1) A hospital in Italy experienced a need for increased production of disinfectants and antiseptics during the COVID-19 pandemic as pharmaceutical industries could not meet demand. 2) The hospital laboratory began producing these products to help control the spread of infection as over 1000 COVID-19 deaths occurred in the region between March and May 2020. 3) Guidelines from organizations like WHO were followed to formulate alcohol-based hand rubs with concentrations shown to effectively kill viruses like those that cause COVID-19.
This document describes the experience of a hospital laboratory in Italy producing disinfectants and antiseptics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to high demand from hospitals, the laboratory started producing these products when pharmaceutical industries could not meet the need. The laboratory produced WHO-recommended formulations of ethanol and isopropanol-based hand rubs in-house. Quality control measures were implemented to test alcohol concentration, hydrogen peroxide content, and ensure sterility. The experience demonstrated that local production could help address shortages and control the spread of infection during public health emergencies.
This document summarizes a book on the epidemiology and diffusion of viruses with a focus on the role of latitude, air pollutants, and humidity. It discusses several viruses including SARS, MERS, influenza, and COVID-19. It reviews literature finding associations between increased air pollutants like PM2.5 and higher risk of influenza-like illness. Some studies found temperature could impact COVID-19 transmission, with an optimal temperature range. Experiments with influenza in guinea pigs found that cold, dry conditions favor airborne transmission. The role of atmospheric conditions in the seasonality and spread of influenza over large geographic areas is discussed.
This document summarizes research on the immunological and toxicological implications of COVID-19, focusing on the innate immune response and immune evasion. It discusses how the virus can trigger a "cytokine storm" through overactivation of the innate immune system and proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6. This storm can lead to widespread inflammation and multi-organ failure. The document also explores potential therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the cytokine response, such as using corticosteroids or chloroquine to reduce IL-6 levels and calm the storm. Understanding the immune dysregulation and identifying key signaling pathways may help develop new clinical management approaches and prevent progression to severe illness.
Analysis of used disinfectants and antiseptics correlated with the occurrence...iosrphr_editor
This document analyzes the use of disinfectants and antiseptics at a clinical hospital in Macedonia from 2007-2011 and how it correlates with nosocomial infections. It finds that the most commonly used liquid disinfectants were Betadine 10% and ethanol, while the most common solid disinfectants were formaldehyde tablets and Medicarine Nat tablets. The gynecology department predominantly used Betadine 10%. The study aims to establish a connection between disinfectant use and nosocomial infection rates to help guide prevention efforts.
This document discusses biotechnology and its role in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. It outlines the main branches of biotechnology including blue, green, bioinformatics, red, and white biotechnology. It also lists top biotech companies in India and specializations within biotechnology. The document explains opportunities for biotech companies to develop vaccines, drugs, and medical equipment for COVID-19. Governments are supporting biotech industry efforts to rapidly develop treatments and remedies for the pandemic.
The document outlines the key components of an effective hospital infection control program, including establishing an infection control team, committee, and manual. It emphasizes the importance of surveillance to monitor infection rates, preventive activities like standard precautions, and staff training. Standard precautions include proper hand hygiene, use of barriers like gloves and gowns, safe handling of sharps and contaminated materials, and maintaining a clean patient environment. The goal of the program is to reduce infection risk and increase safety.
This document discusses biohazards in dentistry and proper waste management. It notes that dental offices generate various types of regulated and non-regulated waste and outlines classifications. Regulated waste like sharps and tissues require special disposal. The document also emphasizes the importance of infection control and preventing cross-contamination both within dental offices and between offices and labs through proper sterilization, disinfection, and labeling of materials.
This document describes the experience of a hospital laboratory in Italy producing disinfectants and antiseptics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to high demand from hospitals, the laboratory started producing these products when pharmaceutical industries could not meet the need. The laboratory produced WHO-recommended formulations of ethanol and isopropanol-based hand rubs in-house. Quality control measures were implemented to test alcohol concentration, hydrogen peroxide content, and ensure sterility. The experience demonstrated that local production could help address shortages and control the spread of infection during public health emergencies.
This document summarizes a book on the epidemiology and diffusion of viruses with a focus on the role of latitude, air pollutants, and humidity. It discusses several viruses including SARS, MERS, influenza, and COVID-19. It reviews literature finding associations between increased air pollutants like PM2.5 and higher risk of influenza-like illness. Some studies found temperature could impact COVID-19 transmission, with an optimal temperature range. Experiments with influenza in guinea pigs found that cold, dry conditions favor airborne transmission. The role of atmospheric conditions in the seasonality and spread of influenza over large geographic areas is discussed.
This document summarizes research on the immunological and toxicological implications of COVID-19, focusing on the innate immune response and immune evasion. It discusses how the virus can trigger a "cytokine storm" through overactivation of the innate immune system and proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6. This storm can lead to widespread inflammation and multi-organ failure. The document also explores potential therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the cytokine response, such as using corticosteroids or chloroquine to reduce IL-6 levels and calm the storm. Understanding the immune dysregulation and identifying key signaling pathways may help develop new clinical management approaches and prevent progression to severe illness.
Analysis of used disinfectants and antiseptics correlated with the occurrence...iosrphr_editor
This document analyzes the use of disinfectants and antiseptics at a clinical hospital in Macedonia from 2007-2011 and how it correlates with nosocomial infections. It finds that the most commonly used liquid disinfectants were Betadine 10% and ethanol, while the most common solid disinfectants were formaldehyde tablets and Medicarine Nat tablets. The gynecology department predominantly used Betadine 10%. The study aims to establish a connection between disinfectant use and nosocomial infection rates to help guide prevention efforts.
This document discusses biotechnology and its role in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. It outlines the main branches of biotechnology including blue, green, bioinformatics, red, and white biotechnology. It also lists top biotech companies in India and specializations within biotechnology. The document explains opportunities for biotech companies to develop vaccines, drugs, and medical equipment for COVID-19. Governments are supporting biotech industry efforts to rapidly develop treatments and remedies for the pandemic.
The document outlines the key components of an effective hospital infection control program, including establishing an infection control team, committee, and manual. It emphasizes the importance of surveillance to monitor infection rates, preventive activities like standard precautions, and staff training. Standard precautions include proper hand hygiene, use of barriers like gloves and gowns, safe handling of sharps and contaminated materials, and maintaining a clean patient environment. The goal of the program is to reduce infection risk and increase safety.
This document discusses biohazards in dentistry and proper waste management. It notes that dental offices generate various types of regulated and non-regulated waste and outlines classifications. Regulated waste like sharps and tissues require special disposal. The document also emphasizes the importance of infection control and preventing cross-contamination both within dental offices and between offices and labs through proper sterilization, disinfection, and labeling of materials.
This study aimed to explore the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospital environments in Benghazi, Libya. Swabs were collected from 395 surfaces in hospital wards, including beds, sinks, doors, and floors. MRSA was isolated from 25.3% of samples. The highest rates of MRSA were found in intensive care units (9.5%), medical units (7.8%), and dialysis wards (5%). Most MRSA strains were resistant to multiple antibiotics. The study concludes that MRSA prevalence in Benghazi hospital environments was high, representing an infection control challenge for Libyan hospitals. Improved surveillance programs are needed to reduce MRSA and other drug
The document discusses infection control processes in modern hospitals. It outlines key principles for effective infection control, including that measurement and feedback impact compliance, and active interventions are required to change compliance. Ignoring these principles can result in suboptimal patient safety and care. The document also notes that while guidelines exist from organizations like the CDC and WHO, there is still controversy around whether meticulous surveillance alone can increase adherence to best practices and reduce hospital-acquired infections.
