Basic Computer Operations. Input: Information and programs are entered into the computer through Input devices such as the keyboard, disks, or through other computers via network connections or modems connected to the Internet.
Overview of a computer system Introduction This Unit explores the basics of computer systems, their evolution, operation, classification, components etc
INTRODUCTION
Today, almost all of us in the world make use of computers in one way or the other. It finds applications in various fields of education, entertainment, agriculture, engineering, medicine, commercial, research and others.
Not only in these sophisticated areas, but also in our daily lives, computers have become indispensable.
They are present everywhere, in all the devices that we use daily like cars, games, washing machines, microwaves etc. and in day to day computations like banking, reservations, electronic mails, internet and many more.
Microcomputers (personal computers)
Microcomputers became the most common type of computer in the late 20th century. The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of systems based on single-chip microprocessors. The best-known early system was the Altair 8800, introduced in 1975. The term "microcomputer" has practically become an anachronism.
A computer is an electronic device that takes data and instructions as input, processes the data and produces useful information as output.
First Calculating machine: Abacus means calculating board.
Mechanical device Napier Bones for the purpose of multiplication.
Slide rule for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Pascal’s adding and subtractory machine.
Leibniz’s multiplication and dividing machine.
Charles babbage’s analytical engine.
Mechanical and electrical calculator to perform all type of calculation.
Modern electronic calculator.
||||The compilation and execution process of C can be divided into multiple steps:|||
Preprocessing - Using a Preprocessor program to convert C source code in expanded source code. "#includes" and "#defines" statements will be processed and replaced actually source codes in this step.
Compilation - Using a Compiler program to convert C expanded source to assembly source code.
Assembly - Using a Assembler program to convert assembly source code to object code.
Linking - Using a Linker program to convert object code to executable code. Multiple units of object codes are linked to together in this step.
Loading - Using a Loader program to load the executable code into CPU for execution.
|||Steps to solve a Problem||||
Analyze the problem.
Divide the process used to solve the problem in a series of tasks.
Formulate the algorithm to solve the problem.
Convert the algorithm in computer program.
Write the program in computer.
Input the data.
Program operates on input data.
Result produced.
Send the generated result to output unit to display it to user.
Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving.
Basic Computer Operations. Input: Information and programs are entered into the computer through Input devices such as the keyboard, disks, or through other computers via network connections or modems connected to the Internet.
Overview of a computer system Introduction This Unit explores the basics of computer systems, their evolution, operation, classification, components etc
INTRODUCTION
Today, almost all of us in the world make use of computers in one way or the other. It finds applications in various fields of education, entertainment, agriculture, engineering, medicine, commercial, research and others.
Not only in these sophisticated areas, but also in our daily lives, computers have become indispensable.
They are present everywhere, in all the devices that we use daily like cars, games, washing machines, microwaves etc. and in day to day computations like banking, reservations, electronic mails, internet and many more.
Microcomputers (personal computers)
Microcomputers became the most common type of computer in the late 20th century. The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of systems based on single-chip microprocessors. The best-known early system was the Altair 8800, introduced in 1975. The term "microcomputer" has practically become an anachronism.
A computer is an electronic device that takes data and instructions as input, processes the data and produces useful information as output.
First Calculating machine: Abacus means calculating board.
Mechanical device Napier Bones for the purpose of multiplication.
Slide rule for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Pascal’s adding and subtractory machine.
Leibniz’s multiplication and dividing machine.
Charles babbage’s analytical engine.
Mechanical and electrical calculator to perform all type of calculation.
Modern electronic calculator.
||||The compilation and execution process of C can be divided into multiple steps:|||
Preprocessing - Using a Preprocessor program to convert C source code in expanded source code. "#includes" and "#defines" statements will be processed and replaced actually source codes in this step.
Compilation - Using a Compiler program to convert C expanded source to assembly source code.
Assembly - Using a Assembler program to convert assembly source code to object code.
