GEOG3839.9, The history of dendrochronology
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Dendrochronology is the scientific method of dating tree rings to analyze patterns of tree growth and date historical wood samples. [1] It began with early observations by Leonardo da Vinci and Theophrastus on tree growth and counting rings. [2] In the early 20th century, Andrew Douglass pioneered cross-dating techniques in the American Southwest, allowing him to construct tree-ring chronologies and date archaeological sites like Aztec Ruin. [3] His work demonstrated trees could provide precise dating evidence and helped establish tree-ring dating as a scientific field.
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GUNS, GERMS AND STEEL THE FATES OF HUMAN SOCIETIES .docx
GUNS,
GERMS AND
STEEL
THE FATES OF HUMAN SOCIETIES
Jared Diamond
W. W. Norton & Company
New York London
C H A P T E R 1 5
Y A L I ' S P E O P L E
WH E N M Y W I F E , M A R I E , A N D I W E R E V A C A T I O N I N G I N Australia one summer, we decided to visit a site with well-
preserved Aboriginal rock paintings in the desert near the town of Men-
indee. While I knew of the Australian desert's reputation for dryness and
summer heat, I had already spent long periods working under hot, dry
conditions in the Californian desert and New Guinea savanna, so I consid-
ered myself experienced enough to deal with the minor challenges we
would face as tourists in Australia. Carrying plenty of drinking water,
Marie and I set off at noon on a hike of a few miles to the paintings.
The trail from the ranger station led uphill, under a cloudless sky,
through open terrain offering no shade whatsoever. The hot, dry air that
we were breathing reminded me of how it had felt to breathe while sitting
in a Finnish sauna. By the time we reached the cliff site with the paintings,
we had finished our water. We had also lost our interest in art, so we
pushed on uphill, breathing slowly and regularly. Presently I noticed a bird
that was unmistakably a species of babbler, but it seemed enormous com-
pared with any known babbler species. At that point, I realized that I was
experiencing heat hallucinations for the first time in my life. Marie and I
decided that we had better head straight back.
296 G U N S , G E R M S , AND STEEL
Both of us stopped talking. As we walked, we concentrated on listening
to our breathing, calculating the distance to the next landmark, and esti-
mating the remaining time. My mouth and tongue were now dry, and
Marie's face was red. When we at last reached the air-conditioned ranger
station, we sagged into chairs next to the water cooler, drank down the
cooler's last half-gallon of water, and asked the ranger for another bottle.
Sitting there exhausted, both physically and emotionally, I reflected that
the Aborigines who had made those paintings had somehow spent their
entire lives in that desert without air-conditioned retreats, managing to
find food as well as water.
To white Australians, Menindee is famous as the base camp for two
whites who had suffered worse from the desert's dry heat over a century
earlier: the Irish policeman Robert Burke and the English astronomer Wil-
liam Wills, ill-fated leaders of the first European expedition to cross Aus-
tralia from south to north. Setting out with six camels packing food
enough for three months, Burke and Wills ran out of provisions while in
the desert north of Menindee. Three successive times, they encountered
and were rescued by well-fed Aborigines whose home was that desert, and
who plied the explorers with fish, fern cakes, and roasted fat rats. But then
Burke foolishly shot his pistol at one of the Aborigines, whereupon the
whole grou ...
TitleAuthorsSourceDocument TypeSubject Ter.docx
Title:
Authors:
Source:
Document Type:
Subject Terms:
Abstract:
Full Text Word Count:
ISSN:
Accession Number:
Database:
Section:
Record: 1
As the Ground Shares Its Secrets. (cover story)
Tolson, Jay
U.S. News & World Report. 1/29/2007, Vol. 142 Issue 4, p64-67. 2p. 3
Color Photographs.
Article
*HISTORY
*COLONIES
*ARCHAEOLOGY
JAMESTOWN (Va.)
GREAT Britain
AMERICA
UNITED States
The article discusses the work that archaeologist William Kelso has
performed at the original site of the Jamestown colony. After visiting the
site as a graduate student at the College of William and Mary in the
1960s, Kelso formulated a theory that the original fortress in the colony
was not in the low-lying stretch of ground now underwater. The article
presents details concerning Kelso's theories about the Jamestown
settlement.