The document discusses antibiotics, their development and success, as well as the rise of antibiotic resistance. It notes that Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, but others were able to mass produce it starting in the 1940s. While antibiotics were initially very effective, overuse and misuse has led to increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The document outlines factors that promote resistance, such as antibiotic use in agriculture and overprescription, and stresses the need for monitoring resistance through programs like WHONET to track resistance trends and guide appropriate antibiotic use.
Lecture 1 introduction of biosafety & biosecurityraghdasaad6
This lecture introduces biosafety and biosecurity. Biosafety refers to containment practices to prevent exposure to pathogens, while biosecurity aims to prevent the spread of harmful organisms. Biorisk encompasses both biosafety and biosecurity risks associated with biological materials. Key components of biorisk management include risk assessment, mitigation actions, and performance evaluation to continually improve the system. Effective management systems follow a plan-do-check-act cycle. Components of safety in all labs include safe handling of specimens, chemicals, instruments, and waste as well as fire and electrical safety.
This document provides information about preparing workplaces for an influenza pandemic. It discusses the potential impact of a pandemic on workers and businesses. It outlines the steps employers should take to reduce exposure risks, including conducting risk assessments, implementing infection control measures, communicating with employees, and training workers. Resources from OSHA and other organizations are recommended to help employers develop pandemic preparedness plans.
This document reviews the history of development of antifungal azoles. It discusses four generations of azole drugs classified based on their structural similarities. The first generation included topical imidazole drugs like miconazole, clotrimazole, and econazole. The second generation saw the first oral drug ketoconazole which had improved properties but also toxicity issues. A key development was the introduction of triazole rings in the second generation drugs fluconazole and itraconazole. The third generation built on these second generation structures with improved safety profiles. The review covers the structures, mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships of these azole generations to provide context for developing
This document discusses biosecurity strategy for plants in Wales. It covers governing and regulating plant health, monitoring threats from plant pests and diseases, and implementing policies. Key aspects include ecosystem resilience, controlling the spread of diseases like Phytophthora ramorum through monitoring and quarantine measures, and raising public awareness of plant health issues. Government agencies, researchers, and industry work together on legislation, surveillance, training, and international cooperation to manage plant health in Wales.
This document reviews potential treatment options for COVID-19 that are supported by early evidence. It summarizes in vitro and clinical evidence for remdesivir, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir. Remdesivir shows potent activity against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in vitro and clinical benefit in animal studies of MERS and Ebola. Early clinical data in COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir showed improvement. Chloroquine also has in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 and is supported by some clinical case studies from China. However, the efficacy of these agents specifically for COVID-19 treatment requires further evaluation in controlled
This document discusses infection prevention and safety measures. It begins with definitions of key terms like infection, nosocomial infection, and the chain of infection. It then reviews the history of infection prevention from ancient times through modern developments. Specific types of infections are defined, including hospital-acquired infections. Research on bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance in Nepalese hospitals is summarized. Common microbes that cause hospital infections and strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections are also outlined.
This document discusses various infection control measures used in healthcare settings. It covers topics like hand hygiene, cleaning and sterilization of medical equipment, use of personal protective equipment, vaccinations for healthcare workers, isolation procedures, and surveillance of infections. Hand washing is identified as the most important infection prevention measure. Different sterilization and disinfection methods are described along with their effectiveness in killing microorganisms. The roles of protective equipment, vaccinations, isolation, and infection surveillance are outlined.
Hydroxichloroquine and azitromycin as a treatment of covid 19gisa_legal
This document summarizes the results of a clinical trial that evaluated the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19. Twenty patients received hydroxychloroquine and 16 patients did not receive treatment and served as controls. The primary outcome was viral clearance at day six, as measured by PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swabs. Patients receiving hydroxychloroquine showed a significantly higher rate of viral clearance at day six compared to controls. The addition of azithromycin to hydroxychloroquine treatment resulted in a higher rate of viral clearance than hydroxychloroquine alone.
Infection control refers to policies and procedures that aim to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. Hospitals see 5-10% of patients acquire infections each year, with around 90-100 thousand dying from those infections, many of which could have been prevented. These healthcare-associated infections impose a significant financial burden of around $33 billion annually in the US. An effective infection control program requires a multidisciplinary team that conducts surveillance, implements prevention strategies, and works to improve clinical outcomes through consistent application of best practices.
1. The document discusses approaches to evaluating the toxicity of industrial chemicals in a humane manner. It examines using laboratory animals versus alternative in vitro methods.
2. Currently, there are no immediate alternatives to using animals for assessing acute toxicity of chemicals through ocular, systemic, and cutaneous toxicity tests. Complex biological systems are difficult to replicate entirely in vitro.
3. Society demands high certainty in toxicity assessments to minimize risk to humans. Toxicologists must be cautious not to reduce predictive quality by replacing animal tests prematurely with alternatives that have not been fully validated.
This document summarizes Dr. Amr Helal's invention called Throatech, which uses an essential oils blend in a nano-formulated spray and lozenges to refresh and protect against viruses. The invention extracts essential oils like eucalyptus and lemon grass using enzyme assistance, then nano-formulates the blend. In vitro testing at Egypt's National Research Center showed the blend has potential anti-viral effects against COVID-19 and other viruses. The products are submitted for registration in Egypt as a mouthwash and gargle to refresh and protect the throat.
This study was conducted to understand the status of scabies infection and its
epidemic characteristics in the Korean hospitals. 43 hospitals (86.0%) received the
reports of scabies infection with suspicious or definite diagnosis to infection control
department, implicating continuous increases 14.6% (7/48), 20.8% (10/48), 35.7%
(17/48), 44.1% (21/48), and 56.7% (27/48) in 2010 to 2013 and 35.7% (17/48) in 2014
up to April.
92.0% of the hospitals had the rules and guideline of scabies infection control,
which seemed to be prepared by the recent certifications of medical institutions and
establishment of rules in infection control departments. However, less than half of the
hospitals 44.0% (22/50) prepared the screening system related to scabies during the
admission processes of the patients, 56.7% of the patients had the typical symptoms
related to scabies when they admitted with 47.0% of pruritus, requiring the system to
prevent from the scabies epidemic beforehand
Dr. William Flynn - FDA Antibiotics StrategyJohn Blue
FDA Antibiotics Strategy - Dr. William Flynn, Deputy Director for Science Policy, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Safety in Bioprocessing Facilities FINALOmid Shiraz
This document discusses worker safety in bioprocessing facilities. It covers various biological and non-biological hazards including recombinant DNA, toxins, viruses, biological waste, and chemicals. It examines biosafety levels, sources of hazards like cell cultures, and modes of transmission. The document reviews incident history and discusses good safety practices like risk assessment, equipment and facility design, and regulations. Redundant safety controls, inherently safer design, and health monitoring are important to ensure worker protection in bioprocessing facilities.
The document discusses rapid diagnosis of drug resistant tuberculosis. It provides an overview of conventional and newer diagnostic methods. Conventional methods like culture and drug susceptibility testing can take 8-12 weeks to identify resistance. Newer rapid phenotypic tests such as automated liquid cultures, thin layer agar cultures, TK medium and microscopic-observation drug susceptibility assay can reduce the time to 1-2 weeks but require specialized equipment. Molecular methods like real-time PCR and line probe assays that detect gene mutations associated with resistance have been commercialized and can provide results in 1-2 days, aiding early treatment decisions. Effective control of drug resistant tuberculosis will require scaling up rapid testing capacities and expanding use of novel molecular technologies.
