The document defines clinical establishments and classifies them into different levels. It discusses the Clinical Establishments Act passed in 2010 to regulate healthcare facilities in India. The act established authorities at the national, state, and district levels to register clinics and enforce minimum standards. It classifies Tamil Nadu as a state that has its own clinical establishments act. The document also outlines requirements for registering a clinic in Tamil Nadu, including online registration procedures, minimum space, staffing, equipment, and drug requirements.
The transplantation of human organs and tissue act 1994(TOHOTA)Dr. FAIZ AHMAD
This Act was enacted for the
Regulation of removal , storage and transplantation of human organs
for therapeutic purposes only
F or the prevention of commercial dealings in human organs.
The objective of this presentation is to make you aware of issues which are generally confronted during medical practice.
SOURCES OF LAWS:
PRIMARY SOURCES
Laws passed by the Parliament or the State Legislative
Ordinances passed by the President and the Governor
Subordinate legislation: Rules and regulations made by the executive through the power delegated to them by the Acts.
SECONDARY SOURCES:
Judgments of the Supreme Court, High Court and Tribunals (The ratio decedendi is a binding precedent)
Judicial legislation
Judgment of Foreign Courts
International Treaty
This presentation shall help you get insights of Basic documents like Birth Certificate and Death Certificate. For any assistance do contact Galaxy4u Legal Consulting Pune
On 19 November 1985, GOI renamed EPI program, modifying the schedule as ‘Universal Immunization Program’ dedicated to the memory of Late Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi.
UIP has two vital components: immunization of pregnant women against tetanus, and immunization of children
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Kavya .
Chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
It usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves
Long incubation period generally 5-7 years.
Classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary
permanent disability
Timely diagnosis and treatment of cases
The clinical establishments act was adopted in year 2012, still so many states are to implement this act. This act is equally applicable for all system of medicine including Ayurveda. Here are the standards for ayurveda clinics and hospital. Present presentation explain the standards for ayurvedic clinics and dispensaries only
The transplantation of human organs and tissue act 1994(TOHOTA)Dr. FAIZ AHMAD
This Act was enacted for the
Regulation of removal , storage and transplantation of human organs
for therapeutic purposes only
F or the prevention of commercial dealings in human organs.
The objective of this presentation is to make you aware of issues which are generally confronted during medical practice.
SOURCES OF LAWS:
PRIMARY SOURCES
Laws passed by the Parliament or the State Legislative
Ordinances passed by the President and the Governor
Subordinate legislation: Rules and regulations made by the executive through the power delegated to them by the Acts.
SECONDARY SOURCES:
Judgments of the Supreme Court, High Court and Tribunals (The ratio decedendi is a binding precedent)
Judicial legislation
Judgment of Foreign Courts
International Treaty
This presentation shall help you get insights of Basic documents like Birth Certificate and Death Certificate. For any assistance do contact Galaxy4u Legal Consulting Pune
On 19 November 1985, GOI renamed EPI program, modifying the schedule as ‘Universal Immunization Program’ dedicated to the memory of Late Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi.
UIP has two vital components: immunization of pregnant women against tetanus, and immunization of children
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Kavya .
Chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
It usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves
Long incubation period generally 5-7 years.
Classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary
permanent disability
Timely diagnosis and treatment of cases
The clinical establishments act was adopted in year 2012, still so many states are to implement this act. This act is equally applicable for all system of medicine including Ayurveda. Here are the standards for ayurveda clinics and hospital. Present presentation explain the standards for ayurvedic clinics and dispensaries only
Regulations , Standards & Codes “CLINICAL ESTABLISHMENT ACT” I.P.H.S and UCPMP by Dr. Mira Shiva MD
National Consultation on ‘Expanding Access and Using the Law to Ensure Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights’ was held in December’ 2015. The consultation brought together experts, activists, lawyers, health workers and students from all corners in the country, in building the understanding on the issues and the emerging challenges.
