Class 12 Chapter 3 Electrochemistry.pptx

Class XII Chemistry
Unit-3
Electrochemistry
By-Vijay Kumar Sethi

Electrochemistry is the study of production of electricity from energy released during
spontaneous chemical reactions and the use of electrical energy to bring about non-
spontaneous chemical transformations.
Electrochemical Cell
The device or cell that converts the chemical energy
liberated during the redox reaction to electrical energy or
use electrical energy to carry out non-spontaneous
chemical reactions
GALVANIC CELL
cell converts the chemical energy
liberated during the redox reaction
to electrical energy
ELECTROLYTIC CELL
device for using electrical energy to
carry non-spontaneous chemical
reactions.

Galvanic Cells
Daniell cell In Daniell cell following redox reaction occurs-
This reaction is a combination of two half reactions
(oxidation half reaction)-ANODE
(reduction half reaction)- CATHODE
Redox Couple:- Combination of the oxidised and reduced forms of
the same substance taking part in an oxidation or reduction half
reactions. E.g. and
Salt bridge:- a tube containing an inert electrolyte and provide
electrical contact between two solutions. It completes the circuit
and maintain the electrical neutrality of the solutions
Anode- Oxidation takes place and negatively charged or –ve terminal
Cathode-reduction takes place & positively charged or +ve terminal
Direction of flow of electron- from –ve to +ve
terminal
Direction of current- from +ve to –ve terminal

• ELECTRODE POTENTIAL- When there is an equilibrium between metal atoms and its ions , a
charge separation takes place, this results in a potential difference. And depending on the tendencies
of the two opposing reactions, the electrode may be positively or negatively charged with respect to the solution
• A potential difference between the electrode and the electrolyte is called electrode potential.
• When the concentrations of all the species involved in a half-cell is unity then the electrode potential is known
as STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIAL.
• According to IUPAC convention, standard reduction potentials are now called standard electrode
potentials.
• In a galvanic cell, the half-cell in which oxidation takes place is called anode and it has a negative
potential with respect to the solution.
• The other half-cell in which reduction takes place is called cathode and it has a positive potential with
respect to the solution.
• Thus, there exists a potential difference between the two electrodes and as soon as the switch is in the
on position the electrons flow from negative electrode to positive electrode.

• The potential difference between the two electrodes of a galvanic cell is called the cell
potential and is measured in volts.
• The cell potential is the difference between the electrode potentials (reduction potentials) of
the cathode and anode.
• It is called the cell electromotive force (emf) of the cell when no current is drawn through
the cell. Representation or Notation of Galvanic Cell
• Keep the Anode on the left and cathode on the right side while representing the galvanic
cell.
• LOAN- Left, Oxidation, Anode, Negative termial
• A galvanic cell is generally represented by putting a vertical line or slash between metal
and electrolyte solution and putting a double vertical line between the two electrolytes
connected by a salt bridge.
• E.g.
•

For spontaneous reaction the emf of the cell or cell potential is positive and is given by the
potential of the half cell on the right hand side minus the potential of the half-cell on the left
hand side i.e.,
For example:
Cell reaction:
Half-cell reactions:
Cathode (reduction):
Anode (oxidation):
The cell can be represented as:

Standard Hydrogen Electrode
• The standard hydrogen electrode consists of a
platinum electrode coated with platinum black.
• The electrode is dipped in an acidic solution and
pure hydrogen gas is bubbled through it.
• The concentration of both the reduced and oxidised
forms of hydrogen is maintained at unity .
• This indicates that the pressure of hydrogen gas is
one bar and the concentration of hydrogen ion in
the solution is one molar.
• Representation:-
• It is assigned a zero potential at all temperatures
• Reaction:-
• It may be used as cathode as well as anode.

