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This document provides a timeline and overview of various military dictatorships and regimes in Latin America between 1810-1990. It describes the rise of "caudillos" or strongman leaders after independence wars in the early 19th century. It then analyzes the legitimization of military rule through national security doctrines and professionalization of armies. The document attempts to develop a typology of militarism, categorizing regimes as dictatorial, straightening, reforming, provisional, constituent, and more based on their political aims and socioeconomic projects. Case studies are presented on prominent dictators and regimes in Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Argentina, and other countries across the region during this period.
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There is considerable controversy about how liberal-democratic systems work in practice. Pluralists praise the system's capacity to guarantee popular responsiveness and public accountability. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concentrated in the hands of a privileged minority. Corporatists draw attention to the incorporation of groups into government. The New Right focuses on the dangers of 'democratic overload'. And Marxists point to tensions between democracy and capitalism.There are a number of rival models of democracy, each offering its own version of popular rule. Classical democracy, which is based on the political system of Ancient Athens, is defended on the grounds that it alone guarantees government by the people. Protective democracy gives citizens the greatest scope to live their lives as they choose. Developmental democracy has the virtue that, in extending participation, it widens liberty and fosters personal growth. People's democracy aims to achieve economic emancipation, rather than merely the extension of political rights.
Administrative Reform
This document discusses administrative reform. It begins by outlining some general problems in administration such as societal development pressures, imitative influences from colonial masters, and discrepancies between bureaucratic form and reality. It then defines administrative reform as intended change and transformation towards improvement. The document notes that reform is needed due to both internal pressures like inefficiency as well as external pressures like requirements for international cooperation. The scope of reform can include vertical and horizontal dimensions as well as contents like policies, structures, and ethics. Reform trajectories may focus on areas like human resources, finance, organization, and performance measurement. Key determinants of successful reform are also listed such as political leadership, citizen support, and reliable surveillance mechanisms.
Bureaucratic Reform Road Map
National Policy Support Team for Good Governance-Bappenas Presented to the
Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) Jakarta, 21 March 2007
Neocolonialism
The document summarizes aspects of neocolonialism in Latin America, including:
1) Foreign companies exploited natural resources like bananas and rubber, but provided few long-term benefits for workers who were left jobless and injured.
2) Wealthy elites in countries like Brazil and Mexico benefited from infrastructure and rising land values due to exports and railroads, but this displaced many peasants.
3) Authoritarian governments and dictators like Porfirio Diaz in Mexico provided political stability preferred by foreign investors, but limited democratic freedoms and rights for much of the population.
Struggle for democracy in myanmar
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Iraq
The document provides a brief history of Iraq, noting that Shia Muslims make up the majority in Iraq despite most of the world's Muslims being Sunni. It describes how Saddam Hussein, a Sunni, oppressed the Shia and Kurds during his rule from 1979. Iraq invaded Iran in 1980 and the US supported Iraq in the war, which ended in a draw. In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait for control of their oil reserves, leading the US to intervene on Kuwait's behalf in the Persian Gulf War. In 2003, the US invaded Iraq due to suspicions of weapons of mass destruction, overthrew Saddam Hussein, and established a new democratic government with Shia Muslims in control.
Pew Research Center 2015 Democracy Presentation
Richard Wike, Director of Global Attitudes Research, details global public opinion on democracy at the World Forum for Democracy, in Strasbourg, France on November 18, 2015. Using the Pew Research Center’s Spring 2015 Global Attitudes Survey, he discusses support for democratic principles around the world, including religious freedom, gender equality, a free press, free speech and competitive elections. It is based on 40,786 face-to-face and telephone interviews in 38 countries with adults 18 and older conducted from April 5 to May 21, 2015.