1283
00415537
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Special Report - The Jamestown Story
As the Ground Shares Its Secrets
A DETERMINED ARCHAEOLOGIST CHALLENGES OLD BELIEFS
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1907 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the colony he helped to found. For most of the past century,
a loose archaeological consensus held that the statue looked out over the site of the original settlement, a
stretch of low-lying ground long ago eaten away by the swiftly flowing currents of the James River.
The loss of that land, and the stories that its subterranean contents might have told, became a kind of coda
to the standard historical interpretation of the colony itself: that Jamestown had been a largely unsuccessful
venture, carried out by genteel adventurers and military men ill-suited to the task of wresting a livelihood
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Lingering doubts. But one man who had doubts about the established consensus has been almost single-
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Virginia Company's colony. Since 1993, as chief archaeologist of the Association for the Preservation of
EBSCOhost http://ezproxy.wpunj.edu:2654/ehost/delivery?sid=3fefb1bd-1c57-4e9c-...
1 of 3 3/13/2013 5:33 PM
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History of art 1
Aboriginal rock art in Australia dates back over 30,000 years and can be found across the continent. The paintings and engravings were traditionally created for cultural and spiritual reasons to tell stories and myths. A variety of natural pigments like ochre were used along with binders like plant juices and applied using twigs, leaves or fingers. Some of the most famous examples include Wandjina spirits from Arnhem Land and rock art found at Kakadu National Park depicting animals and ancestral beings.
P O T P O U R R I, P Jaime
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GUNS, GERMS AND STEEL THE FATES OF HUMAN SOCIETIES .docx
GUNS,
GERMS AND
STEEL
THE FATES OF HUMAN SOCIETIES
Jared Diamond
W. W. Norton & Company
New York London
C H A P T E R 1 5
Y A L I ' S P E O P L E
WH E N M Y W I F E , M A R I E , A N D I W E R E V A C A T I O N I N G I N Australia one summer, we decided to visit a site with well-
preserved Aboriginal rock paintings in the desert near the town of Men-
indee. While I knew of the Australian desert's reputation for dryness and
summer heat, I had already spent long periods working under hot, dry
conditions in the Californian desert and New Guinea savanna, so I consid-
ered myself experienced enough to deal with the minor challenges we
would face as tourists in Australia. Carrying plenty of drinking water,
Marie and I set off at noon on a hike of a few miles to the paintings.
The trail from the ranger station led uphill, under a cloudless sky,
through open terrain offering no shade whatsoever. The hot, dry air that
we were breathing reminded me of how it had felt to breathe while sitting
in a Finnish sauna. By the time we reached the cliff site with the paintings,
we had finished our water. We had also lost our interest in art, so we
pushed on uphill, breathing slowly and regularly. Presently I noticed a bird
that was unmistakably a species of babbler, but it seemed enormous com-
pared with any known babbler species. At that point, I realized that I was
experiencing heat hallucinations for the first time in my life. Marie and I
decided that we had better head straight back.
296 G U N S , G E R M S , AND STEEL
Both of us stopped talking. As we walked, we concentrated on listening
to our breathing, calculating the distance to the next landmark, and esti-
mating the remaining time. My mouth and tongue were now dry, and
Marie's face was red. When we at last reached the air-conditioned ranger
station, we sagged into chairs next to the water cooler, drank down the
cooler's last half-gallon of water, and asked the ranger for another bottle.
Sitting there exhausted, both physically and emotionally, I reflected that
the Aborigines who had made those paintings had somehow spent their
entire lives in that desert without air-conditioned retreats, managing to
find food as well as water.
To white Australians, Menindee is famous as the base camp for two
whites who had suffered worse from the desert's dry heat over a century
earlier: the Irish policeman Robert Burke and the English astronomer Wil-
liam Wills, ill-fated leaders of the first European expedition to cross Aus-
tralia from south to north. Setting out with six camels packing food
enough for three months, Burke and Wills ran out of provisions while in
the desert north of Menindee. Three successive times, they encountered
and were rescued by well-fed Aborigines whose home was that desert, and
who plied the explorers with fish, fern cakes, and roasted fat rats. But then
Burke foolishly shot his pistol at one of the Aborigines, whereupon the
whole grou ...