Measurement of Electrode Potential
• The potential of individual half-cell (Electrode) cannot be measured because neither the oxidation nor
the reduction reaction can occur by itself.
• We can measure only the difference between the two half-cell potentials that gives the emf of the cell.
• If we arbitrarily choose the potential of one electrode (half-cell) then that of the other can be
determined with respect to this.
• The electrode whose electrode potential is known is referred as Reference Electrode.
• SHE is used as Reference Electrode as its standard electrode potential is taken as Zero.
• To measure the electrode potential of an unknown electrode, construct a Galvanic cell using unknown
electrode and SHE, and determine its cell potential or emf.
• From emf of the cell, the reduction potential (Standard electrode potential) of the other half-cell
(unknown) can be determined.

For example: The measured emf of the cell:
Pt(s) ç H2(g, 1 bar) ç (aq, 1 M) çç (aq, 1 M) ú Cu(s) is 0.34 V
Here =0.34 V, And
corresponding to half reaction:
One more example: The measured emf of the cell:
Zn(s) ç (aq, 1 M) çç(aq, 1 M) ç H2(g, 1 bar) ç Pt(s) is 0.76 V
corresponding to the standard electrode potential of the half-cell reaction:
Measurement of Electrode Potential

• The positive value of the standard electrode potential for copper electrode indicates that ions get
reduced more easily than ions.
• The reverse process cannot occur, that is, hydrogen ions cannot oxidise Cu (or alternatively we can
say that hydrogen gas can reduce copper ion).
• Thus, Cu does not dissolve in HCl. In nitric acid it is oxidised by nitrate ion and not by hydrogen
ion.
• The negative value of the standard electrode potential for zinc electrode indicates that hydrogen
ions can oxidise zinc (or zinc can reduce hydrogen ions).
• emf of Daniell cell
Left electrode:
Right electrode:

• Metals like platinum or gold are used as inert electrodes.
• They do not participate in the reaction but provide their surface for oxidation or reduction
reactions and for the conduction of electrons.
• For example, Pt is used in the following half-cells:
Hydrogen electrode: Pt(s)|H2(g)| (aq) With half-cell reaction: (aq)+ ® ½ H2(g)
Bromine electrode: Pt(s)|Br2(aq)| (aq) With half-cell reaction: ½ Br2 (aq) + ® (aq)
Electrochemical series:- A series contains the species arranged in sequential order (decreasing or increasing)
of standard electrode potential is known as electrochemical series.

Electrochemical series
The standard electrode
potential decreases from
top to bottom and with
this, decreases the
oxidizing power of the
species on the left and
increases the reducing
power of the species on
the right hand side of
the reaction
• The standard electrode
potential for fluorine is the
highest in the Table
indicating that fluorine gas
(has the maximum
tendency to get reduced to
fluoride ions and therefore
fluorine gas is the strongest
oxidising agent and fluoride
ion is the weakest reducing
agent.

• Lithium has the lowest electrode potential indicating
that lithium ion is the weakest oxidising agent while
lithium metal is the most powerful reducing agent in an
aqueous solution
• If the standard electrode potential of an electrode is
greater than zero then its reduced form is more stable
compared to hydrogen gas.
• Similarly, if the standard electrode potential is negative
then hydrogen gas is more stable than the reduced
form of the species.
• Electrochemical cells are extensively used for
determining the pH of solutions, solubility product,
equilibrium constant and other thermodynamic
properties and for potentiometric titrations.

Nernst Equation:-
Nernst showed that for the electrode reaction:
the electrode potential at any concentration measured with respect to SHE can be
represented
but concentration of solid M is taken as unity and we have
R is gas constant (8.314 ),
F is Faraday constant (96487 )
T is temperature in kelvin and
is the concentration of the species,
By converting the natural logarithm to the base 10
and
substituting the values of R, F and T = 298 K

Nernst Equation for Daniell cell
(reduction half reaction)- CATHODE
(oxidation half reaction)-ANODE (For writing Nernst equation consider as reduction)
For Cathode:
For Anode:-

