This document discusses the periodic classification of elements and provides information on several topics related to this including: - A brief biography of Dmitri Mendeleev, the Russian chemist who formulated the periodic law and created the first periodic table. - Details on the chemical element silicon including its appearance, properties, abundance in the universe, and occurrence in nature primarily as silica and silicates. - An overview of the different types of glass, how they are manufactured, and their various uses. The nine types discussed are soda glass, colored glass, plate glass, safety glass, laminated glass, optical glass, lead crystal glass.

1. St.John High School
Fort, Bellary
Submitted By
Vishwadeep
9481718478

2. Periodic
Classification
of Elements

3. Science Project
Biology
&
Chemistry

4. •Dmitri Ivanovich
Mendeleev:
•Born on 8 February 1834 – 2 February
1907 O.S. 27 January 1834 – 20
January 1907) was a
Russian chemist and inventor.
•He formulated the Periodic Law,
created his own version of the periodic
table ofelements, and used it to correct
the properties of some already
discovered elements and also to predict
the properties of eight elements yet to
be discovered.

6. S I L I C O N
Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is
atetravalent metalloid, less reactive than its chemical analog carbon,
thenonmetal directly above it in the periodic table, but more reactive
thangermanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy
about silicon's character dates to its discovery; it was first prepared and
characterized in pure form in 1823. In 1808, it was given the name silicium
(from Latin: silex, hard stone or flint), with an -ium word-ending to suggest
a metal, a name which the element retains in several non-English
languages. However, its final English name, first suggested in 1817,
reflects the more physically similar elements carbon and boron.
Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but
very rarely occurs as the pure free element in nature. It is most widely
distributed industs, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms
of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. Over 90% of the Earth's crust is
composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant
element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen.[7]

7. Appearance
Diatoms can form small colonies, and filaments have
been seen to measure over two feet. The size of these
very diverse micro-organisms varies greatly. There is a
yellow tint that can be seen due to photosynthetic
plastids. When observed as larger masses, the color
takes on a darker color, often deep brown or black.
Some diatoms also have a blue or green color, but
these are the exceptions. Habitat
Diatoms are found in both fresh water and salt water. There in
fresh water habitats mostly in the spring and fall months. Not
only do diatoms live in streams, lakes and other bodies of fresh
water, but they can be found on the rocks, plants, and mud that
is nearby or at the borders of the water.

9. GREEN PLANTS AND CHORDATES
The Plant body is
called Thallus. The
cells are typically
eukaryotic, with a
prominent nucleus and
many plastids. The
cellwall is composed
of Cellulose and pectin.
In green Algae, Green
Pigment Chlorophyll is
maximum. Eg. Spirogya
and Ulothrix. In Red
Algade in additional to
Chlorophylla red
pigment called
PHYCOERTHRIN.

10. Byrophytes includes two groups of
Plants namely Liverworts and
Mosses. Liverwors have a green
plant body resembling the shape of
liver. Eg. Riccia, Marchantia. In
Mosses the plat body grows vertical
to the soil surface.
Eg : Polytrichum, Funaria.
Bryophtes reproduce sexually. The Life
Cycle includes two generations viz
Gametophyte and a Diplooid Sporophyte.
The adult plant body is called
Gametophyte. Since it produces male and
female games in distinct structures
called antheridia and Archegonia
respectively. Gametophyte is
photosynthetic and can lead an
independent life. The Zygote resulting
from sexual reproduction develops into a
diploid sporophyte.

11. Pteridophytes or Pteridophyta, in the broad
interpretation of the term (or sensu lato),
are vascular plants (plants
withxylem and phloem) that reproduce
and disperse via spores. Because they
produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are
referred to as cryptogams. The group
includes ferns, horsetails, clubmosses, spike
mosses and quillworts. These do not form
a monophyletic group, because ferns and
horsetails are more closely related to seed
plants than to lycophytes(clubmosses,
spikemosses and quillworts). Therefore,
pteridophytes are no longer considered to
form a valid taxon, but the term is still used as
an informal way to refer to ferns
(monilophytes) and lycophytes, and some
recent authors have used the term to refer
strictly to the monilophytes.

12. ANGIOPHERMS
The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known
as Angiospermae Lindl.[2][3] orMagnoliophyta, are
the most diverse group of land plants.
Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like
the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from
the gymnosperms
by characteristics including flowers, endosperm wit
hin the seeds, and the production of fruits that
contain the seeds.
Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that
produces seeds within an enclosure, in other
words a fruiting plant.
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged
from gymnosperms around 245–202 million years
ago, and the first flowering plants known to exist
are from 160 million years ago. They diversified
enormously during the Lower Cretaceous and
became widespread around 120 million years ago,
but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60–100 million years ago.