Linking - Using a Linker program to convert object code to executable code. Multiple units of object codes are linked to together in this step.
Loading - Using a Loader program to load the executable code into CPU for execution.
|||Steps to solve a Problem||||
Analyze the problem.
Divide the process used to solve the problem in a series of tasks.
Formulate the algorithm to solve the problem.
Convert the algorithm in computer program.
Write the program in computer.
Input the data.
Program operates on input data.
Result produced.
Send the generated result to output unit to display it to user.
Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving.
A Computer Motherboard is commonly known as Main board or MB or System board or logic board is designed on PCB (Printed Circuit Board).That holds or connects all components and parts together on a single sheet. The Computer Motherboard holds all the circuitry to connect the various components of a computer system. Therefore it is also called as backbone of Personal computer system.
The Output Devices of computer system are electromagnetic devices or gadgets that accepts or acknowledge data or informations from computer system and translate and converts the data in human readable or intelligent form. Generally output can be obtained and acquire mainly in two distinct and different ways Softcopy and Hardcopy.At the point when handled data or information is stored in computer memory is given to an output unit then this processed or prepared data or information is displayed to user in such a way that they can easily read
How to install windows 8 using usb pen driveparag dhok
Computer System Requirement to install windows 8 on your computer
1 GB of Ram
16 GB Or More Free Hard disk Space
DVD - RW
Working Keyboard & Mouse
P4 Processor
Graphics card: Microsoft DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM driver
Step 1 :: Insert Windows 8 0r windows 8.1 DVD In DVD -RW...
Step 2 :: Go to CMOS Setup | Bios Configuration By Continuous Pressing DEL Key From Keyboard Some common Keys are F1,F2,F10,F12
What is Computer Hardware and Software :: Computer Hardware is defined as the physical part or component of computer system which can be feel, seen and touched. Computer monitor which we use to view the display is a Hardware Device, A printer which we use to Produce ouputs,a computer memory which is used to store data or programs all are the types of hardware used in computer system for better functionality of computers.
Computer software can be defined as a set of instructions or collection of programs which are designed and developed to perform specific tasks. IT professionals develop customized programs which can be used in certain areas of our day to day life .These types of software or programs are very helpful and can reduce human efforts immensely.
How to-create-a-dos-bootable-usb-pendriveparag dhok
If you are searching for how to create a bootable USB pendrive you might find this article useful.For computer booting we usually boot from a CD or DVD which is a traditional way for computer boot.There are many drawbacks using a CD or DVD for computer booting the bootable CD or DVD normally gets corrupted or become damaged as its very hard to maintain or keep safe from scratches.
So nowadays many professional and home users create bootable pen drive for installing new and fresh operating systems to their computer or laptops. You can find many articles on web when you google them but here I am going to share every possible way to make a bootable USB pen drive or flash drive.
In MS-Dos (Disk Operating System) There are two types of Basic dos commands they are internal dos commands and external dos commands which are used separately to perform specific task or operation. Internal dos commands are those commands which are included in command processor (command.com). Internal dos commands are built in command.com file and while the computer has been booted this file or commands are loaded in the computer memory and you can use this basic dos commands while computer is ON.
What is Dos Operating System :: MS-Dos Stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System & It is developed by Microsoft Corporation.Dos Operating system was developed in 1981 and its first version was named as Dos 1.00.In Dos work are performed by managing disk And disk files. It Provides a interface between computer hardware and Software programs.
Dos is a 16 bit operating system that means it can save and process 16 bit of data at single time. It is a single user and single tasking Operating system. It is NON-GUI(Graphical User Interface) It Works on CUI(Character User Interface)environment.