By converting the natural logarithm to the base 10 and substituting the values of R, F and T = 298 K,
n=2
for the following cell
Ni(s) ç (aq) çç(aq) ç Ag(s)
The Nernst equation can be written as
and for a general electrochemical reaction of the type:
Nernst equation can be written as:
¿ 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
⊝
−
0.059
2
𝑙𝑜𝑔¿ ¿
Or

Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation
• In Daniell cell ,if circuit is closed , the reaction takes place is:
• As time passes, the keeps on increasing while the keeps on decreasing.
• At the same time voltage of the cell keeps on decreasing.
• After some time, there is no change in the and and at the same time, voltage becomes
zero .This indicates that equilibrium has been attained. In this situation the Nernst equation
may be written as:
• or but at equilibrium
•
• or
• In general or

Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the
Reaction
if the emf of the cell is E and nF is the amount of charge passed and DrG is the Gibbs
energy of the reaction, then
is an intensive parameter but is an extensive thermodynamic property and the value depends
on n.
For the reaction
But for
If the concentration of all the reacting species is unity, then
Intensive property:-
not depend on the
amount of matter
Gibbs Energy
and Equilibrium
constant

ELECTROCHEMISTRY- NUMERICAL PROBLEMS BASED ON NERNST EQUATION
For memorising:-
Or
Ecell
⊝
=
2.303RT
nF
log K c Ecell
⊝
=
0.059
n
log K c
∆𝐫 𝐆⊝
=−𝐧𝐅 𝐄𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐥
⊝ ∆𝐫 𝐆⊝
=−𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟑𝐑𝐓 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐊𝐜

log 2467= 3.3909 +0.0012=3.3921
log 382.4 = 2.5821 + 0.0005=2.5826
log 55.2 =1.7419
log 2.03=0.3075
log 0.02453=log(2.453
log 5 = log 5.000 = 0.6990
log 0.2 = log (2

Example
Solution Anode:- Cathode:- n=2

Example:-
Answer:-
V
Example:-
Answer:-
6021+4=4.6021

Anti-log table
antilog 5.2345 =1.716
antilog 15.5932 =
antilog 15 =antilog 15.000=1.000
pH=4.42 ,

Example
Solution here n=2
K c=antilog (15.5932)
3917+2=3919
3.919 x

Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions
• The electrical resistance of any object is directly proportional to its length, l, and inversely
proportional to its area of cross section, A. That is,
• Or
• R = Resistance and it is measured in ohm (Ω) which in terms of SI base units is equal to.
• Resistance can be measured with the help of a Wheatstone bridge
• The constant of proportionality, (Greek, rho), is called resistivity (specific resistance). Its SI unit is ohm metre (Ω
m).
• 1Ω m = 100 Ω cm or 1 Ω cm = 0.01 Ω m
• The resistivity for a substance is its resistance when it is one metre long and its area of cross section is one .

• The inverse of resistance, R, is called conductance, G.
• The inverse of resistivity (, called conductivity (specific conductance) is represented by the symbol,
(Greek, kappa) i.e.
• The SI unit of conductance is siemens, represented by the symbol ‘S’ and is equal to (also
known as mho) or
• The SI unit of conductivity is but quite often, is expressed in .
• Conductivity of a material in is its conductance when it is 1 m long and its area of cross section is 1 .
• It may be noted that 1 = 100 .

• Molar conductivity The molar conductivity of an electrolyte solution is defined as its conductivity
divided by its molar concentration.
• If is expressed in and the concentration, C in then the unit of is .
• If is expressed in and the concentration, C in i.e. molarity then
• =
• Molar conductivity of a solution at a given concentration is the conductance of the volume V of solution containing
one mole of electrolyte kept between two electrodes with area of cross section A and distance of unit length.
• Since l= 1 and A = V ( volume containing 1 mole of electrolyte)

• Electrical conductance through metals is called metallic or electronic conductance and is
due to the movement of electrons.
• The electronic conductance depends on
(i) the nature and structure of the metal
(ii) the number of valence electrons per atom
(iii) temperature (it decreases with increase of temperature).
• The conductance of electricity by ions present in the solutions is called electrolytic or ionic
conductance.
• The conductivity of electrolytic (ionic) solutions depends on:
(i) the nature of the electrolyte added
(ii) size of the ions produced and their solvation
(iii) the nature of the solvent and its viscosity
(iv) concentration of the electrolyte
(v) temperature (it increases with the increase of temperature).