13. In the 1750's, Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish scientist who decribed many North American birds,
established a system or hierarchy of living organisms so that scientists all over the world could
understand each other. Since then, the Linnaeus System has been improved by a number of
scientists and it's still being changed today as new discoveries are made among groups of birds.
The science of naming things, such as birds, is called "Taxonomy" and it can become quite
complicated, but the basics are easy to understand.
Basics of Taxonomy:
All living organisms are divided into 5 Kingdoms: Plants, Fungi, Animals, Protoctista and Bacteria
(the last two have to be seen through a microscope). The living members of the Animal (Animalia)
Kingdom is divided into smaller groups called Phyla (singular) or Phylum (plural) which means a
direct line of descent within a group and then its further divided into smaller groups called Classes.
Classes are divided into even smaller (though still fairly large) groups called Orders. After
categorizing the Orders, we have Families and sometimes Subfamilies. Within each
Family/Subfamily, there are are number of Genera (plural for Genus) and within each Genus are a
number of Species.
A White-breasted Nuthatch can then be classified as:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Sittidae
Genus: Sitta
Species: carolinensis

14. Manufacture of glass
The manufacture of glass involves the following steps:
1. Limestone, sand and soda ash are mixed and poured into a tank furnace. Tank
furnace looks like a small swimming pool. It is very hot (about 17000C). It is
shallow at one end and deep at the other.
2. The raw material moves slowly towards the deeper end. Silica melts at a very
high temperature. In order to lower its melting point, soda ash is added. Thus,
energy is saved and a low cost is incurred in the glass-making process.
3. Due to the presence of limestone, glass becomes insoluble in water.
4. As the raw material melts, a clear jelly-like substance is formed; this takes
about a week’s time.
5. During this time bubbles of CO2 gas escape and some of the raw material
slowly changes into a mixture of silicates.
6. The following reactions take place inside the furnace.
7. The clear jelly-like substance on cooling sets to form glass. This is known as
soda-lime glass.

15. Types of glass
There are nine types of glass according to the minor additions and variations in
the ingredients used and according to the methods of manufacturing. The
different types of glasses are different in their properties and uses.
1. Soda glass or soda-lime glass:
It is the most common variety of glass. It is prepared by heating sodium
carbonate and silica. It is used for making windowpanes, tableware, bottles and
bulbs.
2. Coloured glass:
Small amounts of metallic oxides are mixed with the hot molten mixture of sand,
sodium carbonate and limestone. The desired colour determines the choice of
the metallic oxide to be added, as different metallic oxides give different colours
to the glass.
Coloured glass is much in demand. It is used for decorating walls, making
sunglasses, and for making light signals for automobiles, trains and aeroplanes.

16. 3. Plate glass:
Plate glass is thicker than ordinary glass. It has a very smooth surface. It is made by
floating a layer of molten glass over a layer of molten tin. It is used in shop
windows and doors.
4. Safety glass:
It can also be called shatterproof glass. It is made by placing a sheet of plastic such
as celluloid between sheets of glass. The special quality of this glass is that in case
of breakage the broken pieces stick to the plastic and do not fly off. You must have
noticed a broken window-pane of a bus or a car still in its place. It is used in
automobiles. It is also used for making bulletproof screens.
5. Laminated glass:
It can also be called bulletproof glass. Several layers of safety glass are bound
together with a transparent adhesive. The larger the number of layers used the
greater is the strength of the glass. It is stronger than safety glass. It is used in
aeroplanes and windshields of cars.
6. Optical glass:
Optical glass is softer than any other glass. It is clear and transparent. Potassium
and lead silicates are used in making optical glass. It is also called flint glass. The
main use of flint glass is in the manufacture of lenses, prisms and other optical
instruments.

17. 9. Lead crystal glass:
Lead crystal glass has high refractive index, and so has the maximum
brilliance. It sparkles and is used for high quality art objects and for
expensive glassware. It is also called cut glass because the surface of
the glass objects is often cut into decorative patterns to reflect light. In
order to increase the refractive index, lead oxide is used as flux in
crystal glass, therefore it is also called lead crystal glass.
The major disadvantage of ordinary glass is that it is brittle. It cracks
when subjected to sudden changes of temperature. When the glass
has been moulded into a finished article, it is cooled very slowly to
prevent brittleness. The process in which a finished glass article is
cooled slowly is called annealing.