Paralysis results from damage to either the upper or lower motor neurons or intrinsic muscle disease. Upper motor neuron damage causes spastic paralysis and exaggerated reflexes, while lower motor neuron damage causes flaccid paralysis and loss of reflexes. Muscle spasm is caused by muscle pulling and general spasm results from conditions like tetanus and epilepsy. Disuse causes muscle atrophy from lack of use, while overuse causes muscle hypertrophy. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease where antibodies block acetylcholine receptors, causing muscle weakness. Polymyositis involves muscle inflammation and weakness starting in the trunk muscles. Fibrillation involves abnormal, uncoordinated contractions in the heart muscles disrupting pumping

1. Clinical anatomy of mucles
Paralysis ;loss of muscle power is called
paralysis
Causes; upper motor neuron or lower motor
neuron or by inherent disease of muscles
[myopathy]
Damage to upper motor neuron causes spastic
paralysis with exaggerated tendon reflex
Lower motor neuron causes flaccid paralysis
with loss tendon jerk

2. Muscle spasm
Muscle spasm is caused by muscle pull
Generalized muscle spasm is caused by tetanus and epilepsy

3. Disuse atrophy and hypertrophy
When muscle is not used for long time it becomes atrophied
and thin .this is called disuse atrophy
Adequate or excessive use of particular muscle causes their
better development and even hypertrophy

6. Hyperplasia
Increase in no of smooth muscle fibres. usually uterus in
pregnancy

7. Myasthenia gravis
It is an autoimmune disease of unknown origin.antibodies
bind to acetylcholine
receptors and block it.this
leads to muscle weakness although muscle is normal
Eyelid muscle are afected first followed by limbs and neck
It affects women more between age 20 to 40

10. Polymyositis
It is disease of muscle characterized by inflammation of
muscle fibers
It starts as white blood cell invade muscle
Muscle close to trunk are mostly affected that results in
severe weakness
Polymyositis associated with skin rash is called
dermamyositis

11. Fibrillation
It is abnormal contraction of cardiac muscle
The cardiac chambres do not contract as a whole
resulting in disruption of pumping action
In atial fibrillation there is rapid and incoordinated
contraction of atria resulting in ineffective pumping and
abnormal contraction of av node
Ventricullar fibrilation is characterized by very rapid and
disorganized contraction of ventricles


13. Angina pectoris
Episode of chest pain due to temporary ischemia of cardiac
muscle.it is relieved by rest and nitrites
Myocardiac ischemia due to blockage of more than one
arteries results in necrosis of cardiac muscle.pain not
relieved by rest refered to chest left arm and neighbouring
areas

14. Myocardial ischemia
Persistent ischemia is due to blockage of more than one
arteries results in necrosis of the cardiac muscle
Pain not relieved by rest,get referred to arm chest and
neighbouring areas