It is a presentation on basic introduction to the subject of CLSP - Documents of a Company. This is published only for education and information purpose.

1. Company Law and Secretarial
Practice
Unit 3 – Documents of a Company

2. Topics covered under this chapter
• Memorandum of Association –
(a) Meaning & Contents
(b) Alteration
(c) Doctrine of ultra vires
• Articles of Association –
(a) Meaning & Contents
(b) Alteration
(c) Doctrine of indoor management

3. Memorandum of Association - Meaning
• It is an extremely important document in relation to the affairs of the
company.
• It sets out the constitution of the company and is the foundation on which
the structure of the company is based.
• It contains the fundamental conditions upon which alone the company is
allowed to be incorporated.
• A company cannot depart/drift away from the provisions contained in its
memorandum. If it does, it would be ultra vires the company and therefore
wholly void.
• After registration of the company, the memorandum becomes a public
document.

4. Memorandum of Association - Contents
• Name Clause of the Company – The name of the company with Limited as the last
word of the name in case of a public limited company and with Private Limited as
the last word in the case of a private limited company. One person company shall
also be described as One Person Company.
• Registered Office Clause – Mention the registered office of the company is to be
situated.
• Objects Clause of the Company – Objects for which the company is proposed to be
incorporated and any matter considered necessary to be mentioned.
• Liability Clause of Members – It is limited if the company is limited by shares.
• Capital Clause – The amount of share capital with which it proposes to be
registered and its division into shares.

5. Memorandum of Association – Alteration
• Change in Name Clause
• Change in Registered Office Clause
• Change in Objects Clause
• Change in Liability Clause
• Change in Capital Clause

6. Memorandum of Association – Alteration
Change in Name Clause
• By Special Resolution – Pass special resolution and obtain approval from
Central Govt in writing.
• By Ordinary Resolution – Pass an ordinary resolution and proceed.
• Govt Direction for changing name – Central Govt may direct the company to
change its name, changing to be done within 3 months of direction.
• Defaulting companies prohibited from changing name – Not allowed to
change name due to issues with Annual Returns/Balance Sheet/Repayment.
• New Certificate of Incorporation – Fresh Certificate will be issued by
Registrar with new name of the company.
• Rights and Obligations to remain unaffected – It will not be affected due to
change in name.

7. Memorandum of Association – Alteration
Change in Registered Office Clause
1. Change of Office within the City
2. Change of Office within the State
3. Change of Office from one State to another State
• By passing a Special Resolution
• Confirmation Letter by Central Govt

8. Memorandum of Association – Alteration
Change in Objects Clause
The power of alteration of objects clause is subject to two limits.
1. Substantive Limits
• To carry on its business more economically or more efficiently
• To attain its main purpose by new or improved means
• To enlarge or change the local area of its operations
• To carry on some business which under existing circumstances may be
conveniently combined with the business of the company
• To restrict any of the objects specified in the MOA
• To sell the whole or any part of the undertaking of the company
• To amalgamate with any other company or body of persons
2. Procedural Limits – Special Resolution and Copy of the Special Resolution to be
filed with the Registrar

9. Memorandum of Association – Alteration
Change in Liability Clause
Important to pass a resolution and file with the registrar of companies if
required.
• Limited Company
• Unlimited Company
• Club or Association

10. Memorandum of Association – Alteration
Change in Capital Clause
By passing a resolution in a general meeting.
The confirmation of the Court is not required if alteration is made for any of
the following purposes.
• To increase its share capital
• To consolidate and divide its capital into shares of larger amount
• To convert its fully paid shares into stock and reconvert the stock into fully
paid up shares
• To sub divide its shares into shares of smaller amount
• To cancel its shares

11. Doctrine of Ultra Vires
• ‘Ultra’ means ‘beyond’ and ‘Vires’ means ‘powers’.
• An action outside the Memorandum is Ultra Vires the Company.
• An act is said to be Ultra Vires when it is performed, though legal in itself, is
not authorized by the objects clause in the MOA. Such an act is void and
cannot be ratified/challenged even by unanimous resolution of all the
shareholders.
• Any activity not expressly or impliedly authorized by the memorandum are
Ultra Vires the Company.