S.No
.
Electronic conduction Electrolytic conduction
1. It is due to the flow electrons It is due to the flow of ions
2. It involves no chemical
change
It involves chemical changes
3. There is no transfer of matter It involves transfer of matter
4. It decreases with increase in
temperature
It increases with increase in
temperature
Differences between Electronic and Electrolytic conduction

Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic
Solutions
• Measurement of an unknown resistance can be performed on a Wheatstone
bridge.
• However, for measuring the resistance of an ionic solution we face two
problems.
• Firstly, passing direct current (DC) changes the composition of the solution.
• Secondly, a solution cannot be connected to the bridge like a metallic wire
or other solid conductor.
• The first difficulty is resolved by using an alternating current (AC) source of
power.
• The second problem is solved by using a specially designed vessel called
conductivity cell.

conductivity cell:-
Two different types of conductivity cells
• It consists of two platinum electrodes coated with
platinum black (finely divided metallic Pt is
deposited on the electrodes electrochemically).
• These have area of cross section equal to ‘A’ and are
separated by distance ‘l’.
• Therefore, solution confined between these
electrodes is a column of length l and area of cross
section A.
• The resistance of such a column of solution is then
given by the equation:
•
•
• Cell constant has the dimension of

• The cell constant is usually determined by measuring the resistance of the cell containing a
solution whose conductivity is already known.
• For this purpose, we generally use KCl solutions whose conductivity is known accurately at
various concentrations and at different temperatures.
• The cell constant, G*, is then given by the equation:
• Once the cell constant is determined, we can use it for measuring the resistance or conductivity of any solution.
Measurement of cell constant:-

• It consists of two resistances R3 and R4, a variable resistance R1
and the conductivity cell having the unknown resistance R2.
• The Wheatstone bridge is fed by an oscillator O (a source of a.c.
power in the audio frequency range 550 to 5000 cycles per
second).
• P is a suitable detector (a headphone or other electronic device)
and the bridge is balanced when no current passes through the
detector.
• Under these conditions:
Unknown resistance
• Once the cell constant and the resistance of the solution in the cell is
determined, the conductivity of the solution is given by the equation:
Wheatstone bridge:-
Molar conductivity

Example:-
• Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol / LKCl solution is 100 W. If the resistance of the
same cell when filled with 0.02 mol /L KCl solution is 520 W, calculate the conductivity and molar
conductivity of 0.02 mol /L KCl solution. The conductivity of 0.1 mol /L KCl solution is 1.29 S/m.
Solution:-

Example:-
• The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 mol /L NaOH solution of diameter 1 cm and length 50 cm is
5.55 × ohm. Calculate its resistivity, conductivity and molar conductivity.
Solution:-
R= 5.55 × ohm , =50 cm, A=

Class XII Chemistry
Unit-3
Electrochemistry
Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with
Concentration &
Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions

Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with
Concentration:-
• Conductivity always decreases with decrease in concentration or on dilution both, for weak and
strong electrolytes because the number of ions per unit volume that carry the current in a
solution decreases on dilution.
• Molar conductivity increases with decrease in concentration or on dilution. This is because the total volume, V,
of solution containing one mole of electrolyte also increases.
• When concentration approaches zero, the molar conductivity is known as limiting molar conductivity or
conductivity at infinite dilution and is represented by the symbol .
• Strong electrolytes are completely ionised in solution at all concentrations. With dilution , the ions become far
apart from one another and interionic forces decrease hence mobility of ions increases. As a result , molar
conductivity increases with dilution.
• In case of weak electrolytes , with the increase in dilution, the degree of dissociation increases (Ostwald Dilution
Law) hence number of ions increases and as a result molar conductivity increases