Administrative theory as political theory
powerpoint slide for my assignment (theory of public administration) in Brawijaya University, Indonesia
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THE FRAGILE REPUBLIC BUILT IN BRAZIL THROUGHOUT HISTORY.pdf
This article aims to demonstrate that the Republic proclaimed in Brazil on November 15, 1889 is fragile because, in addition to having emerged without the participation of the Brazilian people thanks to a military coup, it was characterized throughout 133 years of history by the attempts and the occurrence of numerous coups d'état and the existence of 81 years of oligarchic and dictatorial governments and only 52 years of relative democracy. The Republic only assumed democratic airs in Brazil from 1946 to 1964 and from 1988 until the present moment without having been truly democratic. It is necessary that a truly democratic Republic be implanted in Brazil so that the governments make the common interest prevail, the interest of the community, as opposed to private interests and private business, as has always been the case in Brazil in the 133 years since the Proclamation of the Republic. Despite the 1988 Constitution being the most democratic in the history of Brazil, it needs to be greatly improved to provide Brazil with a truly democratic Republic with the construction of a Social Welfare State that ensures the supreme interests of the entire Brazilian population without exception and also prevent the occurrence of new coups d'état to implant dictatorships in Brazil.
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Political GeographyPart 2 The State & the MilitaryE.docx
Political Geography
Part 2: The State & the Military
Early Politics
Authoritarian tradition – conquistadors, colonialism; major pre‐
colonial empires
Since independence: twin threads – democracy and
authoritarianism, hybrid forms of authoritarian democracy
Elite retreat, rise of caudillos agrarian elite reemerge
(modernizing dictators); caciques bring out the vote in rural
areas (only 5% of adult males vote in Mexico, Argentina in
late 19th century)
Stability, economic growth, immigration brings some new and
radical political influences (ex. Anarchist trade movement in
Argentina); urban working class harder to control than
peasantry
Rise of Populism
Catalyst for change: worldwide depression & rise of ISI
ended dominance of agrarian elite and a shift in politics
to populism (appealing to the masses); the state
replaces the caudillo as all‐powerful provider; Cardenas
in Mexico, Vargas in Brazil, Ibanez in Chile, Peron in
Argentina
Urban‐oriented political model – this model
coincides with ISI and industrialists and industrial
workers are a major support base for leaders –
more popular in larger countries (more
industrialized)
Corporatism – ruling parties set up and controlled
labor unions and other mass organizations – they
exchanged support by these organizations in return
for improvements
State/party machine controlled elections;
opposition excluded from state’s bounty,
hounded by legal system, physical intimidation
Argentina’s
Peron
Rise of Populism
Nationalistic – populists condemned Latin America’s
dependence on outside powers and often nationalized key
industries – Mexico’s oil (1938), Argentina’s railroads (1948)
Initial success of ISI helped fund the expanded state and
programs
States with smaller, weaker economies military dictators
take over in 1930s (Nicaragua, El Salvador, Cuba, Dominican
Republic); in power for decades, stifling political
modernization and sowing seeds of future upheaval,
revolutions (Cuba 1959, Nicaragua 1979)
Fall of Populism
Downturn of ISI led to a fall in populism, and a number of
factors led to the take over of politics by the military in
some state – Brazil (1964), Argentina (1966)
Economic crisis (waning of growth) broke down
improbably industrialist/worker alliance; expansion of
social groups (middle class) wanting a voice in politics;
radical elements such as militant student movements
inspired by Cuban Revolution
Military dictatorships that emerged during this period
were supported during Cold War by the US, and they also
had popular support (especially among the middle class)
to restore order (improve economic situation)
Military rule led to National Security Doctrine –
promoted the defeat of ‘internal subversion’ – basically,
anything that threatened the status quo
As a result, human rights and rule of law became
redundant; there was supervision of all activities in
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Dictatorship and martial law report
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Types of war unit 5
The document discusses different types of war including total war, civil war, limited war, guerrilla war, and how terrain can impact warfare. Total war involves entire populations mobilized for war and seeking unconditional surrender. Civil wars are fought within nations between competing factions. Limited wars since WWII have involved limited objectives to avoid escalation. Guerrilla warfare relies on blending with local populations for concealment. Terrain like mountains favors infantry and guerrilla tactics while open plains are better for mechanized forces.