Role of chemical engineers to combat COVID 19 PandemicSABARINATH C D
Role of chemical engineer to combat COVID 19 Pandemic:
COVID-19,it is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was identified in December
2019 at Wuhan in China. On 11 March 2020 World Health Organization declared that it is a
global pandemic. Millions of people disrupted by this infectious respiratory disease outbreak.
All professionals are contributing to reduce this pandemic .as well as chemical engineering
professionals respond to this scenario. From the development of smaller, faster computer
chips to innovations in recycling, treating diseases, water treatment, and generating energy,
the processes and products that chemical engineers have helped to create a better world
.There are lot of great achievements, bold innovators, and new frontiers in the fields of
energy, the environment, biomedicine, electronics, food production, and materials from the
world of chemical engineering. So the chemical engineers are joining to respond to the
COVID-19 challenges. They can contribute more to help society through this pandemic.
This document summarizes a research article about the Covid-19 pandemic and management strategies for businesses and the economy. It discusses how different countries adopted different strategies to reduce health and economic impacts, with some strategies being more effective than others. It also analyzes various management tools that could help avoid worse economic situations, such as scenario analysis, risk management, and data analysis. The conclusion is that observing best practices from countries with lower mortality rates can help institutions choose better strategies, and that a balance between health and economic measures must be guided by science. Management strategies and tools can help guide the response and recovery process.
This document summarizes a research article about the Covid-19 pandemic and management strategies for businesses and the economy. It discusses how different countries adopted different strategies to reduce health and economic impacts, with some strategies being more effective than others. It also analyzes various management tools that could help avoid worse economic situations, including scenario analysis, risk management, and using data and decision making. The conclusion is that observing best practices from countries with lower mortality rates can help institutions choose better strategies, and that a balance between health and economic measures needs to follow scientific principles.
This study aimed to explore the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospital environments in Benghazi, Libya. Swabs were collected from 395 surfaces in hospital wards, including beds, sinks, doors, and floors. MRSA was isolated from 25.3% of samples. The highest rates of MRSA were found in intensive care units (9.5%), medical units (7.8%), and dialysis wards (5%). Most MRSA strains were resistant to multiple antibiotics. The study concludes that MRSA prevalence in Benghazi hospital environments was high, representing an infection control challenge for Libyan hospitals. Improved surveillance programs are needed to reduce MRSA and other drug
The document discusses infection control processes in modern hospitals. It outlines key principles for effective infection control, including that measurement and feedback impact compliance, and active interventions are required to change compliance. Ignoring these principles can result in suboptimal patient safety and care. The document also notes that while guidelines exist from organizations like the CDC and WHO, there is still controversy around whether meticulous surveillance alone can increase adherence to best practices and reduce hospital-acquired infections.
The document discusses antibiotics, their development and success, as well as the rise of antibiotic resistance. It notes that Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, but others were able to mass produce it starting in the 1940s. While antibiotics were initially very effective, overuse and misuse has led to increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The document outlines factors that promote resistance, such as antibiotic use in agriculture and overprescription, and stresses the need for monitoring resistance through programs like WHONET to track resistance trends and guide appropriate antibiotic use.
Lecture 1 introduction of biosafety & biosecurityraghdasaad6
This lecture introduces biosafety and biosecurity. Biosafety refers to containment practices to prevent exposure to pathogens, while biosecurity aims to prevent the spread of harmful organisms. Biorisk encompasses both biosafety and biosecurity risks associated with biological materials. Key components of biorisk management include risk assessment, mitigation actions, and performance evaluation to continually improve the system. Effective management systems follow a plan-do-check-act cycle. Components of safety in all labs include safe handling of specimens, chemicals, instruments, and waste as well as fire and electrical safety.
This document provides information about preparing workplaces for an influenza pandemic. It discusses the potential impact of a pandemic on workers and businesses. It outlines the steps employers should take to reduce exposure risks, including conducting risk assessments, implementing infection control measures, communicating with employees, and training workers. Resources from OSHA and other organizations are recommended to help employers develop pandemic preparedness plans.
This document reviews the history of development of antifungal azoles. It discusses four generations of azole drugs classified based on their structural similarities. The first generation included topical imidazole drugs like miconazole, clotrimazole, and econazole. The second generation saw the first oral drug ketoconazole which had improved properties but also toxicity issues. A key development was the introduction of triazole rings in the second generation drugs fluconazole and itraconazole. The third generation built on these second generation structures with improved safety profiles. The review covers the structures, mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships of these azole generations to provide context for developing
This document discusses biosecurity strategy for plants in Wales. It covers governing and regulating plant health, monitoring threats from plant pests and diseases, and implementing policies. Key aspects include ecosystem resilience, controlling the spread of diseases like Phytophthora ramorum through monitoring and quarantine measures, and raising public awareness of plant health issues. Government agencies, researchers, and industry work together on legislation, surveillance, training, and international cooperation to manage plant health in Wales.
This document reviews potential treatment options for COVID-19 that are supported by early evidence. It summarizes in vitro and clinical evidence for remdesivir, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir. Remdesivir shows potent activity against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in vitro and clinical benefit in animal studies of MERS and Ebola. Early clinical data in COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir showed improvement. Chloroquine also has in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 and is supported by some clinical case studies from China. However, the efficacy of these agents specifically for COVID-19 treatment requires further evaluation in controlled
This document discusses infection prevention and safety measures. It begins with definitions of key terms like infection, nosocomial infection, and the chain of infection. It then reviews the history of infection prevention from ancient times through modern developments. Specific types of infections are defined, including hospital-acquired infections. Research on bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance in Nepalese hospitals is summarized. Common microbes that cause hospital infections and strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections are also outlined.
This document discusses various infection control measures used in healthcare settings. It covers topics like hand hygiene, cleaning and sterilization of medical equipment, use of personal protective equipment, vaccinations for healthcare workers, isolation procedures, and surveillance of infections. Hand washing is identified as the most important infection prevention measure. Different sterilization and disinfection methods are described along with their effectiveness in killing microorganisms. The roles of protective equipment, vaccinations, isolation, and infection surveillance are outlined.
Hydroxichloroquine and azitromycin as a treatment of covid 19gisa_legal
This document summarizes the results of a clinical trial that evaluated the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19. Twenty patients received hydroxychloroquine and 16 patients did not receive treatment and served as controls. The primary outcome was viral clearance at day six, as measured by PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swabs. Patients receiving hydroxychloroquine showed a significantly higher rate of viral clearance at day six compared to controls. The addition of azithromycin to hydroxychloroquine treatment resulted in a higher rate of viral clearance than hydroxychloroquine alone.
Infection control refers to policies and procedures that aim to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. Hospitals see 5-10% of patients acquire infections each year, with around 90-100 thousand dying from those infections, many of which could have been prevented. These healthcare-associated infections impose a significant financial burden of around $33 billion annually in the US. An effective infection control program requires a multidisciplinary team that conducts surveillance, implements prevention strategies, and works to improve clinical outcomes through consistent application of best practices.
1. The document discusses approaches to evaluating the toxicity of industrial chemicals in a humane manner. It examines using laboratory animals versus alternative in vitro methods.
2. Currently, there are no immediate alternatives to using animals for assessing acute toxicity of chemicals through ocular, systemic, and cutaneous toxicity tests. Complex biological systems are difficult to replicate entirely in vitro.
3. Society demands high certainty in toxicity assessments to minimize risk to humans. Toxicologists must be cautious not to reduce predictive quality by replacing animal tests prematurely with alternatives that have not been fully validated.