TitleAuthorsSourceDocument TypeSubject Ter.docx
Title:
Authors:
Source:
Document Type:
Subject Terms:
Abstract:
Full Text Word Count:
ISSN:
Accession Number:
Database:
Section:
Record: 1
As the Ground Shares Its Secrets. (cover story)
Tolson, Jay
U.S. News & World Report. 1/29/2007, Vol. 142 Issue 4, p64-67. 2p. 3
Color Photographs.
Article
*HISTORY
*COLONIES
*ARCHAEOLOGY
JAMESTOWN (Va.)
GREAT Britain
AMERICA
UNITED States
The article discusses the work that archaeologist William Kelso has
performed at the original site of the Jamestown colony. After visiting the
site as a graduate student at the College of William and Mary in the
1960s, Kelso formulated a theory that the original fortress in the colony
was not in the low-lying stretch of ground now underwater. The article
presents details concerning Kelso's theories about the Jamestown
settlement.
1283
00415537
23828219
Academic Search Complete
Special Report - The Jamestown Story
As the Ground Shares Its Secrets
A DETERMINED ARCHAEOLOGIST CHALLENGES OLD BELIEFS
On the south side of Jamestown Island stands an imposing bronze statue of Capt. John Smith, put up in
1907 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the colony he helped to found. For most of the past century,
a loose archaeological consensus held that the statue looked out over the site of the original settlement, a
stretch of low-lying ground long ago eaten away by the swiftly flowing currents of the James River.
The loss of that land, and the stories that its subterranean contents might have told, became a kind of coda
to the standard historical interpretation of the colony itself: that Jamestown had been a largely unsuccessful
venture, carried out by genteel adventurers and military men ill-suited to the task of wresting a livelihood
from a rugged wilderness. That they had failed to build their palisaded encampment on higher ground was
further proof of their ineptitude. No wonder Jamestown took a back seat to Plymouth Rock in American
history textbooks.
Lingering doubts. But one man who had doubts about the established consensus has been almost single-
handedly responsible for overturning it-and with it, much of the older thinking about the first years of the
Virginia Company's colony. Since 1993, as chief archaeologist of the Association for the Preservation of
EBSCOhost http://ezproxy.wpunj.edu:2654/ehost/delivery?sid=3fefb1bd-1c57-4e9c-...
1 of 3 3/13/2013 5:33 PM
Virginia Antiquities, William Kelso has been directing the Jamestown Rediscovery Project, pursuing a hunch
born exactly 30 years before. A graduate student at the nearby College of William and Mary when he first
visited the island, he was unconvinced by the park ranger's spiel. Why, Kelso wondered, would those first
settlers not have put their base on higher ground where later, during the Civil War, Confederate soldiers had
thrown up an artillery earthwork? Kelso knew that desultory digs in and around the Civil War mound in the
1950s had failed to find trac ...
The journey to los gatos rd
The document describes Jacqueline Alvarez's journey to Los Gatos Road in Coalinga, CA where she observed various geological formations and features. She saw anticlines in the mountains that indicate the area's rich history of petroleum. She examined rocks like vaqueros sandstone, granite, conglomerate, and snail fossils. The document discusses how the local geology and biology have evolved over millions of years, from an ancient seabed to the present landscape, and shares pictures and references to support the observations.
Prehistoric Civilizations
This document discusses several archaeological discoveries that contradict current models of human origins and prehistory:
1) Metal spheres found in South African mines dated to 2.8 billion years old, far older than current models suggest life existed.
2) The Ica stones from Peru depict dinosaurs hundreds of years before their official discovery.
3) The Antikythera mechanism, a complex astronomical instrument found in a 2nd century BC shipwreck, was far more advanced than technology of the time.
4) The Piri Reis map from 1513 accurately depicts the Antarctic coastline under ice, suggesting it was mapped before the last ice age.
