinal cord causing spasticity and sensory symptoms.
- Several types of infections are described like toxoplasmosis, cryptococcus, CMV, and various types of mycobacteria.
- Primary central nervous system lymphoma is an AIDS-defining cancer that can involve the brain, eyes and spinal fluid.
- Neurotoxic
Imaging of common viral brain infection in india PPTNaba Kumar Barman
This document discusses various viral infections that can cause brain infections in India. It summarizes common viral causes including Japanese encephalitis, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, and influenza. For each virus, it describes typical clinical presentations, pathogenesis, imaging findings on CT and MRI, and differential diagnoses. Common MRI findings include hyperintensities on T2/FLAIR sequences, restricted diffusion, and variable contrast enhancement in different brain regions depending on the infecting virus. The document emphasizes the importance of imaging such as MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging for early diagnosis.
Acute infections of the nervous system like bacterial meningitis can be life-threatening if not recognized and treated early. The document discusses various acute infections including bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, encephalitis, and fungal infections. It provides details on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of bacterial meningitis, which is often characterized by the classic triad of fever, headache, and neck stiffness, and requires prompt lumbar puncture and antibiotic treatment to identify the pathogen and prevent complications.
This document discusses the common neurological manifestations seen in patients with HIV/AIDS and their appearance on radiological imaging. It describes HIV encephalitis as the most frequent manifestation, appearing as diffuse symmetric white matter hyperintensities. Toxoplasmosis typically appears as multifocal lesions over 2-3cm with peripheral enhancement. Cryptococcal meningitis can cause leptomeningeal or parenchymal lesions. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy lesions are non-enhancing. Cytomegalovirus commonly involves the periventricular regions. Primary CNS lymphoma often appears as enhancing lesions that cross the corpus callosum. Tuberculosis can cause tuberculomas with peripheral enhancement.
This document discusses several demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, including multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and transverse myelitis. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of each condition. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. Its most prevalent symptoms are bladder/bowel dysfunction, fatigue and pain. Treatment involves immunomodulator agents and corticosteroids. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis typically affects children and is associated with infections or vaccines, causing multifocal neurological deficits. Transverse myelitis involves acute inflammation across one spinal cord level, commonly causing band
The document discusses various neurological complications that can occur in HIV infected individuals. It covers topics like neuropathogenesis of HIV, meningitis (aseptic and cryptococcal), focal brain conditions like cerebral toxoplasmosis, and treatment approaches. Cryptococcal meningitis is described as the most common fungal meningitis in AIDS patients. Clinical features, diagnosis, antifungal therapy, monitoring and management of increased intracranial pressure are discussed for cryptococcal meningitis.
This document discusses AIDS and its ocular manifestations. It begins with an introduction to AIDS, noting that eye involvement occurs in 90% of autopsy cases and ocular complications are present in 75% of patients with AIDS. It then covers the global prevalence of HIV/AIDS, modes of transmission, pathophysiology involving destruction of CD4+ cells, common signs and symptoms affecting multiple organ systems, diagnosis including CD4+ cell counts and WHO staging, and various ocular manifestations such as CMV retinitis, toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis, HIV retinopathy, progressive outer retinal necrosis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
1) Congenital infections like CMV, toxoplasmosis, rubella and herpes can cause lesions such as periventricular calcifications, encephalomalacia, and migrational disorders on imaging.
2) Meningitis appears as leptomeningeal enhancement, effacement of cisterns, hydrocephalus, and may lead to complications like ventriculitis, cerebral abscesses, and infarcts.
3) Tubercular and fungal infections typically cause basilar exudates and popcorn-like calcifications in the basal cisterns on CT and basal meningeal enhancement on MRI.
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma that is usually caused by viral infection. Common viruses include herpes simplex virus type 1 and West Nile virus. Clinical features include altered mental status, seizures, and focal neurological deficits. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing pleocytosis and identifying the virus through PCR or serology. Treatment involves antivirals for suspected viruses and managing increased intracranial pressure and seizures. Prognosis depends on the specific virus and early initiation of treatment.
This document summarizes various intracranial infections seen on imaging. It discusses congenital infections including TORCH agents like toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV and herpes which appear as encephaloclastic lesions, periventricular calcifications or migrational disorders on CT/MRI. Meningitis appears as effacement of cisterns or ventricular dilatation on CT. Pyogenic brain infections start as cerebritis seen as ill-defined enhancing lesions on MRI, evolving into ring-enhancing abscesses over time. Tubercular and fungal infections cause basal exudates or "popcorn" calcifications. Viral encephalitis like herpes simplex involves the lim
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma that causes diffuse or focal neurological dysfunction. It is often caused by viral infections like herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus. Diagnostic workup includes imaging tests, lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and electroencephalography. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antiviral medications like acyclovir for suspected herpes infections. Prognosis depends on the cause, with viral causes generally having a better outlook than autoimmune or unknown causes.