Human Rights Law Network
http://hrln.org
Supreme court directives in devika biswas case for sterilization by dr sudha ...Sudha Sharma
Supreme Court Directives on Devika Biswas vs. Union of India & Ors. for Quality of Sterilization Services in India by Dr. Sudha Sharma, Jhansi. Email ID- sudha1004.ss@gmail.com
Statutory/Regulatory requirements for private clinics by Dr.Mahboob Khan Phd Healthcare consultant
A clinic may be defined as a place of professional practice with facilities for outdoor consultation and treatment during scheduled hours by one or more physicians and staff and equipment essential for the services provided. It may or may not have the facilities for limited investigations specific to the scope of services provided.
A large percentage of the population, in rural as well as urban areas, is dependent on private clinics and, therefore, the quality of healthcare services provided by them is very important. At present there is no system of registration of private clinics by health authorities in India. The Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Bill, 2007 is still pending in the parliament.
Presently, the operation of private clinics is being governed by the Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct, Etiquette and Ethics) Regulations 2002 and certain other legislations as outlined below.
The Medical Device Regulations 2012, the subsidiary legislations under the Medical Device Act 2012 (Act 737), has been approved by the Malaysian Minister of Health and has been published in the Gazette on 31st December 2012. The Regulations will come into operation simultaneously with Act 737 on 1st July 2013. And as specified in Act 737 a transition period of two years for medical device registration and one year for establishment licensing will be given to the industry before it is fully enforced.
Meaningful Use and Its Impact on Medical Imaging: Part 1 - Presented by http://www.healthimaging.com - invited speaker: Arun Krishnaraj, MD, MPH, Massachusetts General Hospital. Part of the GE Virtual Conference September 14, 2011.
This Decree regulates the management of medical equipment, including: classification of medical equipment;
production, clinical research, circulation, purchase and sale, export, import, and service provision of medical equipment;
information, advertising medical equipment; price management of medical equipment and management and use of
medical equipment at medical facilities.
2 . This Decree does not apply to:
a ) Raw materials and semi-finished products for the production of medical equipment, except raw materials
containing narcotics and precursors;
b ) Raw materials for production of medical equipment are samples of blood, serum, plasma, urine, feces, human
body secretions, and other samples from humans, which must ensure biosafety when imported or exported. according to
regulations of the Law;
c ) Medical gas;
d ) Accessories used with medical equipment;
dd) Products used in medicine for research purposes (Research Use Only - RUO), products used in laboratories
(Laboratory Use Only - LUO).
This Decree regulates the management of medical equipment, including: classification of medical equipment;
production, clinical research, circulation, purchase and sale, export, import, and service provision of medical equipment;
information, advertising medical equipment; price management of medical equipment and management and use of
medical equipment at medical facilities.
2 . This Decree does not apply to:
a ) Raw materials and semi-finished products for the production of medical equipment, except raw materials
containing narcotics and precursors;
b ) Raw materials for production of medical equipment are samples of blood, serum, plasma, urine, feces, human
body secretions, and other samples from humans, which must ensure biosafety when imported or exported. according to
regulations of the Law;
c ) Medical gas;
d ) Accessories used with medical equipment;
dd) Products used in medicine for research purposes (Research Use Only - RUO), products used in laboratories
(Laboratory Use Only - LUO).
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Objectives
• Define Clinical Establishments.
• Classify various levels of Clinical
Establishments.
• Elicit the procedure for registering clinics
under Clinical Establishment Act .
3. MCQ
1.Which Clinical establishments not covered
under the Act ?
a) Clinic owned by single doctor.
b) Clinics owned, controlled or managed by the
Armed Forces.
c) Government medical college.
d) Corporation / municipality – dispensaries.
4. MCQ
2.According to National Sample Survey 60th
round % of the private care is likely being
provided by informal unqualified providers?
a) 20%
b) 30%
c) 40%
d) 50%
5. MCQ
3. Tamil Nadu falls under which category of
states of CEA 2010?
a) States/UTs where Clinical Establishments Act
(CEA) 2010 is applicable.
b) States / UTs which do not have Clinical
Establishments Act (CEA) but have their own
Act.
c) States which neither have Clinical
establishments Act nor their own Act.