Debye Huckel Onsager Equation:-It gives the variation of molar conductivity with concentration
• For strong electrolytes, Lm increases slowly with dilution
• if we plot Lm against , a straight line with intercept equal to (obtained by
extrapolation) and slope equal to ‘–A’ is obtained.
• The value of the constant ‘A’ for a given solvent and temperature depends on the
type of electrolyte i.e., the charges on the cation and anion produced on the
dissociation of the electrolyte in the solution.
• Thus, NaCl, , are known as 1-1, 2-1 and 2-2 electrolytes respectively. All
electrolytes of a particular type have the same value for ‘A’.
• For weak electrolytes, increases steeply on dilution, especially near lower
concentrations. Therefore, cannot be obtained by extrapolation of to zero
concentration.
• Therefore, for weak electrolytes is obtained by using Kohlrausch law of
independent migration of ions

Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions:-
• Kohlrausch noted that the difference of of different pairs of electrolytes having a common cation or a common
anion is almost same.
• e.g. (KCl) =149.9 , (NaCl)=126.5
Difference=(KCl) -(NaCl)=149.9-126.5=23.4
•
Difference=- =145 – 121.6=23.4
• (KBr) =156.6 , (NaBr) =128.2
Difference=(KBr) - (NaBr) =156.6 – 128.2=23.4
• The law states that limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the individual
contributions of the anion and cation of the electrolyte. OR at infinite dilution , each ion makes a definite
contribution towards molar conductivity of the electrolyte irrespective of the nature of the other ion associated.
• If of the cation is dented by then of an electrolyte is where
and are the number of cations and anions per formula unit of electrolyte

Applications of Kohlrausch law:-
1. Calculation of for weak electrolytes.
Example:- for NaCl, HCl and NaAc are 126.4, 425.9 and 91.0 respectively. Calculate for HAc.
Answer:-
2. Calculation of Degree of Dissociation of Weak Electrolytes
3. Calculation of Dissociation Constant of Weak Electrolytes.
Example:-The conductivity of 0.001028 acetic acid is 4.95 × Calculate its dissociation constant if for acetic acid is
390.5 .
Answer:-

Class XII Chemistry
Unit-3
Electrochemistry
Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis

Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis:-
• In an electrolytic cell external source of voltage is used to bring
about a chemical reaction
• One of the simplest electrolytic cell –refining of copper
• Anode-Impure copper
• Cathode- strip of pure copper
• Electrolyte- aqueous solution of copper sulphate
• This is the basis for an industrial process in which impure copper is
converted into copper of high purity.
• Many metals like Na, Mg, Al, etc. are produced on large scale by
electrochemical reduction of their respective cations
• Sodium and magnesium metals are produced by the electrolysis of their
fused chlorides and aluminium is produced by electrolysis of aluminium
oxide in presence of cryolite.

Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis:-
• First Law: The amount of chemical reaction which occurs at any electrode during electrolysis by a current
is proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte (solution or melt).
Z= Electrochemical equivalent Q= quantity of electricity in coulombs (C)
Q=I x t I=Current in amperes (A), t=Time in seconds (s) ,
If =1 A and t=1 s , then
• Electrochemical equivalent of a substance is the amount of substance liberated at the electrode when
current of 1 A is passed through the electrolyte for one second.
• charge on one electron =.
• charge on one mole of electrons =
• This quantity of electricity is called Faraday constant and is represented by the symbol F.
• For approximate calculations we use 1F =96500 C .