This document summarizes Dr. Amr Helal's invention called Throatech, which uses an essential oils blend in a nano-formulated spray and lozenges to refresh and protect against viruses. The invention extracts essential oils like eucalyptus and lemon grass using enzyme assistance, then nano-formulates the blend. In vitro testing at Egypt's National Research Center showed the blend has potential anti-viral effects against COVID-19 and other viruses. The products are submitted for registration in Egypt as a mouthwash and gargle to refresh and protect the throat.
This study was conducted to understand the status of scabies infection and its
epidemic characteristics in the Korean hospitals. 43 hospitals (86.0%) received the
reports of scabies infection with suspicious or definite diagnosis to infection control
department, implicating continuous increases 14.6% (7/48), 20.8% (10/48), 35.7%
(17/48), 44.1% (21/48), and 56.7% (27/48) in 2010 to 2013 and 35.7% (17/48) in 2014
up to April.
92.0% of the hospitals had the rules and guideline of scabies infection control,
which seemed to be prepared by the recent certifications of medical institutions and
establishment of rules in infection control departments. However, less than half of the
hospitals 44.0% (22/50) prepared the screening system related to scabies during the
admission processes of the patients, 56.7% of the patients had the typical symptoms
related to scabies when they admitted with 47.0% of pruritus, requiring the system to
prevent from the scabies epidemic beforehand
Dr. William Flynn - FDA Antibiotics StrategyJohn Blue
FDA Antibiotics Strategy - Dr. William Flynn, Deputy Director for Science Policy, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Safety in Bioprocessing Facilities FINALOmid Shiraz
This document discusses worker safety in bioprocessing facilities. It covers various biological and non-biological hazards including recombinant DNA, toxins, viruses, biological waste, and chemicals. It examines biosafety levels, sources of hazards like cell cultures, and modes of transmission. The document reviews incident history and discusses good safety practices like risk assessment, equipment and facility design, and regulations. Redundant safety controls, inherently safer design, and health monitoring are important to ensure worker protection in bioprocessing facilities.
The document discusses rapid diagnosis of drug resistant tuberculosis. It provides an overview of conventional and newer diagnostic methods. Conventional methods like culture and drug susceptibility testing can take 8-12 weeks to identify resistance. Newer rapid phenotypic tests such as automated liquid cultures, thin layer agar cultures, TK medium and microscopic-observation drug susceptibility assay can reduce the time to 1-2 weeks but require specialized equipment. Molecular methods like real-time PCR and line probe assays that detect gene mutations associated with resistance have been commercialized and can provide results in 1-2 days, aiding early treatment decisions. Effective control of drug resistant tuberculosis will require scaling up rapid testing capacities and expanding use of novel molecular technologies.
Role of chemical engineers to combat COVID 19 PandemicSABARINATH C D
Role of chemical engineer to combat COVID 19 Pandemic:
COVID-19,it is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was identified in December
2019 at Wuhan in China. On 11 March 2020 World Health Organization declared that it is a
global pandemic. Millions of people disrupted by this infectious respiratory disease outbreak.
All professionals are contributing to reduce this pandemic .as well as chemical engineering
professionals respond to this scenario. From the development of smaller, faster computer
chips to innovations in recycling, treating diseases, water treatment, and generating energy,
the processes and products that chemical engineers have helped to create a better world
.There are lot of great achievements, bold innovators, and new frontiers in the fields of
energy, the environment, biomedicine, electronics, food production, and materials from the
world of chemical engineering. So the chemical engineers are joining to respond to the
COVID-19 challenges. They can contribute more to help society through this pandemic.
This document summarizes a research article about the Covid-19 pandemic and management strategies for businesses and the economy. It discusses how different countries adopted different strategies to reduce health and economic impacts, with some strategies being more effective than others. It also analyzes various management tools that could help avoid worse economic situations, such as scenario analysis, risk management, and data analysis. The conclusion is that observing best practices from countries with lower mortality rates can help institutions choose better strategies, and that a balance between health and economic measures must be guided by science. Management strategies and tools can help guide the response and recovery process.
This document summarizes a research article about the Covid-19 pandemic and management strategies for businesses and the economy. It discusses how different countries adopted different strategies to reduce health and economic impacts, with some strategies being more effective than others. It also analyzes various management tools that could help avoid worse economic situations, including scenario analysis, risk management, and using data and decision making. The conclusion is that observing best practices from countries with lower mortality rates can help institutions choose better strategies, and that a balance between health and economic measures needs to follow scientific principles.
Impact of Covid19 Knowledge, Attitude and Practice KAP in Food Industry, Indiaijtsrd
COVID 19 coronavirus is one of the highly infectious and transmittable disease caused by SARS COV 2 that human era has ever faced. At the end of December 2019, novel virus named COVID 19 emerged in large seafood market at Wuhan china, causing respiratory infections thereby death cases is numerically increasing in lakh due to rapid transmission of virus. Background Global covid 19 pandemic generate a pressing need to upgrade food establishments with standard Food safety protocols which are required to keep their premises safe for their guests and customers. Objectives The objective of the study is to assess the knowledge, awareness and practice among food handlers. Methodology A voluntary online survey was conducted among food handlers working in different food outlets and star hotels in TamilNadu, India. A questionnaire was structured and mailed to the participants. Results A total of 53 responses have been recorded. In which ninety seven percentage respondents are male and three percentage of respondents are female. Ninety three percent of the respondents are aware that hand dryers are not effective in killing coronavirus. Eighty five percent of respondents strongly agreed to the statement of educating patients, household members and caregivers about covid 19. Conclusion The results of this study show that, majority of the food handlers has excellent knowledge, hygienic practice and awareness of covid 19. Ms. J. Suja Kannu | Ms. J. Vinodha Evangeline | K. Karthick "Impact of Covid19: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) in Food Industry, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31649.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/health-and-hygiene/31649/impact-of-covid19-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-kap-in-food-industry-india/ms-j-suja-kannu
The document analyzes the impact of health policies and vaccine rollout on COVID-19 waves in Italy from March 2020 to October 2021. It finds that:
1) A full national lockdown in March 2020 helped curb the first wave, but Italy had a high case fatality rate due to an unprepared healthcare system.
2) A three-tiered restriction system introduced in November 2020 was associated with decreasing case rates during the second wave, though the fatality rate remained high due to limited vaccines.
3) Despite a third wave in early 2021, hospitalizations and deaths decreased compared to earlier waves, likely due to the increasing vaccine rollout starting in late 2020.
Resilience strategy in emergency medicine during the Covid-19 pandemic in ParisOceane MINKA
This study describe the organizational impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in Emergency Medicine. Published in JEUREA : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurea.2021.04.001
Pherecydes Pharma has launched the Phagoburn clinical trial, the first international clinical study to evaluate the effectiveness of phage therapy in treating serious bacterial infections in burn victims. The randomized, controlled trial will involve 220 patients across 11 hospitals in France, Switzerland, and Belgium. If shown to be safe and effective, phage therapy could provide an alternative or supplement to antibiotics for treating antibiotic-resistant infections.
R. Villano - Superbugs & superdrugs - Council Recommendation on patient safe...Raimondo Villano
This document provides a summary of a Council Recommendation on patient safety and the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections. It discusses how 8-12% of hospitalized patients in EU member states suffer adverse events during healthcare. It estimates 4.1 million healthcare-associated infections per year resulting in 37,000 deaths. The recommendation aims to improve patient safety by establishing reporting systems, training healthcare workers, developing common safety definitions and indicators, and sharing best practices between member states. It specifically recommends developing national strategies to prevent and control healthcare-associated infections by strengthening surveillance systems and allocating resources. The document defines key terms and recommends various actions member states can take to promote patient safety.
Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits Vaccine agains...ijtsrd
Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 , which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The etiological agent of COVID 19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 , which is most likely originated from zoonotic coronaviruses, like SARS CoV, which emerged in 2002. Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak. Currently, various diagnostic kits to test for COVID 19 are available and several repurposing therapeutics for COVID 19 have shown to be clinically effective. In addition, global institutions and companies have begun to develop vaccines for the prevention of COVID 19. Here, we review the current status of, diagnosis, and vaccine development for COVID 19. M A Nandedkar | R A Shinde | S S Bansode "Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits / Vaccine against COVID-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30977.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/30977/current-status-and-future-perspective-of-rapid-diagnostic-kits--vaccine-against-covid19/m-a-nandedkar
The World Malaria Report 2022 provides an overview of global and regional malaria trends and the status of malaria control efforts worldwide. It finds that despite disruptions from COVID-19, most malaria-endemic countries were able to maintain malaria services in 2021. However, over 600,000 people still die from malaria each year, most of them children. Progress against malaria faces risks such as antimalarial drug and insecticide resistance. The report also outlines new WHO guidance and initiatives to strengthen malaria programs and containment strategies. It examines the malaria product pipeline and need for increased investment in research and development of new tools.
La cosmetovigilancia es la actividad destinada a la recogida, evaluación y seguimiento de la información sobre los efectos no deseados observados como consecuencia del uso normal o razonablemente previsible de los productos cosméticos.
Application of oral film technology as a dosage delivery platform for COVID-1...Sridhar Rudravarapu
This presentation discusses using oral film technology as an alternative delivery method for treatments and prevention of COVID-19. Some potential applications discussed include oral films containing vaccines, antiviral drugs, herbs, supplements to boost immunity, and hand sanitizing strips. Research studies on using oral films to deliver vaccines for Ebola and flu are mentioned. The advantages of oral films listed are ease of administration, stability at ambient conditions, better patient compliance, and cost-effectiveness for large-scale distribution compared to traditional delivery methods. Feasibility of developing oral films containing various potential COVID-19 treatments is explored, though more research is still needed for many applications.
The document provides recommendations from a panel of Italian urologists on managing urology practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. It distinguishes between urgent procedures that should still be performed, such as treating upper urinary tract obstruction or gross hematuria. It also separates urological cancer procedures into non-deferrable, semi-non-deferrable, deferrable and replaceable categories to help guide rescheduling of surgical activities. The panel aims to facilitate reorganization of urology departments while ensuring urgent and important cancer cases continue to be treated during the pandemic.
Significant Reduction of Antibiotic Use in the Community.pptAbdulAleemAwan1
1. France faced growing problems with multidrug-resistant pneumococci in the early 2000s due to overprescription of antibiotics.
2. In 2002, France launched a nationwide public education campaign called "Keep Antibiotics Working" aimed at reducing unnecessary antibiotic use by 25% through messages targeting both the public and healthcare professionals.
3. Analysis of prescription data from 2000-2007 found that total antibiotic use decreased by 21.9% during this period, with the largest reductions seen for commonly prescribed drug classes like penicillins and macrolides.
Adapting to adversity: insights from a stand-alone human immunodeficiency virus testing centre in india during the covid-19 pandemic
Authors:Sumathi Muralidhar*, Abhishek Lachyan
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7750-7755
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/2857/adapting-to-adversity-insights-from-a-stand-alone-human-immunodeficiency-virus-testing-centre-in-india-during-the-covid-19-pandemic
Adapting to adversity: insights from a stand-alone human immunodeficiency virus testing centre in india during the covid-19 pandemic
Authors:Sumathi Muralidhar*, Abhishek Lachyan
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7750-7755
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/articles.php
Abstract:
Background: The global healthcare landscape confronted unprecedented challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Materials and Methods: This study explores how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthcare services in India, with a focus on the Stand-alone HIV Testing Centre (SA-ICTC) at Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, during the period from April 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021. Amid the pandemic, specialized clinics for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI) saw a decline in outpatient attendance, while the SA-ICTC faced unique challenges. Results: To address these challenges, innovative solutions were implemented, including alternate-day duty rosters, leading to increased staff efficiency and reduced errors. The study noted a 47.9% reduction in the total number of HIV tests conducted, although the proportion of HIV-positive clients accessing services remained stable. Referrals from STI clinics and Targeted Intervention sites decreased, while referrals from the Tuberculosis (TB) center remained consistent. Client categories accessing ICTC services decreased, except for referrals from Facility Integrated Counseling and Testing Centres (F-ICTC). Conclusions: This research underscores the intricate interplay between COVID-19 and HIV, prompting positive changes in healthcare work ethics, documentation practices, and service delivery. It emphasizes the significance of strategic supply chain management, recommending a 1-2-month buffer of testing kits and consumables in HIV testing facilities to ensure uninterrupted service delivery during crises, thus safeguarding the healthcare needs of vulnerable populations.
Legionella: the next public health emergency after COVID-19? The urgency for ...OrlaOConnorBBSMCIMPG
Breakthrough qPCR technology that can detect Legionella in water in record time.
Introducing Bio Lp-1, a rapid and highly sensitive qPCR test that detects and differentiates between Legionella genus, L. pneumophila (serogroups 1-16) and L. pneumophila sg1, in a single water sample.
This whitepaper looks at the urgent requirement for the rapid and accurate detection of Legionella, post-COVID-19 lockdowns, to prevent the potential for widespread outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease.
Biomedical waste and hospital wastewater management.pptKAMAL_PANDEY123
Biomedical waste or hospital waste is any kind of waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious) materials.[1] It may also include waste associated with the generation of biomedical waste that visually appears to be of medical or laboratory origin (e.g. packaging, unused bandages, infusion kits etc.), as well research laboratory waste containing biomolecules or organisms that are mainly restricted from environmental release. As detailed below, discarded sharps are considered biomedical waste whether they are contaminated or not, due to the possibility of being contaminated with blood and their propensity to cause injury when not properly contained and disposed. Biomedical waste is a type of biowaste.
Biomedical waste may be solid or liquid. Examples of infectious waste include discarded blood, sharps, unwanted microbiological cultures and stocks, identifiable body parts (including those as a result of amputation), other human or animal tissue, used bandages and dressings, discarded gloves, other medical supplies that may have been in contact with blood and body fluids, and laboratory waste that exhibits the characteristics described above. Waste sharps include potentially contaminated used (and unused discarded) needles, scalpels, lancets and other devices capable of penetrating skin.
Biomedical waste is generated from biological and medical sources and activities, such as the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of diseases. Common generators (or producers) of biomedical waste include hospitals, health clinics, nursing homes, emergency medical services, medical research laboratories, offices of physicians, dentists, veterinarians, home health care and morgues or funeral homes. In healthcare facilities (i.e. hospitals, clinics, doctor's offices, veterinary hospitals and clinical laboratories), waste with these characteristics may alternatively be called medical or clinical waste.
Biomedical waste is distinct from normal trash or general waste, and differs from other types of hazardous waste, such as chemical, radioactive, universal or industrial waste. Medical facilities generate waste hazardous chemicals and radioactive materials. While such wastes are normally not infectious, they require proper disposal. Some wastes are considered multihazardous, such as tissue samples preserved in formalin.
This Manual of Procedures (MOP) was developed to assist and align the efforts in implementing AMS programs in all (Level I, II, and III) hospitals across the country. It seeks to serve as a guide to individual hospitals in the design and establishment of local AMS programs while providing a framework for national-level action and commitment.
Recommendations within this document are, as far as possible, based on review of published literature on strategies that have shown to be effective. Consultation with key members (Infectious Diseases physicians, clinical pharmacists, and Infection Control nurses) from eight (8) pilot hospitals as well as the National Antibiotic Guidelines Committee (NAGCom), other national Infectious Diseases societies and relevant DOH offices were undertaken to obtain a consensus opinion and ensure that this MOP is practical and feasible.