Lect 4 Infections of the Central Nervous system.pptxAntnaSinek
The document discusses infections of the central nervous system (CNS). It describes the key causes as bacteria, fungi and viruses. It categorizes CNS infections as meningitis, encephalitis, or brain abscess. For meningitis, the document outlines the most common bacterial causes in children and adults, including Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. It provides details on symptoms, diagnosis and treatment for each.
The document discusses HIV infection and encephalitis. Some key points:
- HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS and can affect the nervous system directly or indirectly through opportunistic infections.
- Neurological features develop in 80% of infected individuals, manifesting as effects of HIV or infections/tumors due to immunodeficiency.
- HIV encephalitis refers to cognitive impairment from cerebral HIV infection and does not include opportunistic infections from immunodeficiency.
- Symptoms of HIV encephalitis include decreased cognition, psychomotor slowing, and motor symptoms like gait instability. Diagnosis involves neuropsychological testing and neuroimaging. Treatment includes antiretroviral therapy and
This document discusses the neurologic manifestations of HIV/AIDS in India. Some key points include:
- Opportunistic infections like cryptococcal meningitis and tuberculosis account for the majority (around 70%) of neurologic events seen in HIV patients in India.
- Conditions like progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and myelopathy are relatively rare compared to Western countries.
- Common neurologic manifestations include meningitis, mass lesions in the brain, and various neuropathies.
- The pattern of neurologic involvement tends to change as the CD4 count declines, with more severe complications occurring at very low CD4 levels.
The document discusses various central nervous system manifestations that can occur in HIV/AIDS patients. It covers conditions such as HIV encephalopathy, cerebral toxoplasmosis, primary cerebral lymphoma, cryptococcosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, tuberculosis, and aspergillosis. For each condition, it describes the clinical presentation, imaging findings on techniques such as CT, MRI, and spectroscopy, as well as treatment approaches.
This document provides information on various neurological infections. It discusses meningitis, defining it as an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It notes that meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other toxins. It also discusses types of meningitis such as bacterial, viral, and chronic meningitis. Additionally, it covers encephalitis, defining it as an inflammation of the brain tissue and membranes. It notes various causes of encephalitis and discusses associated clinical manifestations and treatment approaches.
The document discusses meningitis, including:
1. It defines meningitis as inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi or other microorganisms.
2. It classifies meningitis based on etiology, including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic meningitis. The most common bacterial causes are S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and H. influenzae.
3. It notes that while viral meningitis is more common, bacterial meningitis requires urgent treatment due to high mortality and morbidity. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical for improving prognosis.
This document discusses the neurological manifestations of HIV infection, including:
- Opportunistic infections like toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
- Neoplasms such as primary CNS lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma.
- Direct results of HIV infection including HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment.
- Specific conditions like aseptic meningitis, myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy.
This document summarizes various neurological complications of HIV/AIDS, including:
- Acute retroviral syndrome occurring in the majority after initial HIV exposure, potentially causing meningitis.
- HIV-associated encephalopathy, the most common HIV-related brain disease, presenting as cognitive and motor slowing.
- Myelopathy, characterized by vacuolar changes in the thoracic spinal cord causing spasticity and sensory symptoms.
- Several types of infections are described like toxoplasmosis, cryptococcus, CMV, and various types of mycobacteria.
- Primary central nervous system lymphoma is an AIDS-defining cancer that can involve the brain, eyes and spinal fluid.
- Neurotoxic
Imaging of common viral brain infection in india PPTNaba Kumar Barman
This document discusses various viral infections that can cause brain infections in India. It summarizes common viral causes including Japanese encephalitis, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, and influenza. For each virus, it describes typical clinical presentations, pathogenesis, imaging findings on CT and MRI, and differential diagnoses. Common MRI findings include hyperintensities on T2/FLAIR sequences, restricted diffusion, and variable contrast enhancement in different brain regions depending on the infecting virus. The document emphasizes the importance of imaging such as MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging for early diagnosis.