Advantages and disadvantages of computer systemparag dhok
Computer Generations has reached a different height with the use of a computer the task which looked difficult before are made simpler by the use of a computer as there are advantages and disadvantages of Computer system. We will focus on each and every topic briefly. The computer has reached to every section of human society, from schools to hospitals business organizations, institutions everywhere we cannot imagine our daily life without the use of computers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Classifications of computer
1. What are the Basic Classifications of Computer System?
What is a Computer:: It is a device which can store gigantic amount of data or information and can
perform numerous calculations and also can perform different and diverse task given to them, there are
special computer for specific task and operations for example for space investigation and exploration,
nuclear science, genetic engineering .Supercomputers are used because they are developed and are
specialized in this type of operations and our expertise in this field. For home use just for entertainment
watching movies, songs and graphics, etc home PC or desktop computers are suitable for these sorts of
purposes.
For administrators, executives, representatives, and businessman laptop use is common and is utilized
broadly and widely because of its mobility and portability as well as it can be used with the assistant of
battery available inside every laptop. And surely it can perform each and every task compared to Desktop
or Home PC (Personal Computer), therefore the classification of computers can be done with the help of
some features they are size, functionality, capabilities and speed.
Three Types of Computer
The Computer are classified into three main types::
• Analog Computers
• Digital Computers
• Hybrid Computers (Analog + Digital)
Analog Computers:: Analog Computer measures “Physical Quantities” for example Temperature,
Voltage, Pressure, and Electric Current. These are the quantities which are continuously varied and
persistently change from one measurement to another, just like the temperature of a human being or
individual. They process the given data or instruction or information into an analog data or simple data.
They are equipped for measuring instead of counting or checking. They are also specifically designed for
measuring and can perform arithmetical calculation upon number where numbers are indicated by
physical quantities or physical amount. Analog Computers are used in scientific and industrial ventures,
where they have to screen temperature, voltages and electric currents.
2. Examples of Analog Computer::
• Speedometer
• Thermometer
Digital Computers:: The “Digital Computers” can complete or perform Arithmetic and logical operation
when given to them in a type of binary number system .These types of computers are not for measuring
physical quantities such as temperature, electric current, and voltages. They are high speed
programmable machines or computers which can play out numerous mathematical calculations, and can
store the data or information .When any instruction or direction given to them they convert that instruction
or data or information into machine readable form that is 0 or 1 which is called as “Binary Number
System”.
Examples::
• Desktop Computer OR Personal Computer (PC)
• Laptop
Hybrid Computers (Analog + Digital) :: They posses both the qualities and features of Analog and
Digital computers, they can measure or gauge physical quantities as well as counting or checking and are
generally used in scientific and in medical use. Just for Example there are some machines which can
calculate the heartbeats and temperature of human body and converts or change them into numbers.
Basic Components of Computers
• Input
• Output
• Control Unit
• ALU
• Storage Unit
Before going further you must understand what is a computer system? Which I have explained above
Input:: Input unit accepts the data or set of instruction from outside the world with the assistant or help of
input devices such as keyboard and mouse. The input unit converts or changes the data into binary
number system and forwards the data for further and additional processing.
Output:: Output unit is a unit which produces or create the result or outcome , the data or information
which is entered into the computer system is in binary form the output unit converts the data into human-
readable or intelligent form and produce or deliver the output with the help of printers and monitors.
Control Unit:: Control unit can be called as a supervisor or nervous system of internal operation, it
interprets and translates in each and every single operation provided to the computer system. At the point
when the data is provided to computer system it take fundamental and necessary action, it controls every
action and later decides what to do with the data or information presented to it.
The control unit controls and facilitates with every unit present in PC
3. ALU :: ALU stands for “Arithmetic and Logical Unit“ It is responsible and in charge for all the operations
such as Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division , Comparison, and logical operations such as (Equal,
Less, Greater) used in the operations. The results and outcomes from Arithmetic and Logic Unit are stored
in a temporary memory.
Storage Unit:: There are two types of storage unit in the Computer systems
• Primary Storage ::
• Secondary Storage ::
Primary storage:: Primary storage can be called as “MAIN MEMORY” ,it can not hold or save the data if
there is a power failure or when there is no power to computer system ,hence it can also be called as
“TEMPORARY MEMORY” The data or set of instruction are stores in primary memory before transferring
to ALU for additional preparing The primary memory has a limited storing capacity as compared to
secondary storage, and are very expensive.