All attempts to consider the context of local culture and practices have been taken in the creation of this MOP. Nonetheless, we have chosen to only define core aspects of the national AMS program without being overly prescriptive. Hospitals are strongly encouraged to adapt this MOP to their individual setting in order to maximize its effectiveness, including reduce barriers to implementation and encourage shared ownership towards the goal of AMS.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
2. Fiazza et al. [Galenic Hospital Laboratory during COVID-19 emergency]
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products from the pharmaceutical industry but the
high level of requests by many hospitals at the
same time created a situation of lack of product. In
this situation, there was the need to auto-product
the disinfectants in a galenic lab.
Fig. 1. Diffusion of Covid-9 in Italy during March
2020
Fig. 2. Confirmed cases of Covid-19 in Italy upto 22
April 2020 (Source: Gimbe)
HYGIENE PRODUCTS FOR SANITIZATION
It is fundamental to know that if alcoholic-grade
is expressed in volume of alcohol in 100 volume
(V/V) in the weight of alcohol in 100 weight (m/m).
The 2 values are not the same when added water to
alcohol due by a volume-contraction, in ex. alcohol
62.5% (m/m) (=62.5°), will have an alcoholic grade
> if expressed in volume V/V. So, it is crucial in
some hygiene products that the alcoholic-grade is
clearly expressed in weight or volume. The
Ministry of Health Communication regarding
alcohol-solution has recommended a concentration
of 70 or 75 grades (SIFAP, 2020). The diagnostic
availability, ICU beds, right number of the
pulmonary ventilator, availability of drugs
(including experimental trial), DPI medical
devices, disinfectants, and oxygen are required for
the management of Covid-19 (Luisetto and
Latyshev, 2020). Observing the results obtained in
other kinds of scientific or organizational settings
(military strategy, Aereo-spatial nuclear settings,
insurances and other), it is clear that introducing in
day-by-day activity in emergency settings makes
possible to achieve the best results. Using a
prospective instrument is the real tool to be added
to the classic risk-analysis management procedure.
The historical data can not be the only one correct
to be used. So, it is strictly needed to share
translate the real good practice from one discipline
(such as insurance settings, industries, Aereo-
spatial and other) to another (like emergency
settings). The multi-disciplinarity (with the
presence of a clinical emergency pharmacist in the
medical team), sharing of knowledge, introducing
the best-practice, and also if typical of other
scientific disciplines produce a good organization
whit real useful results. In a real emergency, only
one failure in the organization process can produce
death of a patient, so, it is crucial to adopt this
instrument also whit a prospective-point of view
(Luisetto, 2019).
The hospital organization is fundamental to
contain the diffusion of the novel coronavirus. In a
recent blog post by Santilli (2020) about Sichuan
Provincial People’s Hospital during covid-19
epidemic stated that six groups were working to
manage the pandemic situation in the hospital
which include emergency team, prevention and
control team, medical emergency team, material
security team, publicity and education team and
information and updating team. The author of this
blog also analysed some managerial and
organization hospital aspects that could be crucial
to overcoming emergency in this epidemy.
According to Kampf (2018), ethanol is used
world-wide in healthcare facilities for hand-
rubbing. It has been reported to have a stronger
and broader virucidal activity compared with
propanols. This report described the spectrum of
virucidal activity of ethanol in solution or as
commercially available products. This study
comprised of the data on the reduction of viral
infectivity from suspension tests (49 studies) and
contaminated hands (17 studies). Ethanol at 80%
was highly effective against all 21 tested;
enveloped viruses within 30 s. Murine and
adenovirus type 5 was usually inactivated by
ethanol between 70-90% in 30 s whereas poliovirus
type 1 was often found to be too resistant except for
ethanol at 95% (all test viruses of EN 14476).
Ethanol at 80% is unlikely to be sufficiently
effective against polio-virus, calicivirus (FCV),
polyoma-virus, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and foot and
mouth disease virus (FMDV). The spectrum of
virucidal activity of ethanol at 95% covers the
majority of clinically relevant viruses. Additional
acids can substantially improve the virucidal
activity of ethanol at lower concentrations against,
poliovirus, FCV, polyoma-virus and FMDV although
selected viruses such as HAV may still be too
resistant. The selection of a suitable virucidal hand-
rub should be based on the viruses most prevalent
in a unit and on the user acceptability of the
product under frequent-use conditions.
WHO (2019) has suggested the composition of
alcohol-based hand-scrub formulations for local
production. The choice of components for the WHO
recommended hand-scrub formulations takes into
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account cost constraints and microbicidal activity.
The following 2 formulations have recommended
for local production with a maximum of 50 litres per
lot to ensure safety in the production and storage.
Formulation I
To produce final concentrations of 80% ethanol
v/v, 1.45% glycerol v/v and 0.125% v/v hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2), pour 833.3 ml of 96% ethanol v/v,
41.7 ml of 3% H2O2, and 14.5 ml of 98% glycerol
into a 1000 ml graduated flask. Top up the flask to
1000 ml with distilled water or water that has been
boiled and cooled; shake the flask gently to mix the
content.
Formulation II
To produce final concentrations of 75%
isopropyl alcohol v/v, 1.45% glycerol v/v and
0.125% H2O2 v/v, pour 751.5 ml of 99.8% isopropyl
alcohol, 41.7 ml of 3% H2O2 and 14.5 ml of 98%
glycerol into a 1000 ml graduated –flask. Top up
the flask to 1000 ml with distilled water or water
that has been boiled and cooled; shake the flask
gently to mix the content.
Only pharmacopoeial quality reagents should
be used (The International Pharmacopoeia) and not
technical grade products. The alcohol for the
chosen formulation is poured into the large bottle
or tank up to the graduated mark to make above
formulations. H2O2 and glycerol must be added
using a measuring cylinder. As the glycerol is very
viscous and sticks to the walls of the measuring
cylinder, it can be rinsed with some sterile distilled
or cold boiled water to be added and then emptied
into the bottle tank. The bottle/tank is then topped
up to the corresponding mark of the volume (10
litres or 50 litres) to be prepared with the
remainder of the distilled or cold, boiled water.
The lid or the screw cap is placed on the
bottle/tank immediately after mixing to prevent
evaporation. The solution is mixed by gently
shaking the recipient where appropriate (small
quantities) or by using a wooden, plastic or
metallic paddle. Electric mixers should not be used
unless EX protected because of the danger of
explosion. After mixing, the solution is immediately
divided into smaller containers (1000, 500 or 100
ml plastic bottles). The bottles should be kept in
quarantine for about 72 hours. This allows time for
any spores present in the alcohol or the new or re-
used bottles to be eliminated by H2O2.
Quality control
If concentrated alcohol is obtained from local
production, verify the alcohol concentration and
make the necessary adjustments in volume to
obtain the final recommended concentration. An
alcohol-meter can be used to control the alcohol
concentration of the final use solution. H2O2
concentration can be measured by titrimetry
(oxide-reduction reaction by iodine in acidic
conditions). A higher level of quality control can be
performed using gas chromatography and the
titrimetric- method to control the alcohol and the
hydrogen peroxide content, respectively. The
absence of microbial contamination (including
spores) can be checked by filtration, according to
the European Pharmacopeia specifications.
Labelling of the bottles
The bottles should be labelled under national-
guidelines. Labels should include the information
about the name of the institution, date of lab
production, batch number and composition (i.e. %
of ethanol or isopropanol, glycerol and H2O2).