Military dictatorship
A military dictatorship arises when the military seizes political power instead of through civilian means. Examples of dictators throughout history are provided from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Key characteristics of dictatorships are that power is concentrated in one person or small group, and dictators maintain control through non-democratic means like manipulating elections and limiting other branches of government. Dictatorships tend to prioritize maintaining the dictator's power over the prosperity of their nation.
Rise of dictatorship
The document summarizes the rise of dictatorships in Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal in the early 20th century. It describes how Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany as the leader of the Nazi party and established a dictatorship by 1934. Benito Mussolini did similarly in Italy, while Francisco Franco took control of Spain after a civil war. Antonio de Oliveira Salazar also ruled as a dictator in Portugal from the 1930s. These dictatorships contributed to the causes of World War 2 breaking out in 1939.
456BrazilIntroPolitics.ppt
This document outlines the political, economic, and social history of Brazil from 1823 to 1964. It describes the regional divisions within Brazil and the dominant ethnic groups. Key events included the Portuguese royal court moving to Brazil, the country gaining independence with British support, and the rise of the coffee and plantation economy. The document also summarizes the 1930 revolution, Vargas' Estado Novo regime of the 1930s-40s, the 1946 constitution, and periods of democratic and military rule until the 1964 coup that overthrew the Goulart government.
The Rise of Dictators
This PowerPoint outlines the rise to power from numerous dictators before World War II began. It includes Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini, Franco, and more.
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1) Several powerful dictators rose to power in Europe and Asia following World War 1 and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression. These dictators all established totalitarian states that suppressed opposition and individual rights.
2) Some of the key dictators mentioned were Stalin in the Soviet Union, Mussolini in Italy, Hitler in Germany, and militarists who controlled Japan. They consolidated power through violence and propaganda promoting nationalism and territorial expansion.
3) The document outlines that these dictators established fascist, communist or militaristic one-party states to pursue their goals of rapid industrialization, living space for their populations, and making their countries world powers.
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This article aims to highlight the role of four characters in the republican history of Brazil who were the most striking and decisive in the direction of future events for the benefit of the country. This was the case of Getúlio Vargas who stood out for making profound changes economic and social and modernize the country when he ruled Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and, also from 1950 to 1954. It was also the case of Marshal Henrique Teixeira Lott who prevented attempts of coup d'état in 1954 and 1961 when he was Minister of War, ensuring the respect for democratic and constitutional legality. Also noteworthy was the decisive role by Leonel Brizola that prevented the coup d'état in Brazil in 1961 and his constant fight for the economic and social progress of Brazil and for national independence from the great powers from 1961 until his death in 2004. Finally, the last great character in Brazilian republican history was Ulysses Guimarães, who stood out in the fight against the tyranny of the military dictatorship implanted in 1964 and his struggle for the redemocratization of Brazil from 1964 to 1988.
Chinese Cultural revolution
The document provides background information on Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution in China from the 1910s-1970s. It discusses how Mao launched the movement in 1966 to remake Chinese culture and society along communist revolutionary lines. This involved attacking intellectuals, traditional culture, and the communist party establishment. Mao's Red Guards spread violence and turmoil across China as they destroyed heritage sites and persecuted opponents. The Cultural Revolution had disastrous social and economic consequences before Mao's death in 1976 led to the movement's end.
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The document summarizes the history of Spain from the late 19th century to the establishment of democracy in the late 1970s. It discusses the establishment of the First Republic in 1873 and its overthrow in 1874. It then covers the Bourbon Restoration monarchy, the loss of colonies, the Spanish Civil War and Franco's dictatorship. Finally, it discusses the transition to democracy after Franco's death, led by Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez.
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Spain experienced several political changes in the 20th century. In the early 1900s, Alfonso XIII became King but was later overthrown in 1923 by Primo de Rivera's coup. This led to the establishment of the Second Republic from 1931-1936, which established democracy. However, the Spanish Civil War broke out from 1936-1939 after Franco led a coup against the Republican government. The nationalists, led by Franco, defeated the Republicans, leading to Franco establishing a dictatorship from 1939-1975.