For the electrode reactions:
for 1 mole Ag, 1 mole of electron i.e. 1 F of charge
for 1 mole Mg, 2 moles of electrons i.e. 2 F of charge
for 1 mole Al, 3 moles of electrons i.e. 3 F of charge
Example:-A solution of CuSO4 is electrolysed for 10 minutes with a current of 1.5 amperes. What is the mass of
copper deposited at the cathode?
Solution:-t = 600 s A=1.5 A
Q=I x t = 1.5 A × 600 s = 900 C
According to the reaction: )
We require 2F or 2 × 96487 C to deposit 1 mol or 63 g of Cu.
For 900 C, the mass of Cu deposited=

How much charge is required for the following reductions:
(i) 1 mol of to Al?
Ans:- Electrode reaction is
Charge required for reduction of 1 mol of =3 F = 3 x 96500 C=289500 C
(ii) 1 mol of to Cu?
Ans:- Electrode reaction is
Charge required for reduction of 1 mol of =2 F = 2 x 96500 C=193000 C
(iii) 1 mol of to ?
Ans:-The reaction involved is
(Change in oxidation number of Mn is +5, from +7 to +2)
Charge required for reduction of 1 mol of = 5 F = 5 x 96500 C = 482500 C

How much electricity in terms of Faraday is required to produce
(i) 20.0 g of Ca from molten CaCl2?
Ans:- Molar mass of Ca =
Electricity required for production of 40 g of Ca = 2 F
Electricity required for production of 20 g of Ca == 96500 C
(ii) 40.0 g of Al from molten Al2O3?
Ans:- Molar mass of Al =
Electricity required for production of 27 g of Al = 3 F
Electricity required for production of 40 g of Ca =

• Second Law: The amounts of different substances liberated by the same quantity of electricity
passing through the electrolytic solution are proportional to their chemical equivalent masses
(Atomic Mass of Metal ÷ Number of electrons required to reduce the cation).
• For example, if the two electrolytic cells A (containing solution) and B (containing solution) are connected
in series and same quantity of electricity is passed through the cells. Then
• Electrode reaction , the chemical equivalent mass of Cu=
• Electrode reaction , the chemical equivalent mass of Ag= =108
Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis:-

Question:-
Three electrolytic cells A,B,C containing solutions of ZnSO4, AgNO3 and CuSO4, respectively are connected in series. A
steady current of 1.5 amperes was passed through them until 1.45 g of silver deposited at the cathode of cell B. How long
did the current flow? What mass of copper and zinc were deposited? Atomic masses of Ag, Cu and Zn are 108 u, 63.5 u
and 65 u respectively.
Solution:- , and Molar mass of Ag=108 g/mol
Electricity required for production of 108 g of Ag = 1F=96500 C
Electricity required for production of 1.45 g of Ag = 1295.6 C
Q=I x t=1295.6=1.5 x t
the chemical equivalent mass of Cu=
the chemical equivalent mass of Zn=

Class XII Chemistry
Unit-3
Electrochemistry
Products of Electrolysis
Differences between Galvanic cell and Electrolytic cell

Products of Electrolysis:-
Products of electrolysis depend on
• The nature of material being electrolyzed,
• The type of electrodes being used. If the electrode is inert (e.g., platinum or gold), it does not
participate in the chemical reaction and acts only as source or sink for electrons. On the other
hand, if the electrode is reactive, it participates in the electrode reaction. Thus, the products of
electrolysis may be different for reactive and inert electrodes.
• The different oxidizing and reducing species present in the electrolytic cell and their standard electrode
potentials.
• Some processes are electrochemically and thermodynamically feasible, but kinetically very slow .At lower
voltages these do not seem to take place and extra potential (called over potential) has to be applied, which
makes such process more difficult to occur.
• The concentration of electrolytes.

• Products of electrolysis of molten NaCl are sodium metal and Cl2 gas.
• Here we have only one cation which is reduced at the cathode () and one anion
which is oxidised at the anode () .