Besides, other statements like WHO recommended
hand-rub formulation, for external use only, avoid
contact with eyes, keep out of reach of children,
use (apply a palmful of alcohol-based hand-rub
and cover all surfaces of the hands. Rub hands until
dry), and flammable (keep away from flame and
heat) should also be included in the label.
Alcohol disinfectant effectiveness in the ABHRs
depends on the type of alcohol, concentration, the
quantity applied on hands and time of exposure.
Isopropanol, ethanol, n-propanol, or combinations
of these alcohols are most commonly used in hand-
rubs. Unlike other antiseptics, these alcohols do not
have the potential for acquired bacterial resistance.
None of these alcohols is effective against
bacterial- spores. When used at the same
concentration, ethanol seems to have a lower
bactericidal activity than propanols. Ethanol has
superior viricidal activity than propanols against
non-enveloped viruses. Also, skin tolerance is
better with ethanol compared to n-propanol or
isopropanol, thus ethanol is often the alcohol of
choice in the ABHR preparations.
Ethanol concentrations of 60-95% (v/v) are
deemed safe and effective for disinfection by the
United States Food and Drug Administration, CDC
and the WHO including for use against SARS-CoV-
2. The antimicrobial activity of the ABHRs is highly
dependent on the choice of formulation (excipient)
rather than on the concentration of alcohol. The
liquid, gel and foam-based products can all be
equally effective if the ethanol content is within the
60–95% standard range. However, increasing
ethanolic concentrations of hand rubs from 80-85%
(v/v) can reduce the contact time necessary to
achieve an efficient bactericidal activity. The
WHO, US FDA and CDC still maintain their
recommendations of 60-95% ethanol content in
ABHRs. An analysis of some currently marketed
products reveals indeed that ABHRs, sold in Italian
pharmacies as biocides, contain percentages of
ethanol between 62-74% (w/w)/ (70-80% v/v). This
goes in line with the standard WHO, US FDA and
CDC guidelines. It is worth highlighting that
ethanol, unlike water, has a density <1 g/cm3
,
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which means that percentages of ethanol in water
by weight (w/w) and by volume (v/v) can be
significantly different and must be specified on the
label. A useful comparison between % by weight
and by volume of ethanol in ABHRs is also
suggested by BDC. Although this concept might
seem trivial, there are cases of published works,
where the concentration expression (w/w or v/v)
was not specified, as indicated by Kampf (2018),
ultimately presenting ambiguous information. In
compounding and manufacturing, it is
recommended to specify the concentration units of
alcohol used in ABHRs (Berardi et al., 2020).
The recommendation of 0.1% (1000 ppm) in the
context of Covid-19 is a conservative concentration
of chlorine-based products that will inactivate the
vast majority of other pathogens that may be
present in the healthcare setting. However, for
blood and body fluids large spills (more than about
10 mL), a concentration of 0.5% (5000 ppm) is
recommended. Hypochlorite is rapidly inactivated
in the presence of organic material; therefore,
regardless of the concentration used, it is important
to first clean surfaces thoroughly with soap and
water or detergent using mechanical action such as
scrubbing or friction. High concentrations of
chlorine can lead to corrosion of metal and
irritation of skin or mucous- membrane, in addition
to potential side-effects related to chlorine smell
for vulnerable people such as people with asthma
(WHO, 2020a).
As per the WHO (2020b), in healthcare
settings, environmental surfaces include the
surfaces of furniture and other fixed items (tables,
chairs, walls, light switches, computer peripherals
and others) as well as the surfaces of non-critical
medical equipment (equipment that only comes
into contact with intact skin, such as blood pressure
cuffs, wheel-chairs, incubators). These surfaces
should be frequently cleaned with water and
detergent and followed by the application of
disinfectants. Among the most common
disinfectants used which have been demonstrated
to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 are ethanol 70-
90% and chlorine-based products (hypochlorite) at
0.1% (1000 ppm) for general environmental
disinfection or 0.5% (5000 ppm) for blood and
body fluids large spills; or hydrogen peroxide
>0.5-6%. The minimal time recommended of
exposition to the surface for these disinfectants is 1
minute or according to the manufacturer
instructions. In non-healthcare settings,
environmental surfaces include furniture and other
fixed items, such as counter tops, stairway rails, as
well as floors and walls. Disinfectants should be
applied to high- touch surfaces to reduce potential
SARS-CoV-2 contamination in community settings
where the risk of contamination is unknown (gyms,
offices, restaurants, accommodation sector and
other) as well as in households and non-traditional
facilities where individuals with suspected or
confirmed COVID-19 disease are accommodated.
The WHO ethanol-based handrub (EBHR)
formulation contains 1.45% glycerol as an
emollient to protect healthcare workers (HCWs)
skin against dryness and dermatitis. However,
glycerol seems to negatively affect the
antimicrobial efficacy power of alcohols. The
minimal concentration of glycerol required
protecting hands remains unknown. In a tropical
climate setting, the WHO-modified EBH-R
formulation containing 0.5% glycerol led to better
ratings of skin tolerance than the original
formulation, and, may offer the best balance
between skin tolerance and antimicrobial efficacy
(Menegueti et al., 2019).
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE OF PRESENT STUDY
The place of observation was PC area having
about 700 beds, 6 hospital (presidium) (but also
territorial need). The time of observation was from
1 March to 15 May 2020. The manpower involved in
Galenic Lab is including two hospital pharmacist
managers and one pharmacist. The observation
was done under the director of hospital pharmacy
and responsible of Galenic non sterile lab.
The need of disinfectants and antiseptics for
this hospital was verified by hospital pharmacist
director, medical deviced responsible and other
manager also from health central office of the
hospital. The formulation adopted was the WHO
formula, and approved by infectious disease
physicians’ director (also under the responsibility
of the pharmacist manager of lab and director chief
pharmacist of hospital).
Procedure
The procedure was adopted as use in Galenic Lab,
and according FU XII ED, EP and other normative
rules. The product was produced according to the
WHO formula and other industrial products as per
following details.
Hand disinfectant alcoholic gel composition
Ethanol 96% 623 mL
Hydroxyethyl cellulose 10 g
Depurated water q.b. 1000 mL
Handalcoholic disinfectant composition
Ethanol 96% 833.3 mL
Hydrogen peroxide 3% 41.7 mL
Glycerol 98% 14.5 mL
Depurated water q.b. 1000 mL
Alcohol 70-75 grades solution composition
Alcohol 96% 733 mL
Depurated water q.b. 1000 mL
Amuchina hand solution composition
From industrial products Bottle of 500 mL
Raw materials
Ethanol (94-99%), glycerol (98% FU), hydrogen
peroxide (3%), depurated water, hydroxyethyl
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cellulose, containers, bottles, dispenser and other
closing system were used to prepare the sanitizers
and disinfectants. In addition, calibrated lab
glassware to measure accurate volume, beaker,
bottleneck and other necessary were also used.
Single used mask, sterile gloves, caps, lab coats
and protective glasses were used as usual.
The amount was produced according to the
daily working schedule signed in the lab. The
medium week production was approximately 600
flac. da 500 mL of hand disinfectant (periods
emergency COVID-19) and 600 x 500 mL = 300000
mL for a week. Alcoholic gel was prepared 400 flac.
for a week and amuchina x- germ 200 flac per
week. The packaging of the bottles is shown in Fig.
3 and 4.