5) Excavations in Bosnia have revealed
Plate Geology
The canyon provides a green oasis closer than one may think. Hiking its trails can be treacherous but rewarding. The author describes their experience hiking difficult trails in Spearfish Canyon. They had to climb steep hills with loose rocks and heave over fallen trees and boulders, tiring themselves as the trails got steeper. Their ankles relied on sturdy boots as they hiked hundreds of feet up the mountain.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Archaeology of Gatherings Conference. Institute of Techno...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Archaeology of Gatherings Conference. Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ireland. October 2013. Part VI. Blogspot post
Quiz Compilation #1
This is a compilation of some 80+ questions which was asked by me in various FB groups,informal sessions etc.
The tsunami that washed time away
Scientists James Goff and Scott Nichol sought to explain how pebbles from the ocean floor ended up on cliff tops at Henderson Bay. Through examining evidence such as the rounded shape of pebbles, oral histories of tsunamis, and layers in a core sample from a nearby swamp, they determined that a massive tsunami caused by the underwater Healy volcano around 1450 AD washed the pebbles inland and destroyed Māori villages along the coast. The scientists' study of this event provided insights into New Zealand's geological history and the forces that have shaped the landscape.
Texas Giant Human Skull
The document describes 3 newspaper articles from 1886 that reported the discovery of a giant human skull and underground chambers in Rockwall, Texas. The skull was said to be as large as a half-bushel basket. One chamber contained large metal artifacts and human bones. A second chamber held a screaming bird-like creature. This suggests the area was once inhabited by giant cannibalistic humans who built defensive walls. However, evidence of giants has often been suppressed due to conflict with prevailing scientific theories of human evolution.
Confraternity of Neoflagellants
Talk by Norman Hogg and Neil Mulholland for The North, 26.5.10, Edinburgh College of Art Research Workshop
What archeologists need to know about dendrochronology in Minnesota
This document provides an overview of dendrochronology, which is the scientific method of dating tree rings to the exact year of formation. It discusses key researchers in the field like Andrew Douglass and Edward Cook. Dendrochronology allows researchers to reconstruct past climate conditions like drought. It has applications for dating wood artifacts and understanding natural hazards. The document outlines current research projects using dendrochronology to study topics like changes in lake hydrology, climate impacts on forests, and flood frequency.
Paleolithic Art
This document provides an overview of early paleolithic art beginning in Africa. It discusses the Magapansgat pebble from South Africa dated to 3 million years ago, which some believe represents early symbolic thinking. Mobiliary art, or small portable sculptures, emerged later, often depicting animals which were important for survival. Female figurines also appeared, like the Venus of Willendorf dated to 28,000 BCE, which focused heavily on fertility features. Scholars debate the meaning and purpose of these figurines. The document outlines the evolution of increasingly sophisticated art in Europe during the Upper Paleolithic period beginning around 50,000 years ago, reflecting the cognitive developments of modern humans.
Ringing true: The scientific and societal relevance of dendrochronology at th...
Tree rings and other natural archives empower us to extend our perspective on environmental change, resources, and hazards. But many contemporary applications of paleoclimatology and paleohydrology are useful because of the lasting disruption to our collective environmental memory caused by colonization.
Canada's Stonehenge
Here is a look inside the book Canada's Stonehenge, the first 40 pages of a 312 page book by Gordon Freeman.
The discovery of a 5000-year-old Sun Temple and an ancient "time machine" - Stone Age calendar - in Canada led scientist Gordon Freeman to ground-breaking discoveries in Stonehenge. During fieldwork and research from 1986 to 2006, Freeman found striking similarities between the surface geometry of the two sites. These similarities push back the boundaries of written history and have far-reaching implications for North American and European history.