6. Introduction
• The Clinical Establishments Act was passed by
Parliament of India on 17th August 2010
• The Act was notified vide Gazette notification dated
28th February, 2012.
• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has notified
the National Council for Clinical Establishments and the
Clinical Establishments (Central Government) Rules,
2012 under this Act vide Gazette notifications dated
19th March, 2012 and 23rd May, 2012 respectively.
• NSSO estimates, as much as 40% of the private care is
likely being provided by informal unqualified providers.
7. Definition
• Clinical establishments defined as health care establishments by
any name, engaged in diagnosis, treatment or care of injury, illness,
pregnancy, disability, or abnormality.
• a clinical establishment owned, controlled or managed by a
Government or
a) department of the Government;
b) a trust, whether public or private;
c) a corporation (including a society) registered under a Central,
Provincial or State Act, whether or not owned by the Government;
d) a local authority; and
e) a single doctor
(Exception: establishments of the Armed Forces)
8. Objectives of the Act
• To establish digital registry of Clinical Establishments at
National, State and District level.
• To prevent quackery by unqualified practitioners by
introducing registration system, which is mandatory.
• To improve quality of health care through standardization of
healthcare facilities by prescribing minimum standards of
facilities and services for all categories of health care
establishments.
9. States category
CATEGORY STATES
States/UTs* where Clinical Establishments
Act (CEA) is Applicable
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal
Pradesh,Bihar, Jharkhand, Sikkim,
Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, Daman & Diu, Dadra &
Nagar Haveli, Puducherry, Mizoram,
Chandigarh, Uttar Pradesh,
Lakshadweep(16)
States / UTs (16) which do not have
Clinical Establishments Act (CEA) but have
their own Act
Andhra Pradesh ,Maharashtra, Delhi,
Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland,
Punjab, Odisha, West Bengal, Karnataka,
Jammu&kashmir, Chhattisgarh,Tamil
Nadu, Haryana,Tripura& Meghalaya(16)
States which neither have Clinical
establishments Act nor
their own Act
Kerala, Gujarat, Goa
10. Authority
National Council for clinical establishments
• DGHS, Ex-officio, Chairperson
4 elected representatives, out of which
• Medical Council of India (one representative),
• Dental Council of India (one representative),
• Nursing Council of India (one representative),
• Pharmacy Council of India(one representative),
• Indian Medicines representing the Ayurveda,Siddha,Unani (three elected
representatives),
• Central Council of Homoeopathy (one elected representative) ,
• Indian Medical Association (one elected representative),
• Bureau of Indian Standards (one representative),
• Association of Indian Systems of Medicines relating to Ayurveda,
Siddha,Unani to be nominated by the Central Government (one
representative)
• Secretary General of the Quality Council of India,
11. At State Level
• State Council for Clinical Establishments
• Chairman: Secretary (Health) - IAS
• Member Secretary : Director of Medical and rural Health Services
• Members (14):
a) Directors of different streams of Indian Systems of Medicine (3)
b) Elected Representatives of State Councils: Medical Council, Dental
Council, Nursing Council, Pharmacy Council, State council of Indian
Systems of Medicine (7)
c) Elected representative of State council of IMA, (1)
d) Representative of line of paramedical system (1)
e) State-level consumer groups or reputed Health NGOs (2)
12. AT DISTRICT LEVEL
• District Registering Authority
• Chairman: District collector/District Magistrate
(DM)
• Convener: Joint Director Health Services JDHS
• Three members: to be nominated by DM
a) City Police Commissioner/SSP/SP or nominee
b) Senior officer of local self Government at district
level/ DDHS/MHO/CHO
c) Professional medical Association/body IMA,IAP
13. Powers & Responsibilities: DRA
a) Grant/Renew provisional (within 10 days)/permanent
registration.