Fig. 3. Bottles of disinfectants produced in hospital
Fig. 4. Production of disinfectant in hospital
Management of production system
The rapid supply chain systems of raw material and
bottles from producers, verify of real availability
from different providers, costs analysis,
benchmark, emergency need, clinical need viz.
high need of disinfections procedures dues to
severe pandemia level and high amount of
production to cover hospital and territorial need
are the key points for a successful management of
production system. The process of the production
can be shown as per the Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Images based on production of sanitizers
Ordering procedure
A buying office was established inside hospital,
after encoding and cost evaluation. The effective
availability was verified from different providers in
order to be sure of the products supply. The record
has been maintained in the office (Fig. 6).
6. Fiazza et al. [Galenic Hospital Laboratory during COVID-19 emergency]
Curr Med Drug Res, 2020, 4 (2), Article ID 209 Page 6
Fig. 6. Buying and record office
Practical procedure
Due to the high amount of raw material was
needed, a special system to bring this high amount
of raw material into the Galenic Lab was
established. Before start, it was needed to put on
gloves, protections DPI, and others according to
safety rules to protect pharmacists but also the
product from any kind of contamination, according
to the pharmacopeia in use. Right labeling
according to safety international rules (CLP
REGOL.), name of the galenic product and added
risk logo (hazard) and prudence phrases were
included in the label. An advice of usage, date of
expiry, name of the pharmacy, label of shake
before use, general conservation suggestions like
not near heat source and pay attention on product
based on alcohol as are easily flammable.
Expiration data
The expiry date was 2 months for hand
alcoholic gel and 3 months for ethanol 75%. At the
end the pharmacist writes working document and
then after the control signs this. Then an evaluation
of global costs was performed on the basis of raw
material, bottles, and any other products used in
order to have a cost by 1 bottle of 500 mL to be
compared with industries products. To obtain right
price was used the official formulary of pharmacist
in Italy with cost for kind of products. The
expiration of other data was 60–90 days according
the kind of galenic product.
Risk analysis
All pharmacists were correctly trained to all kind of
procedure used, according to the preventing risk
rules and quality management policy by the chief
of laboratory. The packaging comprised of the sign
of both chemical and biological risks as per the
symbols given in Fig. 7.
Quality control
After all daily production, batches were performed
quality control according to pharmacopeia need.
This step included correct procedure, general
aspect, verify of the closing system, number of
preparation by single lot, labeling correct, sign of
the pharmacist on scheme of preparation and on
label.
Alcool etilic:
Inflammable
Alcool denaturate:
Nocivo – Harmful
Fig. 7. Chemical and biological risks symbols
Economic evaluation
From industry
The cost of alcohol 70% was about 1,2 euro for 1
liter and 0,6 euro for 500 mL whereas at central
buying centre, the cost was 3,5 euro per 500 mL in
commerce out of hospital. The cost of amuchin gel
hand was 1,5 euro for 80 mL and 2,3 euros for 500
mL. The cost of septaman gel hand 100 mL was 0,72
euro and 500 mL was 3,6 euros whereas in
commerce, 500 mL cost was about 6 euros.
From our production
Alcol ethylic 75% flac 500 mL costs 2,5 euro (raw
material not easily available form commerce), cost
of alcoholic hand gel flac 500 mL was 5,23 euro,
cost of alcoholic hand solution flac 500 mL was 7,43
euro whereas cost of amuchine gel hand product
was determined from dividing procedure (of tanks
5 litre).
Registration of production data
All disinfectants manufactured in Galenic lab were
registered in official way for Pharmacopeia need,
normative rules, quality procedure and to make
possible also recall if needed. In the period
observed, no any ADR adverse event reaction
related to galenic lab disinfectants produced was
registered in official way including skin reaction or
other adverse reactions. There was no need of
recall of any product as no toxic issues involved
with the same.
Distribution of product
All products prepared in galenic lab as
disinfectants were distributed to inside hospital
(covid ward or other) or outside hospital for
territorial health use.
7. Fiazza et al. [Galenic Hospital Laboratory during COVID-19 emergency]
Curr Med Drug Res, 2020, 4 (2), Article ID 209 Page 7
DISCUSSION
In the WHO recommended handrub
formulations, the efficacy is the consensus opinion
of the WHO expert group that the WHO
recommended handrub formulations can be used
both for hygienic hand antisepsis and for pre-
surgical hand preparation. The production and
storage of the handrub is depends on the formula
used, pharmacopeia and other rules. With regards
to skin reactions, handrubbing with alcohol-based
products is better tolerated than handwashing with
soap and water. In a recent study conducted among
ICU HWs, the short-term skin tolerability and
acceptability higher than those of a reference
product.
Covid-19 mortality rate in PC hospital was zero
in 10 may, and an high mortality rate due by
coronavirus in PC area was registered in period
from March to May (like in other city like Lodi,
Cremona, Brescia, Parma, Alessandria). The
cumulative mortality in Piacenza was 258,5 deaths
per 100000 person living in the area. The covid-19
emergency showed clearly the need in pandemia
situation of Galenic Hospital Laboratory with high
productivity to guarantee the high amount in little
time to control diffusion of disease. All this show
that corrected meausre was introduced and also in
field of disinfectants use.
The global safety of galenic products comes
from farmacopeia rules and all normatives of lab
galenic added to the formulary adopted as per
WHO formula. So we can assume equal safety of
industrial products for the same pathology need. A
good management system of laboratory make
possible to do it. Related the costs of this
production it is needed to explaining that in this
period the global amount of disinfectant by
industry was reduced using galenic production.
The high amount of raw material not used for the
acute time of pandemic can be used next. The total
cost take in consideration: time of pharmacist, raw
material, bottle costs, and fixed cost of laboratory.
In the observed period was reduced the amount of
product form industry and stokes of raw material
will be used in the next 6 months to 1 year.
CONCLUSION
As observed, mortality was highly reduced
after 2-3 months after the COVID-19 start in PC
area, this mean that a complexive number of deaths
of about 900-1000 death become about zero in first
day of March. This mean that all measure
introduced where correct, and also the
disinfectants and antiseptic policy adopted of
industrial origin or by internal hospital galenic
laboratory production. The results of the literature
review added to the result of our practical
experience show that the hospital Galenic
laboratory play a crucial role in emergencies like
covid-19 pandemia.
In this situation it has been seen in March 2020
pharmaceutical industry was not able to produce
the right amount of disinfectants and antiseptic for
the need of some hospital in red zone. In this
situation, the high performance of hospital
pharmacy organization make possible an efficacy
response and to achieve great clinical outcomes.
Disinfectants are products that make possible to
control infectious disease in hospital setting and
other assimilated structure, protect healthcare
professionals and patients in the same way.
Hand washing and antiseptic procedure,
disinfection of surfaces, and of medical devices and
other instrument was into the main preventive and
contro-measure. High production added to limited
time of responce was the keyword. The same it was
relevant also the buying procedure to buy in few
days all raw material to produce this. In period
March 2020 was also needed to produce
disinfectants not only for internal hospital but also
to the territorial need on the basis of physicians
ambulatory of all province.
As conclusion of this work, it is possible to say
that hospital galenic laboratory and the managerial
abilities of hospital pharmacist contribute in high
way to the global result. This experience was
obtained in an advanced countries but it can be
exported also in other situation to cover the need of
disinfectants and antiseptic. What is relevant is that
an approach like what if analysis in prospectic way
can help in disaster emergency like pandemia
situation. The internal galenic lab production was a
winning strategy in this emergencial event and
contribute to the global result. The ability to adapt
to the new situation is a great instrument to be used
as common way of work.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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How to cite this article?
Fiazza C, Ferraiuolo A, Luisetto M, Sahu R (2020). Galenic
Hospital Laboratory during COVID-19 emergency - a
practical experience in an advanced country. Current
Medical and Drug Research, 4 (2), Article ID 209.
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