Hardcover: 312 pages
Publisher: Kingsley Publishing
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0978452615
ISBN-13: 978-0978452612
actual size of book 24.4 x 17.5 x 3 cm
http://canadastonehenge.com
available through amazon, chapters and quality bookstores in Canada and elsewhere
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Boosting the Signal: Simple Strategies to Deliver Better Scientific Talks
A good talk can open the doors to new collaborations, increase your chances of funding success, and make it more likely other people will respond to your ideas. But scientific presentations are too often confusing, boring, and overstuffed. Here are some suggestions, based on our experience as speakers, audience members, and presentation trainers, that we hope will make your next conference talk or seminar more enjoyable, engaging and effective.
How long do trees remember?
Much of what we know regarding variations in Earth's climate during the past millennium comes from tree rings. But tree rings, like other proxies, attenuate some climate signals but amplify others, and their fidelity at longer timescales is difficult to gage. Even though dendroclimatology is well-established, questions remain about the climate clues encoded in tree rings — particularly at decadal-to-centennial timescales.
Don’t call it a comeback: Studying ancient floods to prepare for future hazards
How long do we need to watch a river before its behavior holds no more surprises? In this country, instrumental measurements of river stage and discharge stretch back a century or more, but this observed history still provides only a rough guide to the risks of future extreme floods. In this lecture, I’ll outline how paleoflood hydrology expands our perspective on river history by combining historical, botanical, and geological evidence of earlier (and ofttimes unknown) floods. And I’ll explain how we can interpret those physical clues left behind by ancient floods to improve hazard assessments for at-risk communities, support decisions about flood infrastructure, and investigate the long-term effects of climate or land-use changes on flooding. Because what has happened before can happen again, most everyone near a river would profit by keeping a longer memory of old floods.
Flood rings: Paleoflood evidence in tree-ring anatomy
In low-gradient, low energy rivers, forms of tree-ring evidence such as impact scars or stem deformation do not provide useful evidence of past floods. In this talk, I explain the strengths and limitations of wood anatomy as tools in in paleoflood hydrology.
Historic accounts of extreme floods on the Red River of the North
Here I explain how Canadian and American communities along the Red River of the North have developed fundamentally different responses to the threat of flooding, and argue that these differences in flood mitigation reflect disparate experiences with particular floods during the past two hundred years.
Disentangling the decadal ‘knot’ in high-resolution paleoclimatology
Even after more than a century of coordinated monitoring, instrumental weather observations are still too short to adequately constrain decadal or multidecadal behavior in the Earth’s climate system. Leading climatologists and climate modelers have called for the wider application of high-resolution proxy records to decadal variability and prediction studies, and our community has responded by producing new paleoclimate products that specifically target this type of ‘intermediate-term’ behavior. But we now also know our medium changes that message: the biological and geological systems that encode climate information into natural archives often also alter the original ‘input’, usually due to either seasonal filtering or non-climatic persistence. In this talk, we’ll discuss some of the challenges inherent to the use of high-resolution proxies to study decadal or multi-decadal climate variability, and suggest strategies that might clarify how climate acts on those timescales. And we’ll also present a new theoretical framework that could help paleo-scientists evaluate competing ideas about the causes of decadal- or multi-decadal events known to have occurred during the past one or two millennia.
A new framework to test the origins of western American megadrought
We know from tree rings and other natural drought records that the western United States has been affected by several 'megadroughts' during the past millennium. But are these exceptionally long-lasting droughts due to unusual external forcings, or are they inevitable given a sufficiently long period of time? Here we present a statistical model that combines sea surface temperature records and drought severity statistics from the western USA, and use that tool to set out an expectation for megadrought, given no other changes in the climate system. Even though this model was trained using only modern climate data (and incorporates no information from tree rings or other proxies), it still produced megadroughts. Moreover, those simulated megadroughts were just as long-lasting, covered as large an area, and were just as severe as real megadroughts estimated from tree rings. That result means that megadroughts can occur in the western United States even if nothing else changes in the climate -- they really are just a matter of time. On the other hand, the only aspect of real-world megadroughts that the model cannot duplicate was the high number of these events during the so-called Medieval Climate Anomaly (800 to 1300 CE). So that cluster of megadroughts may have been caused by some sort of unusual climate circumstances that have not been observed by us during the past few decades. The proxy record tells us that many different kinds of exceptional or unusual climate events happened in the past. But it is often difficult to determine what caused those exceptional events because even, within a period of a thousand years, we still have very few cases. So besides being an aid to understand the causes of past megadroughts, we hope this approach can be applied to other paleoclimate records to distinguish between real interrelations between separate components of the climate system and simple coincidences.