• Products of electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solution are NaOH, Cl2 and H2.
• In this case besides and ions, ions along with the solvent molecules, also present
• At the cathode there is competition between the following reduction reactions:
and
The reaction with higher value of is preferred at cathode and therefore, the reaction at the cathode during
electrolysis is:
but is produced by the dissociation of , i.e., therefore, the net reaction at the cathode may be
written as
• At the anode the following oxidation reactions are possible:
• and
The reaction at anode with lower value of is preferred and therefore, water should get oxidised in preference to
. However, on account of over potential of oxygen, reaction of oxidation of is preferred.
• Thus, the net reactions
Cathode:
Anode:
Net reaction:

• Electrolysis of sulphuric acid,
• the species present in solution are
• At cathode:-
• At anode possible processes are
• -------------------------
• -----------------------------
• For dilute sulphuric acid, at anode reaction (1) is preferred but at higher concentrations of H2SO4, reaction
(2) is preferred.

Exercise question 3.18
Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the following:
(i) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with silver electrodes.
Ans:- Species present:-
At cathode:- ;
At anode:-
At cathode ion will reduce in preference to
and at anode Ag will get oxidise in preference to
(ii) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with platinum electrodes.
Ans:- At cathode:-
At anode:- will oxidise in preference to

(iii) A dilute solution of H2SO4 with platinum electrodes.
Ans:- At cathode:-
At anode:-
(iv) An aqueous solution of CuCl2 with platinum electrodes.
Ans:- At Cathode:-,
At cathode will get reduced in preference to
At anode:- and
The reaction at anode with lower value of is preferred and therefore, water should get oxidised in
preference to . However, on account of over potential of oxygen, reaction of oxidation of is preferred.

Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the following:
(i) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with silver electrodes.:-cathode:-Ag, Anode:-
(ii) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with platinum electrodes.:-cathode:-Ag, Anode:-
(iii) A dilute solution of H2SO4 with platinum electrodes.:- cathode:-, Anode:-
(iv) An aqueous solution of CuCl2 with platinum electrodes.:- cathode:-Cu, Anode:-

Differences between Galvanic Cell and Electrolytic Cell
Galvanic Cell Electrolytic Cell
1. Electrical energy is produced 1. Electrical energy is consumed
2. Reaction taking place is spontaneous 2. Reaction taking place is non-
spontaneous
3. The two half cells are set up in
different containers and are connected
through salt bridge or porous partition
3. Both the electrodes are placed in the
solution or molten electrolyte in the
same container
4. Anode is negative and cathode is
positive
4. Anode is positive and cathode is
negative
5. The electrons move from anode to
cathode in external circuit
5. The electrons are supplied by the
external source. They enter through
cathode and come out through anode.

When Eext = 1.1 V
(i) No flow of
electrons or current.
(ii) No chemical
reaction.
When Eext > 1.1 V
(i) Electrons flow from
Cu to Zn and current
flows
from Zn to Cu.
(ii) Zinc is deposited at
the zinc electrode and
copper dissolves at
copper electrode.

Class XII Chemistry
Unit-3
Electrochemistry
Batteries
Primary and Secondary Batteries
Dry Cell, Mercury cell, Lead storage battery , Nickel-cadmium
cell, Fuel Cells-
Electrochemical theory of Rusting

Batteries
• Any battery (actually it may have one or more than one cell connected in series) or cell that we
use as a source of electrical energy is basically a galvanic cell where the chemical energy of the
redox reaction is converted into electrical energy.
• However, for a battery to be of practical use it should be reasonably light, compact and its voltage
should not vary appreciably during its use.
• There are mainly two types of batteries.
• Primary Batteries:-In the primary batteries, the reaction occurs only once and after use over a period of
time battery becomes dead and cannot be reused again. E.g. dry cell (known as Leclanche cell), mercury cell
• Secondary Batteries:-A secondary cell or battery after use can be recharged by passing current through it in
the opposite direction so that it can be used again. E.g. lead storage battery, nickel-cadmium cell

Dry Cell (Leclanche cell ):-
• The cell consists of a zinc container that also acts as anode
and the cathode is a carbon (graphite) rod surrounded by
powdered manganese dioxide and carbon.
• The space between the electrodes is filled by a moist
paste of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and zinc chloride
(ZnCl2).
• Anode:
• Cathode:
• At cathode, manganese is reduced from the + 4 oxidation
state to the +3 state.
• Ammonia produced in the reaction forms a complex with
to give .
• The cell has a potential of nearly 1.5 V.