Acute infections of the nervous system like bacterial meningitis can be life-threatening if not recognized and treated early. The document discusses various acute infections including bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, encephalitis, and fungal infections. It provides details on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of bacterial meningitis, which is often characterized by the classic triad of fever, headache, and neck stiffness, and requires prompt lumbar puncture and antibiotic treatment to identify the pathogen and prevent complications.
This document discusses the common neurological manifestations seen in patients with HIV/AIDS and their appearance on radiological imaging. It describes HIV encephalitis as the most frequent manifestation, appearing as diffuse symmetric white matter hyperintensities. Toxoplasmosis typically appears as multifocal lesions over 2-3cm with peripheral enhancement. Cryptococcal meningitis can cause leptomeningeal or parenchymal lesions. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy lesions are non-enhancing. Cytomegalovirus commonly involves the periventricular regions. Primary CNS lymphoma often appears as enhancing lesions that cross the corpus callosum. Tuberculosis can cause tuberculomas with peripheral enhancement.
This document discusses several demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, including multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and transverse myelitis. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of each condition. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. Its most prevalent symptoms are bladder/bowel dysfunction, fatigue and pain. Treatment involves immunomodulator agents and corticosteroids. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis typically affects children and is associated with infections or vaccines, causing multifocal neurological deficits. Transverse myelitis involves acute inflammation across one spinal cord level, commonly causing band
The document discusses various neurological complications that can occur in HIV infected individuals. It covers topics like neuropathogenesis of HIV, meningitis (aseptic and cryptococcal), focal brain conditions like cerebral toxoplasmosis, and treatment approaches. Cryptococcal meningitis is described as the most common fungal meningitis in AIDS patients. Clinical features, diagnosis, antifungal therapy, monitoring and management of increased intracranial pressure are discussed for cryptococcal meningitis.
This document discusses AIDS and its ocular manifestations. It begins with an introduction to AIDS, noting that eye involvement occurs in 90% of autopsy cases and ocular complications are present in 75% of patients with AIDS. It then covers the global prevalence of HIV/AIDS, modes of transmission, pathophysiology involving destruction of CD4+ cells, common signs and symptoms affecting multiple organ systems, diagnosis including CD4+ cell counts and WHO staging, and various ocular manifestations such as CMV retinitis, toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis, HIV retinopathy, progressive outer retinal necrosis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
1) Congenital infections like CMV, toxoplasmosis, rubella and herpes can cause lesions such as periventricular calcifications, encephalomalacia, and migrational disorders on imaging.
2) Meningitis appears as leptomeningeal enhancement, effacement of cisterns, hydrocephalus, and may lead to complications like ventriculitis, cerebral abscesses, and infarcts.
3) Tubercular and fungal infections typically cause basilar exudates and popcorn-like calcifications in the basal cisterns on CT and basal meningeal enhancement on MRI.
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma that is usually caused by viral infection. Common viruses include herpes simplex virus type 1 and West Nile virus. Clinical features include altered mental status, seizures, and focal neurological deficits. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing pleocytosis and identifying the virus through PCR or serology. Treatment involves antivirals for suspected viruses and managing increased intracranial pressure and seizures. Prognosis depends on the specific virus and early initiation of treatment.
This document summarizes various intracranial infections seen on imaging. It discusses congenital infections including TORCH agents like toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV and herpes which appear as encephaloclastic lesions, periventricular calcifications or migrational disorders on CT/MRI. Meningitis appears as effacement of cisterns or ventricular dilatation on CT. Pyogenic brain infections start as cerebritis seen as ill-defined enhancing lesions on MRI, evolving into ring-enhancing abscesses over time. Tubercular and fungal infections cause basal exudates or "popcorn" calcifications. Viral encephalitis like herpes simplex involves the lim
Similar to CNS menifestation of HIV aids.pptx (20)
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
CNS menifestation of HIV aids.pptx
1. CNS manifestation of HIV
AIDS
Presented by- Dr Bhagirath ram
Moderator- Dr Siddhi Ma’am
Department of Radiodiagnosis SPMC Bikaner
2.
3. HIV Encephalitis
• HIV infects astrocytes but does not directly infect neurons.
• The CNS-resident astroglia and microglia become activated,
proliferate, and change to have an inflammatory expression signature.
• These activated cells, along with monocyte-derived perivascular
macrophages, are the main contributors to neuroinflammation in HIV
infection.
• Neurons can be injured indirectly by viral proteins and neurotoxins.
4. • HIV encephalitis (HIVE) and HIV leukoencephalopathy (HIVL) are the
direct result of HIV infection of the brain.