The need for new theory in global dendroclimatology
This document summarizes an interdisciplinary tree-ring research conference. It discusses the need for new theory in dendroclimatology, presentations on temperature and river flow reconstructions from tree rings, and principles of tree ring research site selection and replication. It also questions how to evaluate rare signals in tree growth and climate relationships and where remote teleconnections may be most evident in tree rings.
The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, Canada
1) Shared knowledge of past natural disasters has a major impact on preparation for future hazards. The document discusses the historical floods along the Red River in Manitoba, Canada.
2) Winnipeg built a large flood diversion channel in the 1960s after experiencing major floods, including in 1826 and 1950, to protect the city from future flooding of the Red River.
3) American communities like Grand Forks and Fargo were more vulnerable to Red River flooding until recently because they did not have the same long historical memory of floods that informed Winnipeg's early investment in flood protection infrastructure.
Solar ghosts: Weighing the evidence for sunspot cycles in fossil trees
In their study of tree rings from the Chemnitz Fossil Forest (Germany), Luthardt and Rößler (2017) claim to identify a regular near-11-yr cyclicity in growth, and present that pattern as evidence of the influence of the Schwabe solar cycle (Usokin and Mursula, 2003) on climate and forest productivity during the early Permian. If correctly interpreted, these fossil tree rings would indicate the sunspot cycle was the dominant influence on interannual variability in Earth’s climate during this period and that it has been a consistent aspect of our Sun’s behavior for at least the past 300 m.y. We argue the fossil tree-ring record from Chemnitz does not constitute reliable evidence of solar activity during the Permian because the individual tree-ring sequences are not correctly aligned (dendrochronologically dated) and, as a result, the mean ring-width composite is not a meaningful estimate of year-to-year variations in tree growth in this ancient forest.
Long droughts: Using natural climate archives to gage the risks of future “me...
In the Biblical story of Joseph, following seven years of abundance, the Kingdom of Egypt was confronted by seven years of drought and famine. In the parlance of modern climate science, intervals with several consecutive extremely dry years are described as ‘“megadroughts”. In this short talk, I’ll describe how climate scientists combine clues from natural weather archives (including corals, tree rings, lake sediments, and many other sources) to reveal the history of ancient megadroughts across our planet. And I’ll highlight new research that combines these surrogate drought records with simulations from state-of-the-art climate models to help us better anticipate the risks of unusually persistent droughts during the coming century.
Expecting the unexpected: The relevance of old floods to modern hydrology
This document discusses the importance of understanding past floods to properly assess modern flood risks. It provides examples of paleoflood research along rivers like the Red River of the North, which uncovered major floods in 1826 and around 700 years ago that exceeded any floods measured by modern instrumentation. Understanding a river's full history through both recorded data and geological evidence of past floods is essential for floodplain management, development planning, and infrastructure design to mitigate future flood risks.
What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...
Climate simulations were run for 1000 years, with 1000 total simulations conducted. The simulations modeled climate changes over long time periods. The large number of long-term simulations provided insights into potential climate variations and outcomes.
Decadal variability in tree rings
Strong variance at decadal and multidecadal timescales is a common feature of most tree-ring width records. But does this aspect of tree growth exhibit such long-memory behavior due to biology, climate, or some combination of the two factors? Understanding the origins of this behavior is crucial for efforts to evaluate the causes of decadal variability in the climate system.
Presentation at Johann Gutenburg University (Mainz) on February 16, 2017.
Five Things You Can Do Right Now To Make Your Research Presentations Just A L...
The ability to deliver effective and engaging oral presentations is a critical skill for all researchers. Unfortunately, despite the importance of clear communication, too many scientific presentations at conferences and workshops are confusing, abstract, and boring. In this short workshop, participants learn several key strategies and tips that will make their professional presentations just a little bit better than the rest. We discuss strategies for presentation planning, show how basic design principles can create more memorable slides, and point towards an outstanding set online tools and resources. Become a presentation superstar!