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Spain experienced several political changes in the 20th century. In the early 1900s, Alfonso XIII became King but was later overthrown in 1923 by Primo de Rivera's coup. This led to the establishment of the Second Republic from 1931-1936, which established democracy. However, the Spanish Civil War broke out from 1936-1939 after Franco led a coup against the Republican government. The nationalists, led by Franco, defeated the Republicans, leading to Franco establishing a dictatorship from 1939-1975.
Republican Portugal
Portugal from the First Republic to the Cold War.
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Conflict in Spain from 1898-1939 was a turbulent period. There was social unrest against political corruption and conservatives and liberals sought reforms. José Canalejas enacted some reforms but parties remained unstable. Protests in 1917 against poverty and the Rif War led to strikes. From 1918-1921, laborers clashed with police during strikes and occupied land. A military dictatorship under Primo de Rivera established censorship and repression from 1923-1931. The economic crisis of 1929 further impacted Spain. Primo de Rivera resigned in 1930 due to public hostility and General Berenguer established a milder dictatorship.
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class4lasp296
- 1. MILITARY NATIONALISM DICTATORSHIPS AND “DICTOCRACIES”
- 2. TIMELINE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1810-1824: 1824-1899: 1836-1839: 1879-1881: 1930-1954: 1931-1979: 1936-1979: 1943-1955: 1944-1986: 1945-1958: 1952-1959: 1953-1957: 1954-1989: 1964-1985: 1964-1982: 1968-1980: 1972-1976: 1973-1990: 1973-1985: 1976-1983: Wars of Independence A Century of “Caudillos” Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation War of the Pacific Gétulio Vargas in Brazil Military Dictatorship in El Salvador The Somoza Dynasty in Nicaragua Juan Domingo Perón Military Regimes in Guatemala Military Rule in Venezuela Fulgencio Batista in Cuba Gustavo Rojas Pinilla in Colombia Alfredo Stroessner in Paraguay Brazilian Military Government Bolivian Military Government Revolutionary Government in Peru Guillermo Rodríguez Lara in Ecuador Pinochet’s Dictatorship Uruguayan Dictatorship Argentine Military Junta
- 3. THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
- 4. THE CAUDILLO
- 5. THE LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY
- 7. DOCTRINES OF NATIONAL SECURITY
- 8. TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF MILITARISMS (I) • Dictatorial Militarisms: The military attempt to impose a political position impossible to reach through civilian consensus. • Straightening Militarisms: The military aim to “correct” excesses of civilian – and particularly populist – administrations. “Bonapartist” regimes. • Reforming Militarisms: The military pave the way for new political configurations to arise, which are remarkably different from those of the past.
- 9. THE PINOCHET REGIME, 1973-1990
- 10. GÉTULIO VARGAS IN BRAZIL, 1930-1954
- 11. JUAN DOMINGO PERÓN, 1943-1955
- 12. TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF MILITARISMS (II) • Provisional Military Dictatorships: Followed the meltdown of a civilian administration, take over power only to survey the transition. • Constituent Military Dictatorships: Also transitory, followed a meltdown, but are grounded on some form of legal framework. • Reiterative Military Dictatorships: There is an alternation of civilian administration and military regimes, nurtured by the politicization of the latter.
- 13. GUSTAVO ROJAS PINILLA, 1953-1957
- 14. THE BRAZILIAN MILITARY DICTATORSHIP, 1964-1985
- 15. THE GUATEMALAN REGIMES, 1944-1986
- 16. TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF MILITARISMS (II) • Patrimonial Military Dictatorships: Typically linked with a clan or family, no major socioeconomic project besides their benefit. • Top-bottom Reformist Dictatorships: Military believe they are politically entitled to conduct major reforms that benefit lower sectors of society. • Bureaucratic Developmentalist Dictatorships: Regimes attempt to marginalize the question on foreign capital and development from social pressures. • Terrorist Neoliberal Dictatorships: Alliance between unseen levels of violence and orthodox neoliberalism, aiming to build a permanent counterrevolutionary order.
- 19. VIDELA AND THE ARGENTINA JUNTA, 1976-183