• Opportunistic infections are absent early although coinfections or
multiple infections are common later in the disease course.
• HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) are the most
frequent neurologic manifestations of HIVE and HIVL.
• The term "acquired immunodeficiency dementia complex" refers
specifically to HIV-associated dementia
5.
6.
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8.
9.
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16.
17.
18. Opportunistic infections
•1. Toxoplasmosis
• Overall MCC of mass lesion – TOXO
• Parasitic infection caused by ingestion – tachyzoites- goes in CNS becoming
bradyzoites.
• MC location – Basal ganglia, Thalamus, white matter
• Multifocal>Solitory
• Presentation- focal neurological findings (Mild hemiparesis)superimposed
on symptoms of Global encephalopathy (Headache, Confusion and
lethargy)
• Nodular ring enhancing masses on T1C+ (Eccentric Target sign)
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. 2) Cryptococcosis
• Fungal Infection.
• <50-100 cells.
• 3 main form – 1)Meningitis / Meningoencephalitis- Headache, Seizures and
Blurred vision.
• 2) Cryptococcoma and 3) Gelatinous Pseudocysts
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. PML
• Due to JC virus
• 2 Forms -1)cPML and 2)iPML
• Causing progressive Demyelinating Encephalopathy.
• 3 Phases- I)Primary-Clinically Inapparent Infection.
II) Latent Peripheral Infection- Kidney, BM, Lymphoid Tissue.
III) Reactivation and dissemination to blood –CNS
Causing Multifocal asymmetric Demyelination with a predilection for frontal and preoccipital white
matter.
Small lesions Coalesce into large confluent lesions in white matter.
Presentaion- altered mental status, Headache, lethargy, Motor Deficits, Aphasias, Gait difficulties.
MC affected site-Supratentorial Lobar white matter
2nd MC site- Post. Fossa white Matter (Middle Cerebellar Paducles)
51. CNS –IRIS /Neuro-Iris
• T-cell mediated encephalitis.
• Dysregulated Immune response and pathogen driven Disease.
• Unmasking IRIS- Unmasking undiagnosed Pathogen.
• Paradoxical IRIS- Against Ags.
• MCC- PML>TB>fungal.
• Highest risk – Low CD4 and Less Time interval in initiating Tx.
• <50 Cells
• PML IRIS- After HAART increased PML lesion.
• TB IRIS- Meningitis, Tuberculomas and Radiculopathies.
• Presentation- Clinical Deterioration of Newly treated HIV Positive Despite
Raising CD4 Counts and decreased Viral load.
52.
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60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66. Neoplasms in HIV/AIDS
• Two Organisms causing –
EBV HHV-8
*HL *KS
*NHL *PEL
*MCC
ADMs (AIDS Defining Malignancies) – NHL,KS,Ca Cx.
• NHL – DLBCL
• MC Cerebral Mass Lesion in AIDS- TOXO>NHL.
67. PCNSL
• Solitary> Multiple
• MC 90% supratentorial.
• Prefrontal in BGs and Deep white Matter – Abutting Lateral Ventricle
• Crossing Carpus collosum.
• Central necrosis and Hemorrage.
DDX- Toxo – Multiple Eccentric target Sign( Eccentrically Located
Nodule with a ring enhancement Mass)
PET and Spect -Lymphoma – Hot But Toxo not.
68.
69.
70.
71. KS –HHV8
• MC sarcoma in immunosuppressed Pts
• 2nd MC – Leiomyosarcoma
• 3rd MC – Angiosarcoma and fibrohystiocytic lesions
KS – Mc Ca in untreated HIV pts.
- MC site is Skin>mucus Membrane >LN> Viscera
-Face> Genitals> mucous Membrene
Cranial KS- LC than PCSNL ( Localized Scalp thickening)
T1- Isointense with Muscle
T2- Hyperintense
T1 C+ and CECT- Enhance strongly.
1)Brain pathology in HIV/AIDS varies with patient age and disease acuity. In early stages, the brain appears grossly normal. Advanced HIVE results in generalized brain volume loss ("atrophy") with enlarged ventricles and subarachnoid spaces.
2) CT Findings. NECT scans may be normal in the early stages. Mild to moderate atrophy with patchy or confluent white matter hypodensity develops as the disease progresses (14- 2). HIVE does not enhance on CECT.
T2 /FLAIR – Widespread Pattern of confluent and Linear Hyperintensities.
In Acute Stage Punctate Perivascular Hyperintensities seen.