Example : RAM(Random Access Memory)
Secondary Storage:: Secondary storage can be called as “PERMANENT STORAGE”, it can hold or save
the data or set of instruction almost permanently if there is a power failure or no power still the user can
retrieve the data whenever needs. They can store huge amount of data and are cheaper then Primary
memory.
Example ::( HDD) HARDDISK DRIVES
Classification of Computer Based on Size
The computer can be classified in four different types
• Super Computers
• Mini Computers
• Micro Computers
• Mainframe Computers
Super Computer:: They are tremendously fast and can perform millions of instruction per second their
speed is calculated in “FLOPS” Floating Point Operations, they can perform over 1.2 billion instruction per
second and can store huge amount of data, they are immense in size, and are most powerful then any
other computer and are used in complex scientific application such as nuclear energy , genetic
engineering , Atomic energy, weather forecasting , defense , space exploration and so forth. They are also
used in counting the measurement of earthquakes, they are substantially more costlier when contrasted or
compared with others.
Example ::
• PARAM
• Tianhe-2
Mini computers :: They are commonly known as “Midrange Computers” they were developed in 1960’s
using transistors and core memory technology and are smaller, cheaper, and has an enormous data or
information storage capacity, Minicomputers are used in production industry where they are defined a task
4. or assignment to monitor the production process. can be used or utilized as a “HOST” in a system
networking condition with 100s of terminals ,they have a difficult operating system can perform different
task simultaneously. They are digital computers which can perform with high speed and are used in
independent ventures and also in scientific use. The powerful minicomputers are called as “SUPER-
MINIS”
Micro Computers:: They are the most common and well-known types of computers .They used
microprocessor is a silicon chip where hundreds of component are fit such as transistor ,capacitor and
resistor. They possess input, output , storage ,control unit for better functionality of computers.
Microcomputers are also called as “PERSONAL COMPUTERS” they are truly modest really cheap, high
performing, with a decent storage unit, and have become really famous in the end user market these days
due to its efficiency and low in cost. They can be treated as a “WORKSTATION” where several other PC
can connect to them in the computer networking environment.
• Desktop Computers
• Laptops
• Notebooks
• Handheld Computer or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
• Mobile Devices
Desktop Computer :: Are also called as “personal computers” and are cheap, small in size, reliable,
works with AC Power they are so small to a point that they can be fit on a table. Input devices such as
keyboard and mouse can be used or utilized in desktop PC they don't have mobility and versatility or
neither they are portable.
Laptops :: Laptops are hugely popular these days as they are mobile and can be used on any location.
Students, professionals, even businessman can carry out their working anywhere they like, they can work
with AC Power or with Battery. Each and every operation or application can be used, with high speed and
high performance (CPUs), Dell & Compaq are the leading brand that manufactures Laptop.
Notebooks :: Notebooks are smaller devices or little gadgets with Graphical display screen, user can
watch movies, surf the net and can perform each and every action or operation compared to laptops and
desktops.
Handheld Computer or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) :: The smallest of all is the handheld
computer called as Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).They are extremely smaller in size, PDA are pen-
based computer as they do their operations utilizing a pen-like stylus..
Mobile Devices: : They are extremely small devices as these devices are so small they can be kept in our
pockets. Android and Windows-based operating system mobiles are available in market .user can carry
out an operation such as playing movies, songs, surfing the net. They are hugely popular as their
functionality has been enhanced drastically with improved hardware and software features.
Related Articles and Sources::
http://www.chtips.com/computer-fundamentals/characteristics-of-computer-system
http://www.chtips.com/computer-fundamentals/classification-of-computer-system
http://www.chtips.com/computer-fundamentals/what-is-cpu-in-computer