Mercury cell:-
• it is suitable for low current devices like hearing aids, watches,
etc.
• It consists of zinc – mercury amalgam as anode and a paste of
HgO and carbon as the cathode.
• The electrolyte is a paste of KOH and ZnO.
• Anode:
• Cathode: HgO + + ¾® Hg(l) +
• The overall reaction :- Zn(Hg) + HgO(s)  ZnO(s) + Hg(l )
• The cell potential is approximately 1.35 V and remains constant during its
life as the overall reaction does not involve any ion in solution whose
concentration can change during its life time.

Lead storage battery :-
• It is an example of secondary battery.
• commonly used in automobiles and invertors.
• It consists of a lead anode and a grid of lead
packed with lead dioxide (PbO2 ) as cathode.
• A 38% solution of sulphuric acid is used as an
electrolyte.
• The cell reactions when the battery is in use are given below:
• Anode:
• Cathode:
• overall cell reaction :-Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) ® 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
• On charging the battery ,the reaction is reversed and PbSO4(s) on anode and cathode is
converted into Pb and PbO2, respectively.

Nickel-cadmium cell:-
• It is also a secondary cell
• It has longer life than the lead storage cell but more
expensive to manufacture.
• The overall reaction during discharge is:
Cd (s) + 2Ni(OH)3 (s) ® CdO (s) + 2Ni(OH)2 (s) + H2O (l )

Fuel Cells:-
• Galvanic cells that are designed to convert the energy of combustion of fuels like hydrogen,
methane, methanol, etc. directly into electrical energy are called fuel cells.
• Example Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
• The cell was used for providing electrical power in the Apollo space programme.
• The water vapours produced during the reaction were condensed and added to the drinking water supply
for the astronauts.

• Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
Electrode- porous carbon
Anode: Hydrogen gas is bubbled
Cathode:-Oxygen gas is bubbled
Electrolyte: concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide
Catalyst :- finely divided platinum or palladium metal
Advantages :-
• The cell runs continuously as long as the reactants are supplied.
• Fuel cells produce electricity with an efficiency of about 70 % compared to thermal plants whose
efficiency is about 40%.
• Fuel cells are pollution free

Corrosion:-
• Corrosion slowly coats the surfaces of metallic objects with oxides or other salts of the metal.
• Example: The rusting of iron, tarnishing of silver, development of green coating on copper and bronze.
• Electrochemical theory of Rusting
• At a particular spot of an object made of iron, oxidation takes place and that spot behaves as anode
• Anode:
• Electrons released at anodic spot move through the metal and go to another spot on the metal and reduce
oxygen in the presence of . This spot behaves as cathode.
• are available from formed due to dissolution of carbon dioxide from air into water. Hydrogen ion in water
may also be available due to dissolution of other acidic oxides from the atmosphere
• Cathode:
• The overall reaction :
• The ferrous ions are further oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to ferric ions which come out as rust in the form
of hydrated ferric oxide and with further production of hydrogen ions.

• Electrochemical theory of Rusting

Prevention of corrosion :-
• One of the simplest methods of preventing corrosion is to prevent the surface of the metallic
object to come in contact with atmosphere.
• This can be done by covering the surface with paint or by some chemicals (e.g. bisphenol).
• Another simple method is to cover the surface by other metals (Sn, Zn, etc.) that are inert or
react to save the object.
• Galvanization:- Coating of Zn over Iron.
• An electrochemical method is to provide a sacrificial electrode of another metal (like Mg, Zn,
etc.) which corrodes itself but saves the object.

Class 12 Chapter 3 Electrochemistry.pptx

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Class 12 Chapter 3 Electrochemistry.pptx