Scott St. George is Associate Professor in the Department of Geography, Environment and Society at the University of Minnesota and a Resident Fellow at UMN's Institute on the Environment. Prior to joining the faculty at Minnesota, he was a research scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada. Scott shares some of his experiences ‘doing presentations differently’ at conferences, outreach opportunities, and the classroom.
Trees as flood sensors
In many settings, trees growing on floodplains provide an important source of indirect evidence that may be used to infer the occurrence, extent, and magnitude of floods prior to direct observations. That evidence may take several forms, including external scars caused by abrasion or impact from floating debris, anatomical changes within the annual growth increment following prolonged stem or root inundation, or tilting or uprooting due to the hydraulic pressure of floodwaters. Likely the most useful characteristic of paleoflood studies based on floodplain trees is their relatively high temporal resolution and dating accuracy compared to most other methods. Dendrochronological methods can routinely date past floods to the year of their occurrence and, in rare cases, can estimate the timing of floods that occur during the growing season to within two weeks. This high degree of chronological control, which is surpassed only by that provided by direct observation or instrumentation, can be used to determine whether floods in separate watersheds were synchronous or offset by several years and test hypotheses that suppose linkages between extreme floods and specific forcing mechanisms. Furthermore, the wide geographic distribution of tree species with dateable rings combined with the broad suite of methods available to examine interconnections between floods and tree growth allow this style of paleoflood hydrology to be applied to many settings that are not suitable for techniques that depend on geological evidence. Future paleoflood research involving tree rings will need to strike a balance between improving our understanding of the biological and fluvial processes that link tree growth to past events, and providing answers to questions about flood dynamics and hazards that are needed to safeguard people and property from future floods.
Expanding the window - the past, present, and future of Minnesota's water
Nearly all decisions about water in Minnesota relate either directly or indirectly to data collected by the state’s hydrological observing network. Because most gauges were installed in early 20th century, as a whole the network provides us with roughly a 100-year ‘window’ to estimate flood risks, develop worst-case scenarios for drought, and set maximum allowable withdrawals for aquifers. But when we rely exclusively on observations made during this relatively brief interval, we may inadvertently increase our exposure to hydrological ‘surprises’. In order to make sound decisions about water in Minnesota, we need to expand this window: into the past, drawing upon historical accounts and natural archives; and into the future, via projections from climate and hydrological models. By cultivating a broader perspective on hydrological variability and extremes across the state, we will be better prepared to ensure adequate water supplies and mitigate the impacts of future floods and droughts.
Making Climate Data Sing
These visuals were prepared to support a string quartet performance and panel on climate change at Northwestern University in February 2106.
A well-designed graphic can help audiences to quickly understand the main message embedded within a complex set of climate data and to retain those ideas longer than they would have if they were conveyed by words alone. But the visual aids used regularly by climate scientists also have their limitations: they are most easily understood by people who are already fluent in technical illustrations; they're usually static and sometimes do not tell an obvious story; and for many, they don't elicit a strong emotional response.
Music, by contrast, is inherently narrative and is known to exert a powerful influence on human emotions. Because of this, sonification — the transformation of data into acoustic signals — may have considerable promise as a tool to enhance the communication of climate science.
Daniel Crawford and Scott St. George report on a collaboration between scientists and artists that uses music to transmit the evidence of climate change in an engaging and visceral way.
Large-scale dendrochronology and low-frequency climate variability
Large-scale low-frequency variability has emerged as a priority for climate research, but instrumental observations are not long enough to characterize this behavior or gage its impacts on dependent geophysical or ecological systems. As the leading source of high-resolution paleoclimate information in the middle- and high-latitudes, tree rings are essential to understand low-frequency variability prior to the instrumental period. But even though tree rings possess several advantages as climate proxies, like other natural archives they also have their own particular impediments. In this lecture, Dr. St. George will describe the structure and characteristics of the Northern Hemisphere tree-ring width network, and outline how the fingerprint of decadal and multidecadal climate variability encoded within ancient trees varies across the hemisphere.
