Clauses of reason, purpose and concession.

1. CLAUSES OF REASON
Because, as, since…
A clause of reason is usually used to describe why something
happened due to the action described by the main clause.

2. BECAUSE, AS AND SINCE
They connect the result of something with its reason.
• As it was dark, we used a torch.
• since it was dark, we used a torch.
• Are you angry with me because I opened the letter?
• She missed the meeting because of the traffic.
• He couldn’t sleep because of the loud music next door.
• The cancelation of the trip was due to heavy rain
• AS
• SINCE
• BECAUSE
+ A CLAUSE
• Because of
• Due to
+ noun / pronoun / noun phrase
'Due to' and 'owing to' are interchangeable. They both
express cause and effect and are prepositions.

3. CLAUSES OF CONSESSION
A clause, often beginning with "though" or "although", that expresses an idea
that suggests the opposite of the main part of the sentence:

4. ALTHOUGH, EVEN
THOUGH, IN SPITE
OF, DESPITE
STUDY THIS EXAMPLES:
• "He had enough money."
• " He refused to buy a new car.“
The above two statements can be combined as
follows :
OR
STRUCTURE
Although
Even though he had enough
money,
he refused to buy a
new car
He refused to buy a
new car
Although
Even though
he had enough
money,
Although
Even though + SUBJECT + VERB
• Although it was raining, he walked to the station.
• Even though she is very old, she runs fast.

5. IN SPITE OF / DESPITE
• INSPITE OF / DESPITE + NOUN
He got the job in spite of his prison record.
Lisa is traveling through Europe by train, despite/in spite of the cost.
Despite/ In spite of the wind, we went fishing.
• INSPITE OF / DESPITE + -ING FORM
They arrived late despite leaving in plenty of time.
Despite having a headache, I had a great birthday.

6. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
TO, IN ORDER TO, SO AS TO, SO THAT

7. We use certain clauses to show
why somebody does something.
These are called clauses of
purpose. We use them to answer
the question Why? or What for?
• Examples:
• We play sport to, in order to, so as to get fit.
• We take holidays to, in order to, so as to relax.
• So, why do we take holidays? To, in order to, so as to relax
• That’s the reason.
CLAUSE OF PURPOSE
• To
• In order to
• So as to
+ VERB BASE FORM

8. NEGATIVES
• in order not to/so as not to + base form
we walked in quietly so as not to wake up the children.
I kept checking the meat so as not to overcook it.
He set the alarm clock for 5 o'clock so as not to be late for his flight.
But we can't negate a sentence that
contains only to + infinitive.

9. So that
So that + subject + verb
I will take you shopping so that you can
buy some more clothes.
Please give me his number so that I can
call him.
So, why do you want his number? So
that you can call him