b) List expired Registrations.
c) May issue a notice to Clinical Establishment to show cause within
3 months, if condition(s) of registration are not met
d) To enter and search unregistered CE (after due notice), inspection
and inquiry of registered Clinical establishments
e) May cancel registration (after giving reasonable opportunity) and
giving reasons After cancelling registration, immediately restrain
Clinical Establishment if imminent danger to the health and safety
of patients
f) Recover penalties
g) Maintain District register of Clinical establishments
14. Levels of establishments
Levels Clinical establishment
Level 1 (A) General Medical services with indoor
admission facility (PHC, Government and
Private Hospitals and Nursing Homes
run by MBBS /BDS Doctors)
Level 1 (B) level 1(A) above and basic specialist
medical Services General Medicine,
General Surgery, Paediatrics, Obstetrics &
Gynaecology and Dentistry.
Level 2 (Non-Teaching) level 1(A) and 1(B) and services through
other medical specialties
(Orthopaedics,ENT,Ophthalmology,emerg
ency with or without ICU, Anaesthesia
,Psychiatry,Skin,Pulmonary
Medicine,Rehabilitation.
15. Level 3 (Non-Teaching) Super-specialty
services
level1(A), 1(B) and
2 and services of one or more or the
super specialty with distinct
department(Corporate Hospitals,
Referral Hospitals, Regional/State
Hospital,)
Level 4 (Teaching) Tertiary healthcare services
16. Instructions for Creating New
Account for Registration TN
a) http://tnhealth.org/dms/tncea/login.Choose the Correct
Revenue District. The User ID will be tagged to the Competent
Authority of the Concerned District and the Bank Account for
Payment of Registration Fee.
b) Verify the presence of your Taluk name in the dropdown for the
chosen district.
c) Enter the Name of the Clinical Establishment correctly. This name
will appear in the Registration Certificate as it is entered here.
d) Enter Mobile number
e) Enter Valid Email ID. Link for activation of the Login User ID will be
sent to this email.
f) Enter the Password of your Choice
17. Minimum required standards
• Clinic / Polyclinic only Consultation ( level 1A)
space :
Human Resource:
One Doctor – MBBS / BDS registered in any MCI
One Support staff – registered in any nursing council
Common area Consultation area
Reception Waiting Room
35 sqft 35 sqft 70 sqft
19. Essential Equipment
Equipment Minimum specification Number
Stethoscope 1
Thermometer Digital 1
Torch (flash lights) 1
Sphygmomanometer(B.P.
Apparatus)
Digital 1
Weighing
machine(Optional)
Adult 1
20. Emergency Equipment
Equipment Minimum specification Number
Resuscitation Equipment
Ambu Bag/Air Way
Adult
Pediatric
1
1
Oxygen Concentrator/
Cylinder .
Portable 1
Fire Extinguisher 1
21. Emergency Drugs
Name of the Drug No of ampule
Inj Adrenaline 2 A
Inj Hydrocortisone 1 vial
Inj Atropine 1 Ampoule
Inj Avil 1 Ampoule
Inj Phenargan 1 Ampoule
Inj. Deryphyline 1 Ampoule
Inj. Frusemide 1 Ampoule
Inj. Metoclopramide 1 Ampoule
22. Emergency Drugs
Name of the Drug No of ampule
Inj. Dexamethasone 2 A
Inj. Diazepam 1 vial
Inj. Dicyclomine Hydrochloride 1 Ampoule
Inj. 5% dextrose infusion 1 Vac
Inj. Normal saline 1 Vac
23. Penalties under the Act
Offences penalties
FIRST ATTEMPT SECOND ATTEMPT SUBSEQUENT
ATTEMPT
Running Clinical
Establishment
without registration
50,000 2,00,000 5,00,000
Contravention of
any other provision
of the Act
10,000 50,000 5,00,000
Whoever knowingly
serves in an
unregistered
Clinical
Establishment
25,000
Minor deficiencies
which do not pose
imminent danger
10,000