12. Purpose of Ultra Vires
• It protects the shareholders. They are assured that their investment is not
spent on activities which they did not have in mind when they invested in
the company.
• It safeguards the interests of the creditors as the property of the company
cannot be diverted to unauthorized.
• Example – It is to ensure, that an investor in a gold mining company did not
find himself holding shares in fried fish shop and to give those who allowed
credit to a limited company some assurance that its assets would not be
spent in unauthorized enterprises.

13. Consequences/Effects of Ultra Vires
• Void ab initio – The ultra vires acts are null and void ab initio. The company is not
bound by these acts. Even the company cannot sue or be sued upon. Ultra vires
contracts are void ab initio and hence cannot become intra vires by reason of
estoppel or ratification.
• Injunction – The members can get an injunction to restrain a company wherein
ultra vires act has been or is about to be undertaken.
• Personal liability of Directors – It is one of the duties of directors to ensure that
the corporate capital is used only for the legitimate business of the company and
hence if such capital is diverted to purposes alien to the company’s memorandum,
the directors will be personally liable to replace it.
• Company’s money – Where a company’s money has been used ultra vires to
acquire some property, the company’s right over such property is held secure and
the company will be the right party to protect the property. This is because, though
the property has been acquired for some ultra vires object, it represents the
money of the company.
• Borrowing – Ultra vires borrowing does not create the relationship of creditor and
debtor.

14. Articles of Association – Meaning
• Important document to be filed with the Registrar of companies ta the time
of the incorporation of the company.
• It sets out the regulations for the internal management of the company.
• It contains the rules and regulations of a company framed for the purpose
of management of its internal affairs.
• It provides the mode and manner in which the business of the company is
to be conducted.
• it is subordinate to and controlled by the MOA.
• It should not authorize the company to do anything which objects the
provisions of the Companies Act.

15. Articles of Association – Contents
• Preliminary contracts
• Allotment of Shares and Calls on
shares
• Number and value of shares
• Transfer and transmission of
shares
• Alteration of capital
• Meetings
• Borrowing powers
• Accounts and audit
• Voting rights
• Winding up procedures
• Directors and their appointment
procedures
• Dividends and reserves

16. Doctrine of Indoor Management
• The principal of indoor management operates to protect the outsiders against the
company. It protects third parties who are entitled to an assurance that all the
procedural aspects of a transaction are carried out. It protects innocent parties
who are doing business with the Company and are not in a position to know if
some internal rule has not been complied with.
• The doctrine of indoor management can be invoked by the person dealing with
the company and cannot be invoked by the company.
• While persons contracting with a company are presumed to know the provisions
of the contents of the memorandum and articles, they are entitled to assume that
the provisions of the articles have been observed by the officers of the company.
• “Outsiders are bound to know the external position of the company, but are not
bound to know its indoor management”.

17. Difference between MOA and AOAMemorandum
Meaning – MOA defines the
relation of the company with the
outside world.
Scope – It is the charter of the
company and defines the scope of
its activities.
Contents – Name Clause,
Registered Office Clause, Objects
Clause, Liability Clause, Capital
Clause and Association Clause.
Articles
Meaning – AOA deals with rights
of members of company and
establishes the relationship of
company with members.
Scope – It is a document which
regulates internal management of
company. Rules made by
company for carrying out
objectives of company as in MOA.
Contents – Contains regulations
for company management and
those that regulate relationship
between members.

18. Difference between MOA and AOAMemorandum
Status – It is a supreme document
of the company.
Alteration – Can be altered only
under certain situations and in
manner provided. Approval of
Central Govt is required besides
approval of shareholders in a
general meeting by ordinary or
special resolution.
Ultra Vires – Company cannot
depart from the provisions
contained in its MOA and if it
does it would be ultra vires the
company.
Articles
Status – AOA is subordinate to
the MOA. They cannot alter or
control MOA.
Alteration – Can be altered by the
members by passing a special
resolution only.
Ultra Vires – Anything done
against the provisions of Articles,
but which is intra vires the MOA,
can be ratified/challenged.