Noah, Joseph, And High-Resolution Paleoclimatology
In 1968, Benoit Mandelbrot and James Wallis published an article titled ‘Noah, Joseph, and operational Hydrology’ in the journal Water Resources Research. In it, they argued that hydrological models of the day were not able to estimate the true risk of extreme floods or prolonged drought, and that rare hydrological events were much more common than usually assumed.
In this lecture, I’ll review how high-resolution paleoenvironmental archives can help us judge more accurately the risks posed by the ‘Noah’- and ‘Joseph’-style events described by Mandelbrot and Wallis. I’ll give particular emphasis to the environmental information recovered from the rings of ancient trees, and explain how dendrochronology (tree-ring research) has been used to redefine the ‘flood of record’, test potential avenues for long-lead climate predictions, and gage the performance of state-of-the-art climate models.
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A new framework to test the origins of western American megadrought
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The need for new theory in global dendroclimatology
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The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, Canada
Solar ghosts: Weighing the evidence for sunspot cycles in fossil trees
Solar ghosts: Weighing the evidence for sunspot cycles in fossil trees
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
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GEOG3839.9, The history of dendrochronology
- 2. H I STO RY O F D E N D R O C H R O N O LO GY
- 4. THE PRINCIPLE OF CROSS-DATING THE PRINCIPLE OF AGGREGATE TREE GROWTH THE PRINCIPLE OF REPLICATION STANDARDIZATION THE PRINCIPLE OF ECOLOGICAL AMPLITUDE THE PRINCIPLE OF SITE SELECTION
- 5. “ RINGS IN THE BRANCHES OF SAWED TREES SHOW THE NUMBER OF YEARS AND, ACCORDING TO THEIR THICKNESS, THE YEARS WHICH WERE MORE OR LESS DRY.” Leonardo da Vinci
- 6. “ ... and if one forces a stone or similar object into a tree, it becomes hidden, since the new growth surrounds it, as was the case with the wild olive tree which stood in the market place at Megara.” Theophrastus (371 - 287 BC) Photograph: Anshul Nigham
- 7. Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 1700 - 1782 1707 - 1788
- 8. Frost ring Pinus sibirica Photograph: Fri s Schweingruber
- 9. 1737 !1708
- 10. Carl Linnaeus 1707 - 1778 Photograph: brewbooks
- 11. Alexander Twining 1801 - 1884
- 12. “...every tree told the same story.”
- 13. Tucson, AZ
- 16. Flagstaff, AZ
- 17. Andrew Douglass (right) Flagstaff 1898
- 18. Lowell Observatory Flagstaff Arizona Photograph: Sam Wise
- 21. Tucson, AZ
- 25. Photograph: Christine and John Fournier
- 26. “ We do not know how old these ruins are, but I should be glad to have an opinion from you as to whether it might be possible to connect up with your modern and dated trees specimens [with wood specimens] from these [prehistoric] ruins by correlating the curves of growth… ” Clark Wissler to A.E. Douglass, 1909
- 28. Aztec Ruin National Monument New Mexico Photograph: Sco Catron
- 29. Pueblo Bonito New Mexico Photograph: Chris M
- 30. Pueblo Bonito New Mexico (before it was excavated)
- 33. National Geographic ‘Beam Expeditions’ 1920s
- 34. Show Low, AZ
- 35. $5 for 100 rings
- 36. $65 2011 dollars for 100 rings
- 38. Living-tree chronology 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 ‘Floating’ chronology
- 39. Living-tree chronology 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 HH-39 ‘Floating’ chronology
- 40. Living-tree chronology 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 HH-39 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 ‘Floating’ chronology
- 41. “ For the three of us, the experience was unforge able. To be present at the instance of the celebrated breakthrough in science that set the chronological house in order for the Southwestern United States was reward enough. But beyond that, was the privilege to work for a time at the side of Douglass, the scholar, the astronomer turned archaeologist. ” Emil Haury, 1962
- 43. Tree-ring display at elementary school Photograph:Tom Swetnam